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Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Performance

Franck HELLEBUYCK
Miami, 8 June 2017
Introduction

Bogota ILS 13L

Maintain a gradient of
3% up to 13000 ft
Published gradient

2 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Introduction

FlySmart

Maintain a gradient of
3% up to 13000 ft

3 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

 Agenda

Certification Operations How to

Reminders Daily constraints Check go-around?

4 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

 Agenda

Certification
Reminders

5 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements

Performance certification

 CS 25 / FAR 25
Performance
Key Legend  Approach Climb Gradient (ACG)
 Landing Climb Gradient (LCG)
-> Less limiting than ACG

Engine Thrust limitation

• 5 Min TOGA thrust with All Engines Operating

• 10 Min TOGA thrust with One Engine Inoperative
Certification
Key Legend

6 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements CS 25.121 / FAR 25.121

Approach Climb Gradient limitation

Assumptions Point
calculation
 One Engine Inoperative
 TOGA thrust Gradient Min gradient:
 Gear up 2 engines: 2.1%
4 engines: 2.7%
 Approach Configuration

7 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements

Go around limiting weights

Pressure Altitude (ft) Weight (kg)
0 86 700
2 000 85 600
4 000 84 900
6 000 84 100
8 000 80 000
10 000 73 200 Certified Weight
12 000 68 500
MLW = 66 000 kg
ISA temperature

8 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements

Fuel Jettison system

 Required or Optional?
Fuel Dumping

Fuel dump nozzle

9 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements

Return to land

Requirements
 Minimum 2.1% ACG Pressure Altitude (ft) Weight (kg)
 RTL (Return To Land) capability 0 86 700
2 000 85 600
 MTOW – 15 min flight time
4 000 84 900
6 000 84 100
Ref Weight = 76 000 kg
8 000 80 000
10 000 73 200
12 000 68 500

10 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements

Solution?
Use of Certified Range
 Go Around Speed from 1.23 VS1G up to 1.4 VS1G
 Better Climb Gradient for higher speed

Overweight Landing procedure

 Landing in CONF 3
 Go Around CONF 1+F

11 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements

Return to land

Requirements
 Minimum 2.1% ACG
Pressure Altitude (ft) Weight (kg)
 RTL (Return To Land) capability
0 94 500
 MTOW – 15 min flight time 2 000 93 700
 Conf 1+F 4 000 92 700
6 000 90 800
 1.4 VS1G
8 000 87 400
10 000 80 700
Ref Weight = 76 000 Kg 12 000 76 100

12 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Go-Around Requirements
Fuel Dumping System

 Not required by certification on

all Airbus aircraft

 Optional on
A330 / A340 / A350 / A380

13 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

How to check Go-Around?

Go-around in Airbus software

 Point calculation
 At given altitude
 Both Dispatch and In-Flight

14 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

 Agenda

Operations
Daily constraints

15 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Procedure Design

Missed Approach Published Gradient

PANS-OPS (ICAO Doc 8168)
 Standards and recommendations for procedure design
 Assumes normal operations (i.e. all engines operative)

Maintain a gradient of
3% up to 13000 ft

16 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Procedure Design

Missed Approach Published Gradient

No Gradient is published
when minimum gradient of
2.5% prevails
MAA
Descent
Path

Start of
Climb
DA/H Gradient %
Precision approach
example Threshold 900m

17 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Operational Regulation

Published gradient

18 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Alternative Means of Compliance

What if Published Grad is limiting?

GM1 CAT.POL.A.225 Alternative means of

compliance
AC 120.91

 Possibility to define an alternative means of compliance

 Shall ensure a safe route and avoid obstacles
 Shall be approved by the competent authority

EOSID

19 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

 Agenda

How to
Check go-around?

20 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Standard Case TLS ILS 14L

Toulouse ILS 14L

Maintain a gradient of
2.5% up to 4000 ft
No gradient published
 Min 2.5%
Published gradient

21 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Standard Case TLS ILS 14L

Published missed approach gradient

Maintain a gradient of
2.5% up to 4000 ft

MAA = 4000 ft

DA/H

Threshold

22 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Standard Case TLS ILS 14L

Altitude for gradient calculation

Maintain a gradient of
2.5% up to 4000 ft
2.5%

MAA = 4000 ft

2.5%

DA/H
2.5%

Threshold
Altitude Weight
Performance software Threshold 86 100 kg
 Point calculation
DA/H 85 900 kg
MAA 84 900 kg
23 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar
Standard Case TLS ILS 14L

FlySmart

Maintain a gradient of
2.5% up to 4000 ft

24 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Average Gradient Method BOG ILS 13L

Bogota ILS 13L

Maintain a gradient of
3% up to 13000 ft

Published gradient
25 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar
Average Gradient Method BOG ILS 13L

Published missed approach gradient

Maintain a gradient of 3%
up to 13000 ft

MAA = 13000 ft

DA/H

Threshold

26 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Average Gradient Method BOG ILS 13L

Altitude for gradient calculation

Maintain a gradient of 3%
up to 13000 ft
3%

MAA = 13000 ft

3%

DA/H
3%

Threshold
Altitude Weight
Performance software
Threshold 72 500 kg
 Point calculation
DA/H 71 800 kg
MAA 60 700 kg
27 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar
Average Gradient Method BOG ILS 13L

Altitude for gradient calculation

Maintain a gradient of 3%
up to 13000 ft

MAA = 13000 ft

Aircraft
Average Gradient = 3 %
DA/H

Threshold

Go-around climb gradient = average gradient

28 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Average Gradient Method BOG ILS 13L

Altitude for gradient calculation

Maintain a gradient of 3% Altitude Point gradient < 3%
corresponding to
up to 13000 ft
Point gradient = 3%

MAA = 13000 ft
Point gradient > 3%
Aircraft
Average Gradient = 3 %
DA/H

Threshold

Go-around climb gradient = average gradient

29 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Average Gradient Method BOG ILS 13L

Altitude for gradient calculation

Maintain a gradient of 3% 2.4%
up to 13000 ft 3%
at 11000 ft
MAA = 13000 ft
3.2 %

DA/H

Threshold

30 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Average Gradient Method BOG ILS 13L

FlySmart


Maintain a gradient of
3% up to 13000 ft

31 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

 EU-OPS GM1 CAT.POL.A.225
Alternative Method FAA AC 120-91

What if Published Grad is limiting?

Alternative means of
compliance

32 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar

Conclusion

 Certification vs. Operational constraints

 Performance tools designed for certification ≠
 Good communication between Flight Crew
and Performance engineering required

FUTURE: new functions in performance software

 Direct check of published gradient
 Easier development of alternative methods

33 June, 2017 Flight Operations & Training regional seminar