Romblon State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Civil Engineering

As a result, we have
DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS cos(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
The basic trigonometric functions include the ∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥
following 6 functions: sine (sin x), cosine (cos x), ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
(−2 sin (𝑥 + 2 ) sin 2 )
tangent (tan x), cotangent (cot x), secant (sec x) = lim
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥
and cosecant (csc x). ∆𝑥
2 sin 2 ∆𝑥
All these functions are continuous and = − lim ∙ lim sin (𝑥 + )
differentiable in their domains. Below we make a list ∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 →0 2
of derivatives of these functions.
Derivatives of Basic Trigonometric Functions The first and second limits in this expression have the
For the Sine Function, following values:
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
Using the definition of derivative, we obtain 2 sin 2 sin 2
− lim = − lim = −1
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
→0
∆𝑥
sin(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − sin 𝑥 2 2
𝑦 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥
∆𝑥
lim sin (𝑥 + ) = sin 𝑥
Applying the trigonometric identities ∆𝑥 →0 2

𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+ 𝛽 Hence, the derivative of the cosine function is

sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽 = 2 sin cos 𝒚′ (𝒙) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)′ = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
2 2

Then we have We have already derived the derivatives of sine and

cosine.
sin(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − sin 𝑥 Using the quotient rule it is easy to obtain an
𝑦 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 expression for the derivative of Tangent:
𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 𝑥
2 sin cos
= lim 2 2 sin 𝑥 ′
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 (tan 𝑥 )′ = ( )
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 cos 𝑥
2 sin cos (𝑥 + ) ′
(sin 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 )′
= lim 2 2 =
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 (cos 𝑥 )2
∆𝑥 cos 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ∙ (− sin 𝑥)
2 sin 2 ∆𝑥 =
= lim ∙ lim cos (𝑥 + ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 →0 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2
1
= = = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
The first limit in this expression is
The derivative of cotangent can be found in the
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
2 sin
2 = lim
sin
2 =1 same way. However, this can be also done using the
lim
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
→0
∆𝑥 chain rule for differentiating a composite function:
2 2
1 ′
Since lim cos (𝑥 +
∆𝑥
) = cos 𝑥 , the derivative of the (cot 𝑥 )′ = ( )
∆𝑥 →0 2 tan 𝑥
1 1 1
sine function is given by = − ∙ (tan 𝑥)′ = −
2 2𝑥 ∙
𝒚′ (𝒙) = (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)′ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1
For the Cosine Function, = − 2 2
= − = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
Following the definition if derivative, we write it as the Similarly, we find the derivative of secant and
limit; cosecant:

∆𝑦
𝑦 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim 1 ′ 1
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 (sec 𝑥 )′ = ( ) = − ∙ (cos 𝑥)′
cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
y(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − y(𝑥) cos(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
= lim = lim = = ∙ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Transform the difference of cosines to product by the 1 ′ 1

formula (csc 𝑥 )′ = ( ) = − ∙ (sin 𝑥)′
sin 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝛼+ 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1
cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 = −2 sin sin = − =− ∙ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙
2 2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Solved Problems: cos 𝑥 + 1
=
(1 + cos 𝑥 )2
𝟏. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝑦′ =
Using the linear properties of the derivative, the 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
chain rule and the double angle formula, we obtain:
𝟔. 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝑦 ′ = (cos 2𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥)′ = (cos 2𝑥)′ − (2 sin 𝑥)′ 𝑦 ′ = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 sin 𝑥 )′ = 2 cos sin 𝑥 ∙ (cos sin 𝑥)′
= (− sin 2𝑥)(2𝑥)′ − 2 (sin 𝑥)′ = −2 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 = 2 cos sin 𝑥 ∙ (− sin sin 𝑥) ∙ (sin 𝑥)′
= −2 cos sin 𝑥 ∙ sin sin 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥
Where sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= −2 (2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) − 2 cos 𝑥 = −4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 The last expression can be simplified by the double
𝒚′ = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟏) angle formula:
2 cos sin 𝑥 ∙ sin sin 𝑥 = sin(2 sin 𝑥)
𝟏
𝟐. 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙
𝟑 Consequently, the derivative is
′ ′
1 1 𝒚′ = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑦 ′ = (tan 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥) = (tan 𝑥 )′ + ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥)
3 3
1 1 𝟕. 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= + ∙ 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 ∙ (tan 𝑥)′
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)′
1 2
1 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = (𝑥 sin 𝑥)′ + (cos 𝑥)′
= + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ∙ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 (sin 𝑥)′ + (cos 𝑥)′
The numerator can be simplified using the = sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
trigonometric identities 𝒚′ = 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝟖. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 √𝒙
′
Therefore 𝑦 ′ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 √𝑥) = 2 sin √𝑥 ∙ (sin √𝑥)′
′
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 2 sin √𝑥 ∙ cos √𝑥 ∙ (√𝑥)
𝑦′ = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 1
1 = 2 sin √𝑥 cos √𝑥 ∙
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 2 √𝑥
= By double angle formula,
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1 sin(2√𝑥) = 2 sin √𝑥 cos √𝑥
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 Hence, the derivative is
𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟒 𝒙 1
𝑦 ′ = sin(2√𝑥) ∙
2 √𝑥
𝟏
𝟑. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐 √ 𝒙)
𝟑 𝒚′ =
1 ′
1 ′ 𝟐√ 𝒙
𝑦′ = (cos 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥) = (cos 𝑥 )′ − ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥)
3 3
1 𝟏
= − sin 𝑥 − ∙ 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ∙ (cos 𝑥)′ 𝟗. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬
3 𝒙
′
= − sin 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ∙ (− sin 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
𝑦 ′ = (cos )
= − sin 𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) 𝑥
1 1 ′
= − sin ∙ ( )
Where (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1
= − sin ∙ (− 2 )
𝑥 𝑥
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝟏 𝟏
′
𝒚′ = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝒙 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏𝟎. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙

𝟒. 𝒚 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙 𝑦 ′ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 )′ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 )′ + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 )′
′
1 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∙ (sin 𝑥)′ + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ∙ (cos 𝑥)′
𝑦′ = ( 𝑛
) = [(cos 𝑥 )−𝑛 ]′
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= −𝑛 (cos 𝑥)−𝑛−1 ∙ (cos 𝑥)′
Substituting the derivatives and simplified yields
= −𝑛 (cos 𝑥)−𝑛−1 ∙ (− sin 𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ∙ (− sin 𝑥)
𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒚′ = = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏+𝟏 𝒙
= 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟓. 𝒚 = 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 As sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥, the final expression for the
′
sin 𝑥 ′ cos 𝑥 ( 1 + cos 𝑥 ) − sin 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥) derivative has the form
𝑦 =( ) =
1 + cos 𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑥)2
2 2
cos 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= 𝑦′ = 3 ∙ (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
(1 + cos 𝑥 )2 2
𝟑
𝒚′ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
Where 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 = 1 𝟐
 SOME OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 4 tan 𝛼 − 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝛼
tan 4𝛼 =
1 − 6 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝛼 − 10 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝛼 + 5 tan 𝛼
tan 5𝛼 =
1 − 10 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 + 5 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝛼
Pythagorean Trigonometric Identity
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝛼 − 3 cot 𝛼
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟐 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 1 cot 3𝛼 =
3 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝛼 − 1
1 − 6 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝛼
cot 4𝛼 =
4 tan 𝛼 − 4 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝛼
Relationship between the Cosine and Tangent
1 − 10 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 + 5 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝛼
1 cot 5𝛼 =
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝛼 − 10 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝛼 + 5 tan 𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 = 1
Sum-to-Product identities
𝛼+ 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽
sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 = 2 sin cos
Relationship between the Sine and Cotangent 2 2
1 𝛼+ 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽
− 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝛼 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝛼 = 1 sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽 = 2 cos sin
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 2 2
𝛼+ 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽
cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 2 cos cos
2 2
𝛼+ 𝛽 𝛼− 𝛽
Addition and Subtraction Formulas cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 = − 2 sin sin
2 2
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽 =
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽 ) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 tan 𝛼 − tan 𝛽 =
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽 ) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin(𝛽 + 𝛼)
cot 𝛼 + cot 𝛽 =
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
tan(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) = sin(𝛽 − 𝛼)
1 − tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽 cot 𝛼 − cot 𝛽 =
tan 𝛼 − tan 𝛽 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
tan(𝛼 − 𝛽 ) =
1 + tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
1 − tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
cot(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) = Product-to-Sum Identities
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
1 + tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
cot(𝛼 − 𝛽 ) = cos( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) − cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)
tan 𝛼 − tan 𝛽 sin 𝛼 ∙ sin 𝛽 =
2
cos( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)
cos 𝛼 ∙ cos 𝛽 =
2
Double and Multiple Angle Formulas
sin( 𝛼 − 𝛽 ) + sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
sin 𝛼 ∙ cos 𝛽 =
sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 2
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 1 tan 𝛼 ∙ tan 𝛽 =
cot 𝛼 + cot 𝛽
2 tan 𝛼 2
tan 2𝛼 = = cot 𝛼 + cot 𝛽
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 2 cot 𝛼 − tan 𝛼 cot 𝛼 ∙ cot 𝛽 =
tan 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝛼 − 1 cot 𝛼 − tan 𝛼
cot 2𝛼 = = tan 𝛼 + cot 𝛽
2 cot 𝛼 2 tan 𝛼 ∙ cot 𝛽 =
cot 𝛼 + tan 𝛽
sin 3𝛼 = 3 sin 𝛼 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛼 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 sin 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛼

sin 4𝛼 = 4 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 − 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝛼 cos 𝛼

sin 5𝛼 = 5 sin 𝛼 − 20 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛼 + 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝛼

cos 3𝛼 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼 − 3 cos 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝛼 cos 𝛼

cos 4𝛼 = 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛼 − 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 1

cos 5𝛼 = 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝛼 − 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼 + 5 cos 𝛼

3 tan 𝛼 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝛼
tan 3𝛼 =
1 − 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝛼
DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC By the change-of-base formula for
logarithms, we have:
FUNCTIONS ln 𝑒 1
log 𝑎 𝑒 = =
We found the expression for the derivative of ln 𝑎 ln 𝑎
natural logarithm function 𝑦 = ln 𝑥: Thus,
1 1
(ln 𝑥)′ = 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = (log 𝑎 𝑥 )′ =
𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎
If 𝑎 = 𝑒, we obtain the natural logarithm the
So let’s take the logarithmic function 𝑦 = derivative of which is expressed by the formula
log 𝑎 𝑥, where the base 𝑎 is greater than zero and not (ln 𝑥)′ = 𝑥.
1

equal to 1: 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1. According to the definition of

the derivative, we give increment ∆𝑥 > 0 to the
We note another important special case –
independent variable 𝑥 assuming that 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 > 0.
the derivative of the common logarithm (to base 10):
The logarithmic function will increment, respectively,
log10 𝑒 𝑀
by the value of ∆𝑦 where (log10 𝑥 )′ = =
𝑥 𝑥
∆𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − log 𝑎 𝑥 where the number 𝑀 is equal to 𝑀 = log10 𝑒 ≈
0.43429 …
Divide both sides by ∆𝑥:
note that we derived the formula (log 𝑎 𝑥 )′ =
∆𝑦 1 1
= [log𝑎 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − log 𝑎 𝑥] from the first principles – using the limit definition
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎

∆𝑦 1 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 of the derivative. As the logarithmic function with the

= log 𝑎 base 𝑎 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1) and exponential function with
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑥
∆𝑦 1 ∆𝑥 the same base form a pair of mutually inverse
= log 𝑎 (1 + ) functions, the derivative of the logarithmic function
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑥
can also be found using the inverse function
∆𝑥 1 theorem.
Denote = 𝑛. Then the last relation can be
𝑥
written as
∆𝑦 1 ∆𝑥 Suppose we are given a pair of mutually
=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
log 𝑎 (1 + )
𝑥 inverse functions 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log𝑎 𝑥 and 𝑥 = 𝜑(𝑦) = 𝑎 𝑦 .
Then,
∆𝑦 1 1
= 𝑛 log 𝑎 (1 + ) 1 1
∆𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 (log10 𝑥 )′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = =
𝜑′(𝑦) (𝑎 𝑦 )′
1 1 1
Using the power property for logarithms, we = 𝑦 = =
𝑎 ln 𝑎 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
obtain: In the particular case 𝑎 = 𝑒, the derivative is
∆𝑦 1 1 𝑛 given by
= log𝑎 (1 + )
∆𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝟏
(𝐥𝐧 𝒙)′ =
𝒙
Supposing that ∆𝑥 → 0 (in this case 𝑛 → ∞), we
find the limit of the ratio of the increments, i.e. the REVIEW
derivative of the logarithmic function: Laws of Logarithms
∆𝑦 1 1 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦
lim = lim [ log 𝑎 (1 + ) ] log𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥
∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 𝑛→∞ 𝑥 𝑛
log 𝑎 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 = log𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦
∆𝑦 1 1 𝑛 𝑥
lim = log 𝑎 [ lim (1 + ) ] log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
∆𝑥 → 0 ∆𝑥 𝑥 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑦
log𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑥
Here we used the property of the limit of a ln 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 ln 𝑥
composite function given that the logarithmic 1
log 𝑎 = − log 𝑎 𝑥
function is continuous. The limit in the square 𝑥
1
brackets converges to the famous transcendental ln = − ln 𝑥
𝑥
number 𝑒, which is approximately equal to log𝑎 𝑎 = 1
2.718281828…….: ln 𝑒 = 1
1 𝑛
lim (1 + ) = 𝑒 ≈ 2.718281828459 … log 𝑎 1 = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 ln 1 = 0
𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥
Consequently, the derivative of the log 𝑏 𝑥
logarithmic function has the form log 𝑎 𝑥 =
log 𝑏 𝑎
𝟏
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙)′ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒆 log𝑎 𝑎
𝒙 log𝑥 𝑎 =
log 𝑎 𝑥
Solved problems: 𝟒. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)
𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝑦 ′ = [ln(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 )]′
𝟏. 𝒚 =
𝒙 Using the formula:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Differentiate using the quotient rule: (ln 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
ln 𝑥 ′ 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣 Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
𝑦′ = ( ) = ( )=
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
Let 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒗=𝒙 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 =
𝟏
𝒅𝒗 = 𝟏 𝒚′ =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑥 ∙ (ln 𝑥)′ − ln 𝑥 ∙ (𝑥)′
= = 𝟏
𝑣2 𝑥2 𝟓. 𝒚 =
1 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 ∙ 1
= 1 ′
𝑥2 𝑦′ = ( )
ln 𝑥
𝟏 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝒚′ = Differentiate using the quotient rule:
𝒙𝟐 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
𝟐. 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒙
Let 𝒖=𝟏 𝒗 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
Using the product and difference rules, we have 𝟏
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒙
𝑦 ′ = [𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥]′
1
= (𝑥 ln 𝑥)′ − (𝑥)′ ln 𝑥 (0) − 1 (𝑥)
′
𝑑 𝑦 =
Using product rule for 𝑥 ln 𝑥: 𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢 (ln 𝑥)2
Let 𝒖=𝒙 𝒗 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 1
−𝑥
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒙
𝟏 =
ln2 𝑥
)′
= (𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 (ln 𝑥)′ − (𝑥)′ 𝟏
𝒚′ = −
1 𝒙 𝐥𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= 1 ∙ ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 ∙ − 1
𝑥
= ln 𝑥 + 1 − 1 𝟔. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)
𝒚′ = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 Using the formula:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(ln 𝑢) =
𝟏 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝟑. 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧
𝒙 Let 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Using the product rule, the chain rule and the 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
derivative of the natural logarithm, we have cos 𝑥
𝑦′ =
1 ′ sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 ln ) 𝒚′ = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
𝑥
1 𝑑
Using product rule for 𝑥 ln 𝑥: 𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝟏 𝟕. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Let 𝒖=𝒙 𝒗 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
Using the formula:
𝟏 𝟏 ′
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟏 ∙ (𝒙 ) 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝒙
(log 𝑎 𝑢) = log 𝑎 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
1 1 ′
= (𝑥 )′ ∙ ln + 𝑥 ∙ (ln ) Let 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1 ′ 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= 1 ∙ ln + 𝑥 ∙ ∙ ( ) − sin 𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = log 2 𝑒 ( )
𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 ′ = log 2 𝑒 (− tan 𝑥 )
For the (𝑥) using quotient rule:
Where,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣 ln 𝑒
( )= log 2 𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2 ln 2
Let 𝒖=𝟏 𝒗=𝒙 ln 𝑒
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟏 = (− tan 𝑥 )
ln 2
1 ′ 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑥 (0) − 1(1) 1 1
( ) = = 2
= 2
=− 2 = (− tan 𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑣 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥 ln 2
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒚′ = −
1 1 𝐥𝐧 𝟐
= ln + 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ (− 2 )
𝑥 𝑥
1 2
1
= ln + 𝑥 (− 2 )
𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑥2
= ln − 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 − 𝟏
𝒙
 𝟑 𝟑 𝒙
𝟖. 𝒚′ = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
3 ′ 3
′ Using the formula:
′
𝑦 = (log 3 ) + ( ) 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑥 (ln 𝑢) =
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝟑 ′
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
Using (log 𝑎 𝑢) = log 𝑎 𝑒 for (𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 ) Let 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝒙 𝟐
𝟑
Let 𝒖= 𝑑𝑢
𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = sec 2 𝑢
𝒙(𝟎)−𝟑(𝟏) 𝟑 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒖 (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒) = =− 𝑥 𝑥
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = sec 2 ∙ ( ) ′
3 ′ 2 2
For the (𝑥) using quotient rule:
𝑥 2(1) − 𝑥(0)
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 ∙ [ ]
( )= 2 (2)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
Let 𝒖=𝟑 𝒗=𝒙 𝑥 2 𝑥 1
= sec 2 ∙ = sec 2 ∙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟏 2 4 2 2
3 ′ 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑥 (0) − 3(1) 3
1 𝑥
( ) = = = =− 2 = sec 2
𝑥 𝑣 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 2
2
1 𝑥
1 3 3 2 sec 2
𝑦 ′ = log 3 𝑒 ( ) (− 2 ) − 2 ′
𝑦 = 𝑥
3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
𝑥
3𝑥 3 2𝑥
= log 3 𝑒 (− 1 sec 2
2) − 𝑥2 = ( )
3𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
1 3 2
= log 3 𝑒 (− ) − From the relationship between cosine and tangent,
𝑥 𝑥2
Where, where,
ln 𝑒 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 = 1
log 3 𝑒 = =
ln 3 ln 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
1 1 3 2𝑥
= (− ) − 2 1 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
ln 3 𝑥 𝑥 = (
1 3 2 𝑥 )
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
=− −
𝑥 ln 3 𝑥 2
2 From the relationship between cosine and tangent,
−𝑥 − 3𝑥 ln 3
= where,
𝑥 ln 3 (𝑥 2 )
1
−𝑥(𝑥 + 3 ln 3) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 = 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
𝑥 ln 3 (𝑥 2 ) 1
−(𝑥 + 3 ln 3) = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
𝑥 2 ln 3 1
𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝟑 𝑥
𝒚′ = − 𝟐 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟑 =
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
2
𝟗. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 ) ( )
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 From,
(log 𝑎 𝑢) = log 𝑎 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑥 sin 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
Let 𝒖 = 𝟒𝒙 𝟐 2 cos 𝑥
2
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟖𝒙
1
′
8𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = log 3 𝑒 ( 2 ) 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 1 cos 2 1 1
4𝑥 = = ( )= ( 𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 sin cos 𝑥
Where, 2 sin 2 2 sin cos 2
2 2 2 2
ln 𝑒 1 𝑥
log 3 𝑒 = = ( cos
ln 3 ln 3 2)
1 8𝑥 1
= ( ) = 𝑥 𝑥
ln 3 4𝑥 2 2 sin 2 cos 2
1 4𝑥(2)
= [ ]
ln 3 4𝑥(𝑥 ) From Double Angle Formula,
1 2
= ( ) sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
ln 3 𝑥 𝛼 𝛼
𝟐 sin 𝛼 = 2 sin cos
𝒚′ = 2 2
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟑 1
= 𝑥 𝑥
2 sin cos
2 2
′
𝟏
𝒚 = = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Exercise: Find the derivatives of the following functions and simplify the results. (DUE: Wednesday, April 28,
2021, 11:59 PM)
𝑥 𝑥 𝟐
1. 𝑦 = tan − cot (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
2 2 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)

3. 𝑦 = tan2 𝑥 + ln cos 2 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙)

1 − sin 𝑥 𝟏
4. 𝑦 = ln √ (𝐴𝑛𝑠. − )
1 + sin 𝑥 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

1 𝟐𝒙𝟑
5. 𝑦 = ln (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
√1 − 𝑥 4 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒

log 2 (𝑥 2 ) 𝟐 [𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐧 𝟐]

6. 𝑦 = (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
𝑥2 𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝟐

𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
7. 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 ∙ log 3 𝑥 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟑

𝟏
8. 𝑦 = log 𝑥 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. − )
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙