Chapter 5

» Define and understand the Mendelian Laws of

Inheritance

» Develop the skill to solve simple problems in

Genetics
What is Transmission Genetics?

Transmission Genetics is a field of

genetics which explains how traits are
transmitted from parent to offspring.
1.Monk at the monastery of
St. Thomas
2.Father of Genetics – he
discovered the principles of
genetics
3.He has combined talents in
plant breeding and
mathematics
Why garden pea?
1.Easy to grow
2.Plant matings can be controlled
• To ensure self-fertilization
• To allow cross-fertilization
Pure or True-breeding:
• Self fertilization would
produce offspring all
identical to the parents
• Successive generations are
just like the parents
 Genes
• Genes are units of information about specific traits and are
passed from parents to offspring
• Each gene has a specific location (locus) on a chromosome
 Alleles
• Alleles are the different molecular forms of a gene
• Alleles code for different versions of a gene
 Homozygous Condition

• Having two identical alleles at a given locus

( on pair of homologous chromosome)

Heterozygous Condition

• Having non-identical alleles at a particular

locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes
 Dominant Allele
• An allele that masks the expression of its partner on the
homologous chromosome

Recessive Allele
• An allele whose expression is fully or partially masked by
the expression of its partner
• Fully expressed only in the homozygous recessive
condition
 Genotype
• Genetic constitution of an individual
• It refers to the particular genes that are present in an individual

Phenotype
• Observable traits of an individual
 P
• Parental generation

F1
• First filial generation; first-generation offspring

F2
• second- filial generation; second-generation offspring
 Law of Dominance

Law of Segregation

Law of Independent Assortment

 Law of Dominance

• In heterozygous genotypes, the expression of the

recessive allele is masked so that the
corresponding phenotype will be that of the
dominant allele
Interpretation of the mendel’s monohybrid
cross
1. For each inherited characteristic, an
organism has two genes, one from each
parent
2. When two genes of a pair are different
alleles and one is fully expressed while the
other has no noticeable effect on the
organizms appearance, the alleles are called
dominant alleles and the recessive allele,
respectively. (LAW of COMPLETE
DOMINANCE)
3. During gamete formation, the gametes
segregate independently of each other so
that only one allele is transmitted per
gamete (LAW OF SEGREGATION)
Law of Segregation

• During gamete
formation, the alleles
segregate from each
other so that only one
allele is transmitted per
gamete
 Law of Independent Assortment
• Each pair of homologous chromosomes behave
independently during gamete formation.
Exercises
» In cats, long hair is recessive to short hair. A
true-breeding (homozygous) short-haired male is
mated to a long-haired female. What will their
kittens look like?
» Mr. and Mrs. Jones have six children. Three of them
have attached earlobes (recessive) like their father, and
the other three have free earlobes like their mother.
What are the genotypes of Mr. and Mrs. Jones and of
their numerous offspring?
» Classical albinism results from a recessive allele.
What is the expected phenotype of the
offspring of an albino woman and a normally
pigmented male? The male’s father is an albino.
Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple
recessive trait. Determine the genotypes of
the parents and offspring for the following
families. When two alternative genotypes are
possible, list both.

• a. two non-albino (normal) parents have four children,

three normal and one albino
• b. A normal male and a non-albino female have six
children, all normal
» In summer squash, white fruit color (A) is dominant
over yellow fruit color (a) and disk-shaped fruit (D) is do
minant over sphere-shaped fruit (d). If a squash plant
true-breeding for white and disk-shaped fruit is crossed
with a plant true-breeding for yellow and sphere-shaped
fruit, what will be the phenotypic and genotypic ratios
for the F1 generation?
A man with blue eyes and dark complexion
marries a woman with brown eyes and fair
complexion. Assume that blue eyes and fair
complexion are dominant traits.
a. What are the genotypes of the parents if their
first child has brown eyes and dark
complexion?
b. What is the probability that their second child
will express the traits of the male parent?
In man, the ability to taste a substance,
phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is inherited as a
dominant characteristic. To tasters, PTC is
bitter; non-tasters find it tasteless. Albinism on
the other hand, is inherited as a recessive trait.
A couple, both tasters and normally pigmented
married and their first child is an albino and a
non-taster.

a)What are the genotypes of the parents?

b)Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
expected in their progeny.
» Mrs. And Mr. Smith both have widow’s peaks
(dominant). Their first child also has a widow’s peak,
but their second child doesn’t. Mr. Smith accuses Mrs.
Smith of being unfaithful to him. Is he necessarily
justified? Why or why not? Work the genetics problem
predicting the frequencies of the versions of this trait
among their prospective children.
Mendel crossed a true-breeding tall,
purple-flowered pea plant with a true-
breeding dwarf, white flowered plant. If
an F1 plant self-fertilizes, what is the
probability that a randomly selected F2
plant is heterozygous for the genes
specifying height and flower color?
Determine the frequencies of each
genotype among the offspring from
the following matings:

• a. AABB x aaBB
• b.. AaBB x AABb
• c. AaBb x AaBb
Using the forked-line method, determine the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the
following trihybrid crosses.

• a. EeBbRr x EeBBRR
• b. EeBBRr x eeBBRr
What is the probability of obtaining an
offspring that is AABbCc from parents that
are AaBbCC x AABbCc? What is the
probability of having a triply recessive
offspring?
» Determine the genotypes of the parental plants by analyzing
the phenotypes of the offspring from these crosses
Parental Phenotypes Offsprings

a) round, yellow x round, yellow ¾ round, yellow

¼ wrinkled, yellow

6/16 wrinkled, yellow

b) round, yellow x wrinkled, yellow 2/16 wrinkled, green
6/16 round, yellow
2/16 round, green
¼ round, yellow
c) round, yellow x wrinkled, green ¼ round, green
¼ wrinkled, yellow
¼ wrinkled, green