UNIT 1 – PUMPS & APPLICATIONS:

Pump:

 A pump produces liquid movement or flow

 Pump does not generate pressure. It produces the flow necessary for the development
of pressure which is a function of resistance to fluid flow in the system.

 The operating principle of the pump is classified into two types: 1) Positive-
displacement 2) Roto-dynamic.

Working principle of Positive displacement pumps:

 A positive displacement pump transports fluids by trapping a fixed amount of the

liquid and forcing it into the discharge pipe.

 It creates a chamber or cavity between the pumping elements and the cavity in which
the fluid is temporarily stored is moved by the reciprocating or rotary motion along
the pipe to its destination.

Working principle of Roto-dynamic pumps:

 A roto-dynamic pump is a kinetic machine in which energy is continuously imparted

to the pumped fluid by means of a rotating impeller, propeller, or rotor

Vapor Pressure:

Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor
state, and it increases with temperature.

Boiling point:

The temperature at which the vapor pressure at the surface of a liquid becomes equal to the
pressure exerted by the surroundings is called the boiling point of the liquid.

Cavitation:

Cavitation is a phenomenon in which the static pressure of a liquid reduces to below the
liquid's vapor pressure, leading to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities in the liquid.

Priming:

Pump Priming is the process of removing air from the pump and suction line. In this process
the pump is been filled with the liquid being pumped and this liquid forces all the air, gas, or
vapor contained in the passage ways of pump to escape out.
Absolute Pressure Vs Gauge Pressure:

Absolute pressure uses absolute zero as its zero point.

Gauge pressure uses atmospheric pressure as its zero point.

Absolute Pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric Pressure

Suction conditions:

 Suction Head – The inlet pressure of a pump when above atmospheric pressure.

 Suction Lift – The inlet pressure of a pump when below atmospheric pressure.

Discharge conditions:

 Discharge Head – The outlet pressure of a pump in operation.

 Total Head – The total pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of a pump in
operation.

Classification of Pumps:

 Positive-displacement pumps

 Reciprocating pump

 Screw pump

 Gear pump
  Lobe pump

 Diaphragm pump

 Roto-dynamic pumps

 Centrifugal pump

 Axial-flow pump

Pumps On-board:

 Cargo pumps

 Ballast pumps

 Fire pumps

 Lube Oil & Fuel Oil pumps

 Wilden pumps

Frictional losses:

 Depends on sectional area & internal conditions of pipes and fittings, velocity and
viscosity of liquid being pumped, bends, valves & other fittings.

 Frictional resistance varies approximately as square of velocity.

Comparison: