APPENDIX B_CONNECTING WORDS AND TRANSITION SIGNALS Coordinators Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. One way to remember the seven coordinating conjunctions is to use the expression “Fan Boys”, Each letter of the expression represents the first letter of one of the conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. esnuncuche (veut [as Connects a reason to a result Tam alittle hungry, for I didn’t eat breakfast this morning, Connects equal similar ideas John likes to fish and hunt. Connects two negative sentences She does not eat meat, nor does she drink milk. but Connects equal different ideas _ like to eat fish but not to catch them. or Connects two equal choices Do you prefer coffee or tea? yet Connects equal contrasting ideas It is sunny yet cold. 80 Connects a result to a reason I did not eat breakfast this morning, so [ama little hungry. Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are always in pairs. Like coordinating conjunctions, they connect grammatically equal elements. (Please also read the section Parallel Structure in Sentences on pages 191-192.) COUN wea ave f both .. and Both San Francisco and Sydney have beautiful harbors. not only... butalso Japanese food is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful to ook at. either... or Bring either a raincoat or an umbrella when you visit Seattle. neither. nor My grandfather could neither read nor write, but he was a very wise person, whether. .or ‘The newlyweds could not decide whether to live with her parents or to rent an apartment. APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals 201Subordinators ‘Asubordinator is the first word in a dependent clause. The following charts illustrate some common subordinators. ‘Susorpmators FoR Apvers CLAUSES after After we ate lunch, we decided to go shopping. as, just as Just as we left the house, it started to rain. as long as ‘We waited as long as we could. as soon as. As soon as the front door closed, | looked for my house key. before I thought I had put it in my coat pocket before we left. since Thave not locked myself out of the house since I was 10 years old. until ==: Until I was almost 12, my mother pinned the key to my coat. | when When I turned 12, my mother let me keep the key in my pocket. whenever Lusually put the key in the same place whenever I come home. While I searched for the key, it rained harder and harder. fee aeaia) like to shop where prices are low. wherever Ttry to shop wherever there is a sale, anywhere You can find bargains anywhere you shop. everywhere L use my credit card everywhere I shop. ag, just as _ Llove to get flowers(,) as many people do.* asif a You look as if you didn’t sleep at all last night. asthough She acts as though she doesn’t know us. Petes G cuir crear) as + (adverb) + as We will hike as far as we can before it turns dark. ‘The child sat as close as she could to her mother. ‘The child sat as close to her mother as she could. Frequency (How Orten?) asoften as call my parents as often as I can. Tean‘t take evening classes() as vor at night because " Tean’t take evening classes because I work at night. since ee Tcan’t take evening classes since I work at night. APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals“pepcensrenecnrsnmatne errant so that in order that 80 + (adjective) + that 80 + (adverb) + that such a(n) + (adjective) + (noun) + that so much/many/little/ few + (noun) + that although even though though while whereas Riese erm a) Many people emigrate so that their children can have a better life. Many people emigrate in order that their children can have a better life. Geen nun coarse) Iwas so tired last night that I fell asleep at dinner: She talks so softly that the other students cannot hear her. Ttwas such an easy test that most of the students got A’s. He is taking so many classes that he has no time to sleep. (omen Cisne meen ute tg} We will not go hiking if it rains. We will not go hiking unless the weather is perfect Ponunae Tove my brother although we disagree about almost everything. Hove my brother even though we disagree about almost everything. Tove my brother though we disagree about almost everything, Ceo Cheakencn) My brother likes classical music, while I prefer hard rock. He dresses conservatively, whereas I like to be a little shocking. “This is an exception to the usual rule for commas. Many writers use a comma before as. ‘Susorpinarors For Absecrive CLAUSES The first word in an adjective clause is usually a relative pronoun or relative adverb. However, when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause, it can sometimes be omitted. Moieamenres who, whom People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. My parents did not approve of the man (whom) my sister married whose ‘An orphan is a child whose parents are dead. that (informal) ‘The man that is on the left in the photo is my brother. Modi eM eerdaiis which ~~” My new computer, which I bought yesterday, stopped working today. that Yesterday I received an email (that) I did not understand uns when ‘Thanksgiving is a time when families travel great distances to be together, where An orphanage is a place where orphans live APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals 293Susoroivarors For Noun CLauses i Noun clauses are introduced by the words that, if, or whether or by a Wh- word. Ri wa eu Nl s) Ua Cars eee whether Tcan’t remember whether I locked the door. whether or not Ican’t remember whether or not I locked the door. whether... ornot I can’t remember whether I locked the door or not. if I can’t remember if I locked the door. i if... or not I can’t remember if I locked the door or not. CMs ‘who, whoever, whom. Whoever arrives at the bus station first should buy the tickets. whieh, what Do you know which bus we need to take? | where, when, why, how We should ask when the bus arrives. how much, how many Do not worry about how much they cost. how long, how often, etc. _ He didn’t care how long he had to wait. Notice that some subordinators can introduce different kinds of dependent clauses. That can introduce either noun clauses or adjective clauses, and where can introduce a noun, an adjective, or an adverb clause. It normally is not important to know the kind of clause. {can't remember where | put the house key. (noun clause; direct object of remember) It's not in the place where | usually put it. {adjective clause; tells which place) | always put it where | will see it when I go out the front door. (adverb clause; tells where / put it) Conjunctive Adverbs Conjunctive adverbs can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of one independent clause, but we often use them to connect two independent clauses. Remember to put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb if an independent clause follows. 294 APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals —fers ci cys oys MUN lel cen tascae. alsa Conduncrive Aovert Paineo Con | To add an opposite idea g Se however, .. but although despite ig ios (ieee aN at E on the other hand, . . yet even though in spite of k nevertheless, . . though nonetheless, .- still, i To explain or restate an idea in other words, . : in particular, (more) specifically, . id thatis,... § To make a statement stronger % ce u indeed, in fact, .. To give another possibility z ae alternatively, ... or on the other hand,... either... or otherwise, . whether... or To give an example for example... such as : for instance, ... an example of fe i to exemplify k i To express an opinion Soe ee according to to believe (that) , in my opinion, .. . to feel (that) i in my view, . to think (that) E Togiveareason — : 2 See or ' for this reason, for because as.a result of E because of F | due to (continued on next page) E ror APPENDIX B: Connecting Words and Transition Signals 297 2 ieeeTransition Signals (continued) TRANSITION SIGNALS AND. | CooRDiNaTORS ano | SusonDiNaToRS | Oriel (ENUM GN y lee Pua eRe cu faeces To give a result accordingly, $0 the cause of asa consequence, .. . the reason for asa result, to cause consequently, to result (in) for these reasons, . . . to have an effect on hence, . to affect therefore, thus, . To add a conclusion all in all, in brief, in short, to conclude, to summarize, in conclusion; in summary, for these reasons, To show similarities likewise, and alike, like, just like similarly, both... and a, just as also not only .. . but also as well neither . .. nor as well as compared with or to in comparison with or to to be similar (to) too To show differences however, instead of in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, rather, 298 APPENDIX: Connecting Words and Transition Signals cE ae