ISJAI Design and Development of Solar Powered Led Street Light With Air Filtration System Against Vehicular Pollution in Ibaan Batangas

i
Ibaan Saint James Academy Inc.

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR-
POWERED LED STREET LIGHT WITH AIR FILTRATION
SYSTEM AGAINST VEHICULAR POLLUTION IN
IBAAN, BATANGAS
Proponents
Amarillo, Vanna
Mendoza, Harvey Joy
Padilla, Roxanne Mae
Research Adviser
Engr. Melannie P. Adante
2022
Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
RESEARCH ABSTRACT 1
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction 2
Objectives of the Study 5
Significance of the Study 7
Scope and Delimitations of the Study 9
Conceptual Framework 10
Definition of Terms 13
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature 16
Related Studies 59
Synthesis 65

iii
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 68
Conduction of Feasibility Study 70
Planning and Design 71
Design Consideration 72
System Components and Material Specifications 72
Safety Mechanism 77
Solar Panel 78
Photovoltaic Effect 80
Area Lighting Consideration 80
Air Quality Index 81
Proposed Design 83
Developed Operational Procedure 85
REFERENCES 89

1
ABSTRACT
Today’s energy system has its grip well reliant on non-renewable resources,
particularly the use of fossil fuels, oil, coal and natural gas. As the world continues
to progress and electricity demands are starting to grow, this practice suggests a
great threat for the availability of these resources and an alarming effect on the
increase of greenhouse gas emissions.
This research study presents the idea of how this energy can be generated
through different ways in order to accommodate one of the largest electrical
energy consumers, street lighting. This encompasses energy extraction from solar
power that is renewable in nature and can suggest an energy source that can
continuously provide electricity.
Inspired by the concept of greenhouse gas reduction, this paper proposes a
solar-powered street light equipped with a filtering system that can help remove
harmful pollutants while providing light to the vehicles. The system components
for the solar street light include the solar panels, an LED, rechargeable deep cycle
battery, a controller, and light pole that would seamlessly work and adjust to its
environment, while the air filtration system incorporates a fan, varieties of filters
and moss. The application of this study will introduce a sustainable and effective
way to convert solar radiation into electricity that can contribute to the streets,
environment, and people of Ibaan, Batangas.

2
Keywords: energy crisis, environmental impact, solar energy, air filtration,
sustainability

3
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter discusses the introduction, objectives, significance, scope and
delimitation, conceptual framework, and definition of terms.
Introduction
Energy in the form of electricity is a fundamental part of innovation,
progress, and life. In the most essential sense, energy is a basic human need. In
the present time, the world’s energy system is being faced with arguably far
greater challenges as the world continues to develop and populate. The
vulnerability of the current energy system stems largely from its reliance on non-
renewable resources, especially fossil fuels, which are depleting resources that
release climate-changing greenhouse gases when burned. People continuously
demand for these non-renewable natural resources which possess a threat on the
availability of these for future generations. In particular, oil has been historically
the world’s most used energy source accounting approximately 39% of the global
energy consumption followed by coal and natural gas, (NS Energy, 2015).
As electricity demand escalates with supply depending largely on fossil
fuels, concerns arise about carbon dioxide emissions contributing to global

4
warming. The present researchers are assertive that global temperatures will
continue to rise due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities.
Specifically, the burning of fossil fuels to drive cars and generate electricity gives
rise to a greenhouse gas known as carbon dioxide (CO2). Changes associated with
this gas are not relatively short-lived because once it is released and added into
the atmosphere, it stays around for a long time between 300 to 1,000 years,
(NASA, 2019).
Moreover, fossil fuels are not only bad for the climate because they also
have detrimental and various effects on the air quality, health, and economy.
Each year, air pollution from these takes an estimated 27,000 lives, increases
risks of strokes, lung cancer and asthma, and could cost Philippines up to
approximately 1.9% of GDP in economic losses annually, according to the
research conducted by the Greenpeace Southeast Asia, together with the Center
for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) in 2020.
However, fossil fuels are not only the ones which contribute an immense
share to air pollution and health problems, but also vehicular emissions. Vehicles
account for 65% of air pollution in the Philippines, (DENR, 2019). These release
emissions that contain significant amounts of pollutants such as carbon dioxide -
having effects that can range from higher disease risks to rising temperatures too.
Though many living things emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, the gas is

5
widely considered to be a pollutant when associated with transportation. These
problems involving global warming and vehicular pollution are not novel, but the
rapid urbanization made it more visible and its health burden more perceptible.
To date, one of the biggest electrical energy consumers is street lighting.
Despite its function in providing citizens with safe roads and improving the
security of homes and businesses, the production of electricity needed to power
its system significantly adds to carbon dioxide emissions. Ibaan’s electricity
source relies from the supply of Ibaan Electric Corporation (IEC), which is
dependent on non-renewable energy sources. On the other hand, roads nowadays
are highly polluted zones and cause serious health hazards. Ibaan is part of the
national highway and is linked to nearby municipalities such as San Jose, Lipa
City, Rosario, and Batangas City so there are a lot of vehicles that pass by there
each day. Vehicular pollution rises up and spreads across, which creates a blanket
of toxic atmosphere. Given the fact that non-renewable energy sources and
vehicular emissions are some of the root causes of global warming and air
pollution, the need for the development of better and concrete solution to combat
the aforementioned predicaments is needed. One of the best possible solutions is
to decrease the amounts of heat-trapping emissions by lowering the dependency
of the energy system on non-renewable resources. Most of the energy during
industrial age was created using fossil fuels, but there are alternative sources that
are renewable such as solar, which is not only sustainable, but also not harmful to

6
the environment.
Consequently, these drive the researchers to design an innovative solar-
powered street light with an in-built air filtration system in the structure. Due to
its location and height, street light is the ideal candidate for placing such system
that could help alleviate air pollution and it specifically targets the road networks
of Ibaan. It is equipped with filter medias (pre-filter, high efficiency particulate
air filter, and activated carbon filter) as well as moss, which are able to absorb
harmful gases and pollutants.
One sustainable and effective way to conserve energy that would be
applied is mounting photovoltaic panels to power it. Utilizing these with LED
lights, the solar radiation can be directly converted into electrical energy. This
solar energy available during the day time would be stored in a solar cell and
would be used to glow the street lights during the whole night. This will be
installed alongside busy streets, which can result in a significant reduction of CO2
emissions, air pollutants, operating expenses, and maintenance costs for a greener
and more sustainable future. Indeed, the study behind designing this system aims
to find a tangible solution for maximum utilization of the available energy with
minimum loss and to reduce air pollutants that harm humans and the atmosphere.
It is based on the idea that the solution to air pollution is also the solution to the
climate crisis.

7
Objectives of the Study
Sustainability and innovation are two important factors which help
preserve the planet. These are the concepts that contribute to how the government
of nations around the globe sought to answer phenomena such as global warming,
climate change, and air pollution. In line with this, investments in innovations
such as alternative light and energy sources and air filtration systems without
producing carbon footprints are significantly rising. Hence, this research study
aims to design and develop a Solar-powered LED Street Light with an Air
Filtration System to help reduce harmful gases and pollutants in the air.
Specifically, the present study seeks:
1. To conduct feasibility study about the geographical status of the
Municipality of Ibaan in terms of:
1.1. location
1.2. energy consumption
1.3. estimated number of vehicles passing by
1.4. air pollutants present
2. To design a solar-powered led street light with an air filtration system

8
considering the following:
2.1. System Components
2.2. Materials Specifications
2.3. Safety Mechanism
3. To develop a solar-powered street lighting taken into accounts the
following parameters:
3.1. Solar Panel
3.1.1. Voltage
3.1.2. Amount of Energy
3.1.3. Battery Capacitor
3.2 Photovoltaic Effect
3.3 Area Lighting Consideration
4. To determine the components to be utilized for the development of the
built-in air filtration system:

9
4.1. Pre-filter Media
4.2. High Efficiency Particulate Air Filtration
4.3. Activated Carbon Filtration
4.4. Moss
5. To test the efficiency of the developed Solar-powered LED Street Light
with an Air Filtration System by measuring the air quality using an Air Quality
Index technology.
Hypothesis
This research study aims to design and develop a Solar-powered
LED Street Light with an Air Filtration System to help reduce harmful gases and
pollutants in the air. This section provides a formulated hypothesis which serves
as a guide for the researchers in the conduction of the study.
H0: There is no significant difference between initial and final air
quality after the installation of the Solar-powered LED Street Light with an Air
Filtration System.

10
Significance of the Study
The present study aims to design and develop of a street light with an air
filtration system within that utilizes solar power as the main energy source. It
seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of carbon dioxide
emissions and air pollution. The proponents focused on conserving energy and
improving the air quality in Ibaan.
This study will bear high significance to the following:
To the Community. The research study will be significant in improving
sustainability in the community by producing electricity that are non-pollutive as
well as reducing air pollutants through the utilization of a renewable energy
source and an air filtration system respectively, which will be beneficial to its
residents and the preservation of the environment.
To the Municipality of Ibaan. This will serve as a proposal for the
municipality to invest on solar-powered street lights with an air filtration system
which will be advantageous and practical not only to the citizens of Ibaan but
also to all who pass along its road network, as it is a part of the national highway.
The municipality may also make this study as a reference that will be considered
in each project for the future.

11
To the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The paper
shall give help to the sector by raising awareness to the immense impact of
carbon dioxide emissions and other harmful air pollutants on which become some
of the leading causes of global warming and air pollution. It will also promote the
use of renewable energy sources to help achieve sustainability.
To the Department of Public Works and Highways. This study will be
valuable to this department as it provides broad knowledge and extensive
understanding of this innovation that could equip the public with cost-effective,
environment-friendly, and sufficiently lit roads.
To the Present Researchers. This study is a great opportunity for the
proponents as it feeds them sufficient knowledge and realizations from the
valuable experiences gained throughout the research process. All of the learnings
will surely contribute to the persons who they will be in the future.
To the Future Researchers. This research paper will serve as a guide and
reference to those who will conduct a closely similar study. It can be their basis
to gain understanding as it will give meaningful insights and supporting claims
regarding the context of the paper, which could provide a strong starting
foundation.

12
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The research study deals with the design and development of a Solar-
powered LED Street Light featuring an Air Filtration System in the structure. It
will primarily focus on the configuration of the proposed design including the
appropriate components that will suit the solar lamp.
To make this solar street light stand out from the others, it will have an
attached air purification system in the structure. Thus, the study will also cover
the process of integrating and utilizing different types of air filtration medias such
as the pre-filter, high efficiency air particulate filter, and granular activated
carbon filter that could help treat the ambient air. Moreover, the researchers will
incorporate moss on the lower portion of the pole, which is also proven good at
absorbing air pollutants thereby purifying the air.
This study is limited and intended in the town of Ibaan. However, this
innovation may also be adopted by the other municipalities. The effectiveness of
the multi-functional street light will promote sustainability and innovation at the
same time to help combat environmental issues such as global warming and air
pollution as a community. To test the efficiency of the developed technology, Air
Quality Index or AQI will be used to measure the area’s before and after air
quality. Initial testing of air quality of chosen barangay will be done.

13
Conceptual Framework
Designing a solar-powered streetlight with an air filtration system is the
main focus of the study due to the fact that global temperatures and air pollution
are continuously increasing. To fully understand the paper, the proponents
present a conceptual framework as a guide in order for the readers to have an
overview of the necessary concepts and processes of the context. The CDIO
Model (Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate) is used to demonstrate an
operational scheme and integration of the study.
Figure 1.0 fortifies the conceptual framework to be used in presenting the
research paradigm of the study.
In the Conceive Stage, the information about the selected locality
including its energy consumption and air pollutants present, various and existing
solar-powered street light and air filtration system designs, and the properties of
each filter media to be used as well as its effects are needed. Moreover, a strong
grasp on the proper street lighting design standards and comprehensive analysis
of data on placing an air filtration system outdoors are essential to make the paper
effective.

14
In the Design Stage, software requirements were necessary to design a
solar-powered streetlight with an air purification system. Google Sketch-up will
be used in planning and showing the initial perspective and digital representation
of the whole project. Aside from being beneficial, this plays a huge role in the
overall success of the study.
In the Implement Stage, the parameters needed to establish the study are
provided. In particular, this is equipped with the necessary structural design
procedures of public street lighting system and basic air filtration guidelines to
make the groundwork of the study more comprehensive and reliable. The air
quality will be measured through the air quality index or AQI. The air will then
go through all the filtration stages (pre-filtration, HEPA filtration, and activated
carbon filtration) to trap pollutants and will be released as purified one. The
monitoring of the air quality will follow and it will be compared on the initial
measurement.
Lastly, for the Operate Stage, the researchers propose the final design of
Solar-powered LED Street Light with an Air Filtration System that could help
alleviates harmful gases and pollutants to achieve sustainability.

CONCEIVE DESIGN IMPLEMENT OUTPUT
Knowledge Requirements: Software Requirement  Assess location • Solar-powered LED

feasibility study Street Light with an
 Location, energy  Google Sketch up  Plan and Design the Air Filtration System
consumption, air pollutants Solar-powered LED against Vehicular
present, and other data Street Light with an Air Pollution Design
about the Municipality of Filtration System Proposal
Ibaan
 Preliminary Testing
 Various and Existing
Solar-powered Street Light
Consideration
and Air Filtration System  Efficiency Testing
Designs  Statistical Treatment
 Parameters to consider in
planning and designing a
street light and an outdoor
air purifier

 Properties of the 3 Filter
Media
o Pre-filter
o High Efficiency
Particulate Air
Filter
o Activated Carbon
Filter
 Effects of each Filter
Media on the ambient air

Figure 1.0
Conceptual Paradigm
15
16
Definition of Terms
For clarity, deeper understanding, and better comprehension of this study,
the following terms are hereby defined conceptually.
Carbon dioxide (CO2). It is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse) gas,
which is released through human activities such as deforestation and burning
fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration and volcanic
eruptions. (NASA, 2021)
Global warming. It is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system
observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human
activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse
gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. (NASA, 2021)
Granular Activated Carbon. It has special properties that allow it to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors, and other gaseous pollutants
from the air. (Molekule Science, 2019)
Greenhouse Gas. An any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is
capable of absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the
atmosphere that causes greenhouse effect. (Lallanilla, 2019)
HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air). It is a type of pleated

17
mechanical air filter that can remove at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, mold,
bacteria, and any airborne particles with a size of 0.3 microns (µm). (EPA, 2019)
LED (Light Emitting Diode). It produces light up to 90% more
efficiently than other light sources, such as incandescent light bulbs or compact
fluorescent lighting (CFL). (Energy Star, n.d)
Moss. It is a natural air purifier that consists of countless tiny leaves,
which not only form a very large surface but also attract positively charged
microparticles such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide due to the negative charge.
(Style Green, 2018)
Non-renewable energy. It is energy that comes from sources that will run
out or will not be replenished for thousands or even millions of years. (National
Geographic Society, 2013)
Photovoltaic Panel. It is a device that can convert solar energy directly to
electricity. (Ong, 2018)
Renewable Energy. This term generally refers to electricity supplied from
renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, geothermal,
hydropower and various forms of biomass. These energy sources are considered
renewable sources because they can be replenished on the Earth. (Nunez, 2021)

18
Sustainability. It is the integration of environmental health, social equity
and economic vitality in order to create thriving, healthy, diverse and resilient
communities for this generation and generations to come. (UCLA Sustainable
Committee, 2021)
Vehicular Pollution. The introduction of harmful material into the
environment due to motor vehicles. (Chauhan, 2018)

19
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the gathered literature and studies of the researchers
that are used to develop an in-depth understanding and insight into previous
works which show relevance to the context and help achieve specific goals of the
study. These references were collected and obtained from the internet, past theses
with the same discipline, and other reading materials. The presentation started
with the conceptual literature which gives a comprehensive information
associated with the current study. It also contains local and foreign related studies
which is used as basis.
I. Conceptual Literature
1. Global Warming
It is expected that global warming has far-reaching, long-lasting and
catastrophic effects for the planet. Global warming indicates the gradual heating
of the Earth's surface, oceans and atmosphere caused by human activities, mainly
the burning of fossil fuels that expel carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and other
greenhouse gases, (Bradford, 2017). In the article entitled “Global Warming” by
Riebeek (2010), it is revealed that between 1906 and 2005, the global average

20
surface temperature increased by 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6 degrees F),
and the rate of temperature rise has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. Because
humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere at an ever-increasing rate through the years, temperatures are certain
to go up further.
Moreover, transportation and electricity production generate the largest
shares of greenhouse gas emissions, (EPA, 2018). Concerns arise about carbon
dioxide emissions contributing to global warming as electricity demand escalates,
with supply depending largely on fossil fuels. Additionally, the growing
requirement of energy has becoming a challenge due to the availability of energy
sources. Most of the resources that have provided the majority of humanity’s
energy necessities are non-renewable so high electricity and motor fuel demands
mean that more fossil fuels are being burned, resulting in a rise in the release of
carbon dioxide. In particular, oil has been historically the world’s most used
energy source accounting approximately 39% of the global energy consumption
followed by coal and natural gas, (NS Energy, 2015).
The carbon created by fossil fuel combustion has a different ratio of
heavy-to-light carbon atoms, leaving a distinct "fingerprint" that can be measured
by instruments. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(2019), also known as NASA, although changes to the atmosphere associated

21
with reactive gases (gases that undergo chemical reactions) like ozone and ozone-
forming chemicals are relatively short-lived, carbon dioxide is different. Once it
is released and added to the atmosphere, it stays around for a long time between
300 to 1,000 years. As of November 2020, the concentration of carbon dioxide in
the Earth’s atmosphere is currently at 415 parts per million (ppm) and rising.
However, the impact of global warming is far greater than just increasing
temperatures. This phenomenon also alters rainfall patterns, amplifies coastal
erosion, extends the growing season in some regions, melts ice caps and glaciers,
and modifies the ranges of some infectious diseases. It is disturbing that some of
these changes are already occurring and becoming more significant.
2. Air Pollution
Air pollution has very detrimental and adverse effects to human health and
in the planet. It is a mix of particles and gases that can reach harmful
concentrations both outside and indoors. Some common pollutants are soot,
smoke, mold, pollen, methane, and carbon dioxide. These may come from natural
sources, but the most dangerous are those emissions that are usually amplified in
cities due to human activities such as factories, industries, and transport. In
particular, the transportation sector contributes an immense share of air pollutants
that are known to cause cancer and other health and environmental effects. Since
vehicles account for 65% of air pollution in the country (DENR, 2019), roads

22
nowadays are highly polluted zones and pose serious threats.
Moreover, bad air quality kills people. The World Health Organization
(n.d) disclosed that bad outdoor air causes an estimated seven million deaths
worldwide yearly. Their data show that 9 out of 10 individuals, breathe air that
exceeds WHO guideline limits containing high levels of pollutants, with low- and
middle-income countries suffering from the highest exposures. In developing
countries, this problem is more serious and perceptible due to overpopulation and
uncontrolled urbanization along with the development of industrialization,
especially to those with social disparities and a lack of information on sustainable
management of the environment.
In a journal article by Manisalidis et al. (2020) entitled “Environmental and
Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review”, the authors stated that there are many
pollutants that harm human health and cause diseases. Some of the pollutants are
the following:
 Particulate Matter (PM): These are particles which are very small in
diameter that could enter the respiratory system through inhalation,
causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and
central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. One big
contributor to particulate matter pollution is diesel exhaust.

23
 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): With the presence of
sunlight, these contaminants react with nitrogen oxide to form
ground level ozone, a key ingredient in smog. Many VOCs are man-
made chemicals that are also components of petroleum oils, paint
thinners, hydraulic fluids, and dry cleaning agents. Because these
include a variety of chemicals, these irritate the respiratory system
that may have short- and long-term adverse health effects like cough
and cancer.
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Motor vehicles emit pollutants, primarily
carbon dioxide, which is the main greenhouse gas. This gas not only
harms the people but also affects the planet.
Furthermore, diseases occurring from the aforementioned substances
include principally respiratory problems such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiolitis, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and
central nervous system dysfunctions. While those effects develop from long-term
exposure, short-term problems can also root from air pollution such as sneezing
and coughing, eye irritation, headaches, and dizziness – affecting the health of
susceptible and sensitive individuals. Due to its tremendous and various health
effects, air pollution has been described as one of the great killers of our age and
as one of the major threats to health.

24
Additionally, air pollutants contribute to global warming and climate
change too. In an article by Mackenzie (2020) entitled “Air Pollution: Everything
you need to know”, Director of the Clean Air Project and part of the Climate and
Clean Energy program at NRDC, John Walkie stated that air pollution also stems
from energy use and production as it raises the earth’s temperature in the form of
carbon dioxide and methane. The problem of outdoor pollution is not a new one,
but the rapid urbanization has made the problem more apparent and its health
burden more tangible.
3. Feasibility Study
Feasibility study is used to assess the practicality of a proposed project. As
the name suggests, it is intended to reveal whether a project or a plan is feasible.
The term “feasible” denotes to something that is capable of being achieved,
accomplished, or carried out. Thus, studying a project’s feasibility can also be
referred to as the initial design stage where in-depth analysis of the gathered data
is performed to evaluate if the plan could be possibly executed or not.
Moreover, it aims to discern the project’s advantages and disadvantages,
opportunities and threats present in the natural environment, and the resources
required to carry through in an empirical and logical way. With these, it may serve

25
as a functional tool in determining if the project is viable as well as in identifying
if there will be certain problems that might arise in the future. In the article entitled
“Feasibility Study” by Kenton (2020), a feasibility study is an analysis and
evaluation which takes into account all the relevant and related factors of the
project, including economic, technical, legal, and scheduling considerations, to
assess the probability of completing the project successfully. It also attempts to
answer two main questions: Will the proposed project work, and should you
proceed with it?, (Wolfe, 2019). Essentially, it will help in clarifying and
establishing the project’s goals and objectives to have a better understanding of the
next steps in the development cycle.
However, this type of study is not only limited for the project because it can
also be applied when evaluating the materials to be used. It aids in distinguishing
whether a certain material is efficient and sustainable. If done properly, the
feasibility analysis will provide comprehensive and crucial details about all the
various components of the project to evaluate its potential for success and prevent
the proponents from entering blindly into risky circumstances. In the end, this
document will serve as a valuable tool for developing an effective research paper.
4. Planning and Design
Planning and designing have completely different functions, but both are

26
integral parts of the process and to the execution of a particular development. A
plan may be defined as a detailed and progressive course of action that is designed
and used in order to accomplish predetermined goals and objectives. In an ever-
changing environment, the need for planning is very significant because risks and
uncertainties are inevitable. According to Koontz & O’Donnell (n.d.), “Planning
is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges
the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to
occur which would not otherwise occur”. Hence, this is a fundamental preparatory
step, which involves thinking logically and deciding rationally before the action
takes place. In a way, it helps people to have a gist of a project’s outlook, thereby
giving an advantage to decide ahead of time in terms of dealing with situations
such as contingencies and challenges that are more likely to be encountered in the
future.
On the other hand, design is not just about what a project looks like or what
it feels like, it is also about how it works. Design for Health Organization (2021)
defines design as a craft and discipline that applies a particular attitude and skillset
to a process of creative problem solving, allowing the development of informative,
sensitive, inclusive, purposeful, appealing, and innovative solutions. Basically,
designing is a process of creating functional and innovative resolutions that
exemplify efficient and aesthetic demands based on the needs of the people being

27
designed for. The design may be rooted either from the user’s satisfaction and
desires or the designer’s perception and concepts.
Engineers and designers play a crucial role in constructing and designing
the public street lighting systems, ensuring the roads and other public spaces are
useful, safer, and well-lit after dark. Street lights must be functional, efficient and
serve its purpose in the community. The designers should be responsible in
providing sufficiently lit roads while considering safety, sustainability, and
environmental issues that are rampant these days. They should also analyze the
geographical status and location of the intended place to create a convenient and
appropriate type of street lighting system with maximum service capabilities and
minimized long term operational costs.
4.1. Design Considerations
Since designs must perform well under expected and unfavorable
situations, several design considerations should be taken into account for an
economical and efficient output. Design considerations are devised for the
designers to be aware and attentive towards the application of the universal
accessibility design principles and requirements to a specific development. These
considerations serve as guidelines and planning tools in such designs. Also, the
designer shall refer to relevant ordinances and design manuals, provided by either

28
local or international qualified companies and agencies, that are appropriate for the
project to comply to the legal and other standard requirements.
According to Spacey (2016), design differs from art because there are
factors to considered first. Some of the common design considerations are
compliance in accordance with the mandated standards, laws, and regulations,
goals wherein the design must be aligned with the designer’s motive and
aspirations as well as the public’s betterment, and how the layout and composition
of the elements are arranged to avoid confusion and difficulties in the future.
Moreover, the process of choosing proper materials is vital as the reliability of the
design depends on it. The designer should also make efficient use of energy and
resources to promote sustainability while taking into account that the specific
project is built to last. Additionally, he/she should consider that the customers
usually prefer the project at lowest cost that is possible so the estimation of the
expenses is very important as well as the overall visual appeal of the design, which
provides satisfaction.
Furthermore, it is recommended that building projects and further structure
installations, especially those frequently accessed by the public, should study the
content of these considerations as early as possible in the initial design stage.
These would be valuable in developing a quality project plan and design, which

29
could deliver a better service to the general public.
5. Solar Street Lights
Street lights, also known as street lamps, are an essential public service.
Aside from providing illumination to roadways, parking lots, sidewalks, and other
public areas after daylight, these also deliver a number of benefits to the
community. In a local article published by the Manila Standard (2018), street
lighting is considered as one of the basic requirements for a peaceful and crime-
free communal for the reason that a well-lit place discourages the commission of
crimes. Also, street and roadway lighting help in bringing forth a safe nighttime
environment for vehicular and pedestrian traffic. They are often used with other
traffic safety equipment to improve visibility on poorly lit areas to prevent
accidents. The essence of proper street lighting is fortified by many factors and
key among them is it helps people to feel secured. Still, it is important to note that
street lights need to be properly installed to fully fulfill their functions.
However, conventional street lighting energy consumption is an
increasingly significant part of cities’ energy use and a growing burden on
municipal budgets, (Li & Makumbre, 2017). The vulnerability of the current
energy system stems largely from its reliance on non-renewable resources,
especially fossil fuels, which are depleting resources that release climate-changing

30
greenhouse gases when burned. That is why despite the importance of street lights
in providing citizens with safe roads and improving the security of homes and
businesses, the production of electricity needed to power its system significantly
adds to carbon dioxide emissions which contribute to global warming. This
exhibits that they are costly and add up considerably to environment pollution.
As new technologies and innovations continuously to develop and increase,
several solutions are being proposed and presented to address the raised concern.
One of the most notable attempts is utilizing solar energy through photovoltaic
panels. Nowadays, numerous cities and towns use solar street lights as an
alternative to the traditional ones. Solar street lights are mounted on street poles
and powered by solar panels, (Green Building, 2020).
According to Enkonn Solar Energy (2019), there are two types of solar
streetlights. The first one is called Off-grid Solar Streetlights which are
disconnected from the electric utility company and operate as a small solar
lighting system device alone. These convert solar energy into a battery storage
during the day, then illuminate the road at night. Commonly, they are designed to
sustain three gloomy days, when there is little solar energy to convert. Second,
Grid-tied Solar Panel Streetlights are connected to an electric utility company, and
will only use electricity as a backup if there is a period of prolonged cloudy

31
weather.
Furthermore, Industry Today (2020) issued an article regarding the
comparison between conventional street lights and solar street lights according to
the following:
 Cost Effectiveness: In terms of initial investment, traditional street
lights are much cheaper. However, in the long run, solar street lights
turn out to be a better investment due to all the expenses in order to
maintain the performance of the conventional ones. Solar street
lights do not rely on electricity providers and do not require regular
maintenance nor a replacement, which could spare municipalities
from heavy electric bills.
 Efficiency and Luminance: In terms of illumination, as solar street
lights have built-in LEDs, they closely simulate the sunlight, which
enhances visibility at night. On the other hand, traditional street
lights typically possess metal halide lamps within. These high-
intensity discharge lamps offer most of their light from the electric
arc inside a compact emanation tube. Unfortunately, these cannot
beat the visibility that solar-powered lights can provide an area with.
 Lifespan: Traditional lights last around 5,000 to 8,000 hours on
average, or less than a year of usage, whereas solar LED lights can
last five to seven years on average. This notion puts solar-powered

32
lights ahead of the conventional lights at all times.
 Reliability: Solar street lights are less reliant on conventional energy
and the national grid. For dusk to dawn lighting operations, solar
products are totally dependable. Through the power cuts and grid
disruption, these lights remain illuminated unlike traditional street
lights.
 Good Impact on the Environment: Contrary to the traditional street
lights, solar street lights pose no threat to the environment and its
people. No fire can be ignited due to a lack of electrical wirings.
Deadly accidents such as strangulation, overheating, and
electrocution will never take place as well. Solar-powered street
lights emit a lower carbon footprint because they use renewable
energy because they use renewable energy thereby making them
eco-friendly.
With all these benefits, solar-powered lights are considered as perfect green
lighting solutions. These save cities and other municipalities from high electricity
bills and lower the risks that are associated with dark streets. Hence, using solar
street lights is economically beneficial and environmentally friendly, which
promotes sustainability.

33
System components are the essential parts of an equipment which are
necessary for the operation. Nowadays, solar technology applications have been
massively spreading all over the world to power buildings, vehicles, LED street
lights and other devices. In terms of solar LED street lights, it is fundamental to
have a detailed knowledge of how the device is designed and what components are
incorporated together to provide effective light output and performance from clean
energy sources.
According to Gjokik (2017), every solar street light system consists several
core components. This functional off-grid system relies on the quality of each part,
the technology used in the system, and the management of the solar street light
over time. Choosing the appropriate smart solar street light specifications is not an
easy task, therefore one needs to know all the system design nuances before
discussing the technical proposal. Thus, the following are the main parts of the
solar LED street lights:
5.1.1. Solar Panel
One of the most major elements of solar street lights is the solar panel since
solar panels turn solar energy into electricity through photovoltaic solar cells. This
starts working as soon as the sun is up while the LED lamp automatically turns off

34
after the sunrise. When the sun goes down, the process is reversed.
In the article of 8Msolar (2020), the highest rated solar panel installer in
Wake Forest, North Carolina, titled “Types of Solar Panel”, solar panels are
classified into three. The first one is the monocrystalline which are the oldest type
of solar panel and the most developed. This may be the most expensive one but it
reaches the highest efficiency rate which is 20%. It is made from about 40 of the
monocrystalline solar cells that are created from pure silicon. Monocrystalline
solar cells appear black because of the way sunlight interacts with pure silicon and
has a variety of colors and designs for the back sheets and frames. They are
squares in shape with the corners removed, so there are small gaps between the
cells.
The second one is rising quickly in popularity and has 15-17% efficiency
rate, the polycrystalline. Just like monocrystalline cells, polycrystalline cells are
made from silicon but these are made from fragments of the silicon crystal melted
together. Because of the way sunlight reflects on the crystals, these cells are blue
in color. Usually, the frames are silver with polycrystalline, but there can be
variation. The shape of the cell is square as well, but there are no gaps between the
corners.

35
Lastly, thin-film solar panels, which aren’t always made from silicon, are
the cheapest type with 11% efficiency rate. They can be made from various
materials, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), amorphous silicon (a-Si), and
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS). By placing the main material between
thin sheets of conductive material with a layer of glass on top for protection, these
solar cells are formed. Also, thin-film panels can be identified easily due to their
thin appearance. They are around 350 times thinner than those that use silicon
wafers, and can either be black or blue, depending on the material they were made
from.
A solar panel is only comprised of the solar cells, glass, and framework,
(Baburajan, 2017). In addition to that, to connect to a pole, a solar bracket
assembly must be mounted on the solar panel. Using an all-aluminum bracket
design with stainless steel hardware will assure that the assembly of solar panels
will stand up to the test of time, especially in harsh environments that are prone to
rust and degradation. It is proposed to ensure that a vented panel covers the rear of
the panel for extra protection against wind-blown debris and vandalism.
a. Voltage
Solar panels are classified according to their rated power output in Watts.
This rating is the amount of power the solar panel would be expected to generate

36
in 1 peak sun hour. It is important to note that different geographical locations
receive different quantities of average peak sun hours per day. According to Solar
Online (n.d.), solar panels can be wired to increase voltage or current in series or
in parallel, respectively. The rated terminal voltage of a 12 Volt solar panel is
normally about 17.0 Volts, but as needed for battery charging, this voltage is
reduced to around 13 to 15 Volts by using a regulator.
In addition, the performance of solar panels is influenced by the operating
temperature of the cell. A nominal temperature of 25 degrees Celsius is rated for
the panels. A typical solar panel's output can be expected to vary by 2.5 percent
for every temperature variation of 5 degrees. The performance decreases as the
temperature increases. With this in mind, it is worth remembering that because of
cloud cover, if the panels are very cool and the sun bursts through the cloud, it is
possible to surpass the panel's rated performance.
b. Amount of Energy
In an article entitled “How much Energy does a Solar Panel Produce?” by
Ost (2018), it is stated that one of the most important features of a solar panel is
how much energy it can produce. By allowing particles of light, called photons, to
knock electrons from their atomic orbitals, solar panels work. A flow of electricity
is produced when this takes place, and this electricity is harnessed and stored as

37
electrical energy. This all occurs when a device called a photovoltaic cell is struck
by light.
Solar panels are made up of hundreds or thousands of these cells, and
multiple solar panels make up a solar array. These arrays are connected to the
current electrical grid in order to be able to correctly guide the generated
electricity. Solar panel systems are measured in terms of kilowatts (kW). It is the
electrical energy that is produced by a solar panel or a solar lighting system. A
typical size of solar panel array is usually around 5kW and takes up around 400
square feet of space. An array of this size can generate approximately 350-850
kWh of AC energy per month. Kilowatts per hour (kWh) is the measure of
electrical energy that is equal to the consumption of 1000 watts for 1 hour. It is
used as a billing unit for the energy consumed by individuals. One kilowatt-hour
equates to 3.6 megajoules. Still, it is important to note that the more efficient the
photovoltaic solar panel is, the more energy production it will have to reach the
cell per amount of light energy, which will in turn take up less surface area to meet
energy requirements.
c. Battery Capacitor
A battery capacitor stores power and then releases at time of need. A
capacitor, also known as a condenser, is an electronic component that stores

38
electrostatic energy in an electric field. They are slightly similar with batteries, but
they are used for reasons that are entirely different. While a battery uses chemical
reactions to store electrical energy and releases power very slowly through an
electronic circuit, capacitors have a capability of releasing energy very rapidly,
which results in much higher power density than batteries with the same amount
of energy, (Afework et al., 2018). A capacitor has at least two electrical
conductors separated by an insulator (dielectric). When an electric field develops
across the insulator, it prevents the flow and an electric charge is starting to build
up on the plates.
Moreover, a capacitor can be used with solar panels, but the only eligible to
perform with the said innovation are the supercapacitors. The supercapacitors can
discharge high-voltage current from the solar cells, which is much higher than the
loading current. These will support the system when there is an intermittent load.
Supercapacitors store electricity by separating positive and negative charges
instead of chemically storing them. In a system where batteries are connected with
supercapacitors, the battery acts as a buffer and high-power drain. This type of
capacitor will create a fast charging, unlimited life cycle, high power destiny. It
will also increase batteries’ lifetime and reduce the battery drainage rate in a solar
street lighting system.

39
According to William (2021), one will get more power from the solar
panels in an existing system if he/she has a combined connection of batteries and
supercapacitors. The fast and instant charging system will increase the usability of
the street lighting system. It will aid in producing more energy from the renewable
source. With the supercapacitors, batteries can be charged instantly with a 1000x
speed than the conventional battery charging. Besides, these allow high-voltage
electric devices to run without damaging its batteries.
5.1.2. Lighting Fixture
Nowadays, when it comes to solar street lights, LED fixtures are the most
common combination preferred for solar power assembly. The LED (Light
Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor solid state device that has the capacity of
transforming electrical energy into visible light. At the appropriate light levels, the
solar LED fixture provides illumination. It has several designs available – some
are modular, others may be decorative. Through the use of a bracket, the LED
fixture is connected to the pole. Due to its small size, it has low power
consumption and long service life. In the visible light continuum, the LED
spectrum is more concentrated, so it has a high luminous quality. The LED
fixture's energy consumption is also at least 50% lower than the HPS (High-
pressure Sodium) fixture that is commonly used in conventional street lights as a
lighting source. In addition, it lacks warm-up time, which contributes to its

40
performance, (Galita, 2015).
5.1.3. Rechargeable Deep Cycle Battery
A type of electrical battery or accumulator is the solar battery. Its main
purpose is to store electricity during the day from the solar panel, in order to
provide the LED lamp with energy during the night. The battery itself is a deep-
cycle battery designed for longer periods of time to withstand continuous currents.
This type of battery is more effective and is more reliable in terms of cycle time
than car batteries. Without degrading its capacities, it can effectively discharge
currents from time to time. There are three types of batteries in the solar lighting
industry: lead acid batteries, gel cell deep cycle batteries and absorbed glass mat
(AGM) batteries (also called starved electrolyte). For solar street lighting systems,
AGM battery and Gel cell deep cycled battery are the ones that are usually opted
to buy, (Gjokik, 2017).
Moreover, solar street light batteries are meant to be charged for more than
a day. A typical design allowance is five days to sustain lighting during gloomy
and rainy seasons. Inside the aluminum housing, the battery assembly is stored
with vents to give off the heat generated. As they are installed at a lower height,
there are newer battery assemblies that are designed to be more maintenance-
friendly, (Baburajan, 2017). Deep cycle batteries also provide sustained energy,

41
making them ideal for certain applications that require more than a quick start,
(Crown, 2018).
5.1.4. Solar Charge Controller
The solar controller is the heart of the solar system. This system determines
when lighting and charging should be turned on or off. Smart controllers have
built-in features to monitor lighting, dimming, and battery charging. These avoid
the overcharging and undercharging of the solar battery. It continuously charges
the battery throughout the day by collecting energy from solar panels, (Renteria,
2015). The controller delivers the stored power during the night to operate the
LED street lights. A single load or multiple loads can be supported by smart
controllers.
5.1.5. Light Pole
According to Gjokik (2017), a strong pole is very essential for every street
light since heavy components are mounted on top of it, like the solar panel,
fixtures and, in some cases, even the batteries. The construction material that is
utilized in the production of the pole and the static analysis before deployment are
also very important to consider. The types of pole material may be aluminum,
steel, concrete, and composite. In some countries, the innovative modular design
of street light poles reduces the cost of transport and logistics and lowers

42
construction issues and difficulties during installation.
Global Designing Cities Initiative (n.d.) stated that light poles should not
be simply placed. It has the right measurement to follow before it is placed. Here
are the measurements:
 Height. The standard poles for sidewalks and bike facilities are 4.5–
6 m. Depending on the street typology and land usage, the height of
light poles for roadbeds vary. In most times, the regular height for
narrow streets in residential, commercial, and historical contexts are
between 8–10 m. Taller poles between 10 m and 12 m are
appropriate for wider streets in commercial or industrial areas.
 Spacing. The spacing between two light poles should be
approximately 2.5–3 times the height of the pole. Shorter light poles
should be installed at narrower intervals. The density, speed of
travel, and the type of light source along a corridor will also
determine the ideal height and spacing.
 Light Cone. The light cone from the ground has about the same
diameter as the height of the fixture. Hence, to prevent dark areas,
the height would determine the maximum suggested distance
between two light poles.

43
5.2. Photovoltaic Energy
Often referred to as PV, photovoltaic comes from the word “photo” which
means light, and “voltaic”, which denotes to producing electricity. Thus, the
photovoltaic process is producing electricity directly from the sunlight.
Photovoltaic systems are comprised of photovoltaic cells, which are devices that
convert energy directly into electricity. Because its source is the sun, they are also
frequently called solar cells. With that, photovoltaic offers consumers the ability to
generate electricity in a clean, quiet and reliable way.
5.2.1. Photovoltaic Effect
Simya (2018) described photovoltaic (PV) effect as a process by which PV
cell converts the absorbed sunlight energy into electricity. They revealed that PV
system operates with zero carbon-dioxide emissions, which has numerous benefits
for humans and the environment. The photovoltaic effect is acquired by the
absorption of photons in a material having at least a possible transition between
two levels of energy (semiconductors). To obtain a current, separate the electron
and the hole by creating an electric field in a semiconductor, a p-n diode. Zone p
has an excess of holes, giving rise to an electric field separating the charges
created by the photovoltaic effect. A difference in potential is established at the
terminals of the photovoltaic cell, (Nan Su Mon Aung & Zaw Htet Myint, 2014).

44
5.3. Area Lighting Consideration
Lighting has a variety of purpose. It is essential in several places for
different reasons. It goes beyond the lamp in a room to larger outdoor lights. Area
lighting is a type of lighting used to illuminate specific or large spaces.
Considerations about it should always be taken into account and should be aligned
according to the needs of the beneficiaries to ensure the lighting system’s
effectiveness. In general, the goal of area lighting is to make the space feel
welcoming and safe, without being brighter than necessary.
EATON (2017) stated that when planning an outdoor lighting design, the
designer should consider the following:
 Account for the visual tasks required to navigate or occupy the
space.
 Determine lighting level and uniformities needed to perform the
tasks.
 Ensure luminaire overall lumen output and mounting heights are low
enough to minimize glare and promote visibility.
 Respect property lines to reduce light trespass.
 In order to prevent light pollution, pick luminaires that minimize
light above the horizon.

45
According to an article by Joseph (2016) entitled “Understanding Outdoor
Area Lightning Design”, although one can install lighting equipment on any high
structure, pole mounting offers the most versatility. Luminaires on poles can
provide illumination in every direction at distances of two to two and half times
the mounting height from the pole. Thus, luminaires on a single pole can serve an
area of about four times the mounting height – squared. Also, one can use narrow
beam floodlights to light a flat area extending to five times the mounting height
from the pole. However, at distances greater than two times the mounting height,
uniformity and system efficiency drop off considerably. Once the luminaire
locations and mounting heights are established, the need to determine the quantity
and type of luminaire is essential. If the designer selected tall poles, he/she can use
higher wattage lamps, which are more efficient than lower wattage light sources.
In addition to choosing the lamp type, wattage, number and location of
luminaires, the designer must consider the beam spread, or the candlepower
distribution pattern that the luminaire provides. Symmetrical and asymmetrical
beam spreads are being offered by high mast luminaires and floodlights. Naturally,
a high mast luminaire delivers most of its light directly downward. However, the
beam spread of a high mast luminaire can vary by vertically adjusting the lamp in
the reflector assembly. Reflector-/refractor-type units can also be chosen, which
cast light at a high angle. When one rotates the optical assembly of an

46
asymmetrical-beam, a high mast luminaire allows him/her to shape the distribution
pattern of a cluster of these luminaires.
6. Air Filtration System
According to the World Health Organization (2018), outdoor air pollution
is a major environmental health problem affecting everyone in low-, middle-, and
high-income countries. In 2016, outdoor air pollution was estimated to cause 4.2
million premature deaths worldwide per year in both cities and rural areas; this
mortality is attributed to exposure to small particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less
in diameter (PM2.5), which cause cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and
cancers. Most sources of this pollution are well beyond the control of individuals
and demands collaborative action of local, national and regional level policy-
makers working in sectors like transport, energy, waste management, urban
planning, and agriculture. Addressing all risk factors for noncommunicable
diseases – including air pollution – is key to protecting public health. Thus,
outdoor air filtration systems are all the rage these days.
An air filtration system captures and traps air contaminants through air
filters. In the article of Rampey (2011) titled “Air Filtration Systems: How They
Work”, it is stated that air filtration system can remove particles of dust, animal
dander and dust mites from the air, improving one’s comfort and health. This

47
consists of simple panels that cover the intake of furnaces or air vents. The most
basic ones are made of fiberglass or polyester and allow air to pass through and
traps large particles. It is supposed to be either replaced or regularly washed,
depending on the filter.
Nowadays, major cities all around the world are installing air filtration
systems with various shapes, sizes, and technologies to combat poor ambient air
quality. Particularly, Beijing, Hong Kong, Delhi, and Bengaluru have all either
installed or allocated huge budgets to installing, (Shubhayan, 2019). In order to
clean the local air and reduce exposure to the dense population, governments and
urban authorities usually place them in busy junctions. Sometimes they can also be
found on roadways. By lowering air pollution levels, countries can minimize the
burden of diseases from stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and
acute respiratory diseases, including asthma.
System components are fundamental parts of an equipment which are
essential for operation. Nowadays, air filtration systems have been massively
spreading all over the world to clean and purify air, may it be indoors or outdoors.
In several countries like Chinas and Indonesia, air purifying towers are built to
help combat air pollution in a particular area. Hence, it is necessary to have a

48
detailed knowledge and in-depth understanding of how the system is designed and
what components are integrated to provide efficient and beneficial air filtration
system.
6.1.2. Fan
Air filtration systems contain one or more filter medias and a fan. The fan
or sometimes a system of internal fans sucks in polluted air, and that air then
passes through the inside filters. These filters trap pollutants such as dust, pollen,
and bacteria, and disperse clean air back.
6.1.3. Filter Medias
Helmenstine, (2020) described filtration as a process that is utilized to
separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium/media. Filter media is a
portion of a filtering system that separates unwanted particles from the substance
being filtered. Most air purifiers depend upon their filters in order to perform its
function. Air filters entrap particulates as air passes through them, cleaning the air.
These filters come in all shapes and sizes, and some are more effective than others,
(Silva, 2021).

49
a. Pre-filtration
Pre-filtration is a process that comes before the main filtration to fully
maximize the lifespan and efficiency of the primary filters. In a website article
published by Air Purifier Essentials and written by Silva (2021) entitled “What is
a Pre-Filter? Does My Air Purifier Need a Pre-Filter?”, the importance of pre-
filters is presented. These sift out the largest particles which will be running
through the insides of the system. Hence, the smallest airborne particles will only
be left for the main filter. Pre-filters are usually made from materials that are
either cheap and disposable. Some are even built with a more durable and
washable material. More often than not, a pre-filter will have a very long lifespan
because they need to be cleaned, rather than thrown out. They are not required, but
they extend the life of your main filter, which means the air will be cleaner, for a
longer time.
The author also mentioned several kinds of pre-filter medias that are
usually integrated in an air filtration system. The first type of pre-filter is a
standard filter, which is very common and can either be made out of a fabric or
paper product. This filter can usually be vacuumed clean. Second, a less common,
but still very good type of filter is a grid or screen filter, which captures larger
particles out of the air. Third, some air filtration systems utilize a spongy-looking
pre-filter which is considered as effective. Fourth, fewer air cleaning units use a

50
static-charged collection grid, which has one of the longest pre-filter lifetimes.
These static grids work very well but are commonly a lot more expensive than the
other types of pre-filters, which makes them less desirable. Lastly, the specialized
pre-filters which may include activated carbon. However, it needs to be replaced
over a period of time that can result in an added expense.
b. HEPA Filtration
HEPA stands for "high efficiency particulate air [filter]" as officially
defined by the U.S. Department of Energy. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency (2019), HEPA filter it is a type of pleated mechanical air filter
which can theoretically remove at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, mold, bacteria, and
any airborne particles with a size of 0.3 microns (µm). The diameter specification
of 0.3 microns responds to the worst case; the most penetrating particle size
(MPPS). With much greater efficiency, particles that are larger or smaller are
trapped.
In the book written by Sandel (2013) entitled “Sterility, Sterilization and
Sterility Assurance for Pharmaceuticals”, it is stated that through filtration, HEPA
filters are designed to control the number of particles entering a clean area. Also,
the author mentioned three important mechanisms about how HEPA filters
function and trap air pollutants. Inside the filters, there is a mat of very dense

51
fibers, which traps smaller particles. This mechanism is called interception, where
particles being carried in the airflow around the filter fibers stick to the filter.
Particles must be within one radius of the filter fiber to be captured. Larger
particles are often caught by the second mechanism, impaction. Due to their size,
these particles cannot adjust to sudden alterations in airflow around the filter and
essentially adhere into the filter fiber and become embedded. At high air speeds,
some particles are caught and trapped as they smash directly into the fibers, while
others are caught by the fibers as the air moves past. The final mechanism is
diffusion that occurs because of the way microscopic particles move and interact
with surrounding molecules. At lower air speeds, particles tend to wander about
more randomly through the filter through Brownian motion where molecules
move in a random, zig-zag pattern because they collide with surrounding
molecules. Together, these three mechanisms allow HEPA filters to catch
particles, which are both larger and smaller than a certain target size.
Moreover, HEPA filters are made to meet precise standards set by both
European and US governments. These standards ensure that the HEPA filter truly
sifts out some of the smallest particles in the air and traps the particulates that
passes through it thereby releasing clean air. HEPA filters are nearly twice as
effective at screening the air of particulates, which would otherwise be inhaled by
people. However, these filters are expensive than other air filters on the market,

52
(Silva, 2021).
c. Activated Carbon Filtration
Activated carbon filters are small pieces of carbon, typically in granular or
powdered block form, that have been treated to be extremely porous. They are
very spacious that just one gram of activated carbon can easily have a surface area
of 500m2 or higher. This vast surface area enables these carbon filters to adsorb
more contaminants and allergens than conventional carbons.
According to Myers (2018), activated carbon air filters can be helpful in a
few areas such as:
 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). In filtering VOCs from the air,
carbon air filters can be effective. VOCs are gases that cannot be
touched by any other mechanical filters, such as HEPA filters. A carbon
filter can remove some of the gases in cigarette smoke or those given off
by drying paint or cleaning products from the air. Benzene, toluene,
xylene, and some chlorinated compounds are among those that may be
removed by carbon filters.
 Odors. Mechanical air purifiers that can only filter particles cannot
remove unpleasant odors at all. Therefore, people often use carbon
filters to eliminate smells, though of course, they cannot remove all of

53
them.
In addition, activated carbon filter eliminates pollutants from the air through a
process known as adsorption. In chemistry, adsorption is defined as the adhesion
of a chemical species onto the surface of particles. The gas or liquid particles
attach to the solid or liquid surface that is termed the adsorbent. The particles form
an atomic or molecular adsorbate film, (Helmenstine, 2019). Hence, in terms of air
filtration, this distinct process allows organic compounds in the air to react
chemically with the activated carbon, which causes them to adhere to the filter.
The more porous the activated carbon is, the more contaminants it will capture.
Other factors that affect its filtering rates and lifespan are the size and amount of
activated carbon particles It will require fewer replacements and keep emitting
fresh air longer.
Furthermore, in the article written by Brook (2019) of Breathe Quality, the
author revealed that activated carbon filters can be reused due to its nature of
being porous. This air filter can be recycled by baking out the odors of it.
However, one can only reuse the activated carbon filter to the maximum of three
times.

54
7. Moss
Plants are known to be natural air purifiers. They take in carbon dioxide as
part of photosynthesis, combine it with some water and produce sugars for
themselves and oxygen for humans to be released into the atmosphere. By
trapping the carbon dioxide, they are removing it from the environment and
helping to reduce carbon emissions that contribute to problems such as global
warming and air pollution. One type of plant that has been gaining popularity as a
natural air purifier among other countries that have been experiencing challenges
brought by air pollutions is moss.
Mosses are green land plants with small leaf-like structures. According to
Ndlovu (2015), they are also non-vascular plants that act as natural air filters
against toxic trace elements. These can be thought of as analogues to air filters.
Their underdeveloped root system minimizes their contact with soil so number of
pollutants they get from the it can be considered very small. In order to survive,
mosses collect trace elements from the atmosphere. Certain moss cultures have the
ability to filter pollutants from the rain and in the air such as particulate matter by
binding them to the leaf surface and integrating them permanently into their own
biomass.

55
Moreover, mosses are able to pull in high densities of the carbon dioxide
emissions, storing them in the ground. Other pollutants and toxins such as nitrogen
and dust could be taken in as well. In present days, mosses have been harnessed in
some air purification campaigns in city areas around the world as a result of their
toxin consuming tendencies. They may be smaller and more compact among other
plants but they have the ability to cover a large surface area, making it an ideal and
cost-effective solution for the increasing dangers of air pollution.
8. Principle of Operation
Solar-powered street lights use solar energy, a form of the renewable
energy, to perform its function. According to the principle of photovoltaic effect,
the solar panels receive solar radiation during the day time. Then, the solar energy
will be converted into electrical energy through the charge and discharge
controller, which is stored in the battery. When the light intensity reduced to about
10 lux during the night, the open circuit voltage of the solar panels will reach a
certain value while the controller will detect the voltage value as it operates. The
battery provides energy to the LED light to perform and emits visible light in a
certain direction. When the battery discharges after certain time passes, the charge
and discharge controller will act again to end the discharging of the battery to
prepare for the next charging or discharging.

56
Meanwhile, air filtration systems contain one or more filter medias and a
fan. The fan sucks in polluted air, and that air then passes through the first filter
media, the pre-filter. Pre-filters sift out the largest particles so that the smallest
airborne particles will only be left for the main filters which are HEPA filter and
activated carbon filter. These primary filters trap pollutants such as dust, pollen,
bacteria, volatile organic compounds, and odor. Then, the fan will disperse the
clean air back.
During the air filtration process, there are three mechanisms that will be
used. The first one is called interception where particles being carried in the
airflow around the filter fibers stick to the filter. Second, impaction often adhere
larger particles into the filter fiber as they cannot easily adjust to sudden
alterations in airflow around the filter. Lastly, diffusion happens when tiny
particles do random Brownian motion in the air and stop when they hit the filter
media. Together, these three mechanisms allow air filtration systems to trap air
pollutants thereby cleaning the air.

57
LED
Constant Current
Solar Panel Controller Street
Driving IC
Air
Filtration
Battery
System
Figure 2.0
Operation Principle
In recent years, major cities all around the world installed air filtration
systems with various shapes, sizes, and technologies to combat poor ambient air
quality. Particularly, India has implemented solar street lights with air filtration
systems, which are placed on the country’s certain busy roadways. The said
technology was applied in order to clean the local air, alleviate the risks of
respiratory diseases, and mitigate the impact of climate issues.

58
Figure 3.0
Existing Design of Solar Street Light with Air Filtration System from India
9. Material Specifications
By thorough research, the proponents found materials that would suit
standard requirements to implement the real-time model. However, note that these
are the common ones that are being integrated on such systems and can be
changed for future improvements.
According to Baburajan (2017), the following are the material
specifications for the solar street light:

59
Solar Panel Monocrystalline Solar Panel
Max Power 15V/30W
Install Height 13ft-16.5ft(4-5meters)
Item Weight 11 lbs.
Table 1.0
Solar Panel
Lighting Fixture LED

Life Span 50000 hrs.
Color Temperature 6000 Kelvin
Lighting Mode Dim/Bright
Table 2.0
Lighting Fixture
Battery Type Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Deep

Cycle Battery
Capacity 12.6V 12000mAh
Charging by sun light 7 hours
Life Span 5-8 years.
Working Temperature 32℉-140℉
Table 3.0
Battery
Solar Charge Controller 10A/12V/24V with the function of

anti-overcharge and anti-discharge.
Automatically turn on and off.
Table 4.0
Solar Charge Controller
Light Pole Hot-dipped galvanized pole with

plastic power coating, arc arm and
solar panel mount
Pole Diameter 8 cm
Installation Height 13 ft.

60
Illuminated area 431 sq. ft.
Distance from pole to pole 10-15 meter (32.8-49 feet)
Table 5.0
Light Pole
The following shows the material specifications for the air filtration system:
Type of filter Pre-filter, panel type & washable

Max. pressure drop 6.0 mm WG in clean condition
12.0 mm WG in clogged condition
The filter shall sustain max. pressure
drop of 15 mm of WC without
deformation
Efficiency % Not less than 90 % down to particle
size of 10 micron
Filter Medium 4/5 Layer of HDPE mesh supported
with one layer of GI wire mesh from
both sides
Separator/ Spacer Aluminum
Filter Casing Aluminum flange type. The flange shall
have four holes (one on each side) as
per the dimension given in annexure.
Filter Gasket Neoprene gasket (3 mm thick), fire
retardant.
Table 6.0
Pre-filter (Birla, 2019)
Type HEPA filter

Depth 12”
Height 24 cm
Media material Submicron glass fibers
Rated velocity 500 fpm
Style Standard capacity
Temperature 180°F
Table 7.0
HEPA Filter (Koch Filter Corporation, 2016)

61
Type Carbon filter

Media material Carbon
Time span 3-12 months
Depth 0.8
Height 15.7cm
Width 15.7cm
Product weight 4g
Table 8.0
Activated Carbon Filter (Dri-Eaz Products Inc., 2018)
10. Safety Mechanism
Designing a solar-powered street light is not an easy task because
electricity is concern and it is known to be deadly. With that, the designer should
always put one’s safety first and consider all the possible factors regarding the
system. Proper layout and arrangement of elements as well as the technical
specifications of the materials should be considered to avoid future
inconveniences.
Furthermore, the air filtration system should be maintained well because its
primary function is to trap dust, allergens, and other air pollutants. Hence, the
locality’s appointed maintenance team should have a scheduled inspection
regularly. Moreover, when the filters become clogged or dirty, the airflow in the

62
system would get cramped. The air would have a hard time pushing through the
buildup on the filter, which could result to a failure of operation. That is why
cleaning the air filters periodically is essential. One must know how to properly
wash those as over scrubbing may affect the filtration process. And if needed,
filters should be replaced.
11. Air Quality Index
According to American Lung Association (2020) in an article entitled “Air
Quality Index”, the Air Quality Index (AQI) is a system used to warn the public
when air pollution is dangerous. The AQI tracks ozone (smog) and particle
pollution including tiny particles from ash, power plants and factories, vehicle
exhaust, soil dust, and pollen as well as other widespread air pollutants. The data
regarding AQI levels on a certain area would be available and reported on
newspapers, radio, television, and websites year-round. Being aware and updated
on the current air quality information of one’s community can help a person take
steps to protect his/herself, children, and others from unhealthy levels and harmful
effects of air pollution.
In more than 800 counties across the globe, including the Philippines, air
pollution levels are measured daily and ranked on a scale of 0 for perfect air all the
way up to 500 for air pollution levels that pose an immediate danger to the public.

63
The AQI further breaks air pollution levels into five categories, each of which has
a name, an associated color, and advice to go along with it.
Daily AQI Levels of Values of Description of Air Quality

Color Concern Index
Air quality is satisfactory, and air
Green Good 0 to 50 pollution poses little or no risk.
Air quality is acceptable. However,

there may be a risk for some people,
Yellow Moderate 51 to 100 particularly those who are unusually
sensitive to air pollution.
Unhealthy for Members of sensitive groups may
Orange Sensitive 101 to 150 experience health effects. The general
Groups public is less likely to be affected.
Some members of the general public
may experience health effects;
Red Unhealthy 151 to 200 members of sensitive groups may
experience more serious health effects.
Purple Very 201 to 300 Health alert: The risk of health effects
Unhealthy is increased for everyone.
Maroon Hazardous 301 and Health warning of emergency
higher conditions: everyone is more likely to
be affected.
Table 9.0
AQI Basics for Ozone and Particle Pollution

64
II. Related Studies
Foreign Literature
A study entitled “Design of Stand-Alone Solar Street Lighting System
with LED” written by Nan Su Mon Aung & Zaw Htet Myint (2014) compared the
effectiveness of LED lights and High-Pressure Sodium (HPS), a conventional
lighting source, to be used in street lighting system in Mandalay, Myanmar. It
revealed that the investment needed over the entire product life for LED light
sources is competitive with conventional lamps. For an LED lamp, the initial cost
is much higher than that of an HPS lamp. However, due to the high maintenance
costs and system efficiency of the HPS lamp, the total expenses for HPS lamp are
assumed to be more expensive than the LED lamp over its lifetime, while product
lifetimes are expected to be nearly the same. With the continuous improvement of
LED performance and cost reduction of LED products, this crossover point can be
expected to occur even earlier in the future. Moreover, the study concluded that
the use of PV power system becomes appealing because of its high reliability, low
maintenance requirements as they don't have moving parts of generating
electricity, low running costs, suitable for most locations and has long-life
expectancy for the main components.

65
Furthermore, in the study of Gupta et al. (2019) titled “Design and
Fabrication of Air Purifier Using HEPA Filter” in India, it was disclosed that
the best performing air purifiers feature more than one filter technology, and using
HEPA style filtration is the key to optimal results. Air purifiers equipped with a
HEPA air filter absorb up to 99.97% of all particles, like allergens, pollen, dust,
dander, and others that are 0.03 microns and larger in size. They are considered to
be the most effective in eliminating airborne particles, which can vary in size
considerably but are all microscopic. Because HEPA filters are able to capture
mold and bacteria, they create a cleaner environment. Additionally, it does not
generate ozone or any other harmful byproducts. The researchers also mentioned
that filtration performance is not ideal without the use of HEPA air filters, and
symptoms of particle pollution, like allergies and asthma, are not reduced.
Though, not all HEPA filters are created equal. It was recommended to utilize a
HEPA filter that has a higher surface area to make it more effective. The results of
the study stated that the filter built is affordable and about 99.97% efficient.
In the study, “Effects of Carbon Filtration Type on Filter Efficiency and
Efficacy: Granular Loose-Fill vs. Bonded Filters”, by Chambre (2014), it was
stated that activated carbon is utilized in various purification techniques such as
gas and water purification, metal extraction, water purification, pharmaceutical
manufacturing, gas masks, and air filters. Several physical forms of activated
carbon exist, including powdered, bead, and extruded, yet granular activated

66
carbon is one of the most commonly used for air filtration. Thus, this study tested
the hypothesis that granular activated carbon filters have a lengthier beneficial life
and greater filtering efficiency with no linked performance defects than bonded
filters in terms of air filtration. The experiment was conducted on a third-party
laboratory, which analyzed and examined the adsorption efficiency of the granular
loose fill filter and a dimensionally identical bonded carbon filter from RSE
Incorporated based on the SEFA 9 (2010) benchmark testing methods.
The results of this study confirmed that under similar laboratory settings,
granular carbon filters have a higher filtering efficiency and will maintain safe
operating conditions for a longer period of time than similarly-sized bonded filters.
Moreover, it was indicated that granular carbon filters are less complicated for
operators to change out, have greater stability in shipping/packaging, and offers
fewer chemical impregnation issues compared to bonded filters.
In relation to the previous study, a research entitled “Carbon
Nanotubes/Activated Carbon Fiber Based Air Filter Media for Simultaneous
Removal of Particulate Matter and Ozone” by Yang, Wei, & Zhu (2017) in
China compared activated carbon air filter with other air filter medias that have
been proposed in the past studies. Experiments were performed and several tests
were conducted. In terms of the filtration efficiency and quality factor, activated

67
carbon were seen to remove particulate matter and ozone effectively. It was
disclosed that activated carbon can be treated as an air filter medium for it
exhibited higher quality factor, much lower pressure resistance, higher ozone
removal efficiency, and upper-middle particulate matter filtration efficiency.
The research study performed in Korea by Ahn (2019) titled “Production
of Air Purification Verification System Using Moss” aimed to develop systems
that could replace chemical filters due to the airborne particles aerated in the
atmosphere, which enter the lungs and blood lines through inhalation. Mosses
were used as they are referred to as natural air filters that can trap toxic trace
elements from the air. In order to compare the effect of the reduction of air
pollution between moss and conventional chemical filter, the amount of the
concentration of particles was compared under controlled environment. Under the
high concentration, a test was done to figure out the reduction rate of air pollutants
by using air purification systems with moss and conventional chemical filter. The
air purification systems were operated 90 times in total, 30 times each.
The results illustrated that the reduction of the amounts of airborne particles
was 138.93 after using air purification system with moss filter. In contrast, the
usage of air purification system with a conventional chemical filter reduced the
amount of fine dust to 76.57. Thus, it was verified that moss is effective in

68
reducing airborne particle concentration, and it is expected that with further
improvement, it can be used as a means to replace or supplement existing
chemical filters in air purifier.
Local Literature
In a study conducted by Galita (2015) entitled “Development of a Smart
Solar-Powered LED Street Lighting System for Greener Community” in
Malolos, Bulacan, the researcher provided a determined an appropriate lighting
system and solar panel suitable for the needs of the project while designing an
appropriate control circuit for management of the operation of the system. Some
of the components that were used are a medium type poly-crystalline solar panel
(100 W) rated with a charging current of 5.78 A and charging voltage of 17.3 volts
was used in conjunction with a deep cycle 3SM solar batter and a simple LED
lamp controller (50 watts) to control the charging system as well as the automatic
dimming and shut-off of the lamp during operation. The researcher also prepared a
criterion for evaluation to determine the accessibility of the device in terms of
functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, portability, workability, and
safety.
At the end of the study, all evaluation criteria set forth at the outset of the
study were given favorable ratings of “Very Acceptable” by the panel of

69
evaluators. In addition, it was determined that it was the appropriate design that
integrated the most practical and adaptable design for both domestic and even
industrial applications. The project also functioned according to expectations, in
being a cheaper alternative as compared with its commercially available
counterparts. It is in this line that intelligent or smart street lighting technology has
now matured, providing a cost-effective approach to managing street lighting
systems in various communities.
On the other hand, a research study conducted by Claridad et al. (2017)
entitled “A Study on the Efficiency of Using Solar Powered Street Lights in
Intramuros, Manila” assessed the effectiveness of solar street lighting systems
through data gathering using interviews. The researchers stated that the problems
regarding solar street lighting systems are unawareness of this method and heavy
cost. The initial investment of using a solar street light is higher compared to
conventional street lights and it would not be that effective if the management of
these would not be properly taken care of. But then, the results of the study
showed that if this project will be successfully done and maintained, it would
definitely compensate the amount of investment and would cost lesser after four to
six years. Maintenance will not be a problem in the long run because the fund that
was allotted for the electricity bill of the conventional streetlights may go to the
upkeeping of the solar powered street lights.

70
Moreover, some of the benefits of this system were mentioned like it is a
non-polluting source of electricity and it minimizes the risks of accidents since
external wires are eliminated. The study concluded that the use of solar street light
is a wise decision, from electricity consumption up to design and need
incorporation. Additionally, it would be more efficient when it comes to the
environmental means compared to that of the conventional street lights.
III. Synthesis
The study aims to design and develop of Solar-powered LED Street Light
with an Air Filtration System built in the structure. The review of related literature
and studies provided comprehensive, sufficient, and reliable information that were
used by the researchers to help further advance and have deeper understanding of
the study.
Through thorough analysis and evaluation, similarities are perceived
between the present study and the previous foreign and local studies regarding
solar street lights. In the studies entitled “Design of Stand-Alone Solar Street
Lighting System with LED” and “Development of a Smart Solar-Powered
LED Street Lighting System for Greener Community” written by Nan Su Mon
Aung & Zaw Htet Myint (2014) and Galita (2015) respectively, aside from both of

71
the street lights were solar-operated, the lights that were used were LED as similar
to the present study. However, the latter study provided an adequate information
about some of the system components that could be used in the development of the
project, which is very helpful for the present researchers. In some way, this serves
as a dependable basis of what components should the proponents integrate on their
study.
Meanwhile, the research study conducted by Claridad et al. (2017) entitled
“A Study on the Efficiency of Using Solar Powered Street Lights in
Intramuros, Manila” relates to the current study in a way that both the previous
and present researchers consider the lack of awareness in utilizing renewable
energy and the heavy expenses in the initial investment of the system as
difficulties towards implementing solar street lights in a certain locality.
Regardless of these inconveniences, the past study presented clear and ample data
about the efficiency of solar powered street lights that could help support the
claims of the present one.
In terms of the air filtration system, the foreign studies about the main filter
medias proved several points that could aid on the progress of the current study.
First, the study of Gupta et al. (2019) titled “Design and Fabrication of Air
Purifier Using HEPA Filter” in India showed the efficiency of HEPA filter in

72
performing its function. The recommendations made by the researchers would
surely be taken into account in the present study. On the other hand, the research
studies regarding activated carbon filters entitled “Effects of Carbon Filtration
Type on Filter Efficiency and Efficacy: Granular Loose-Fill vs. Bonded
Filters” and “Carbon Nanotubes/Activated Carbon Fiber Based Air Filter
Media for Simultaneous Removal of Particulate Matter and Ozone” by
Chambre (2014) and Yang et al. (2017) respectively indicated the efficacies on
removing certain air pollutants and benefits of the consumers of the said filter.
Both of the results exhibited good performance with regards to air filtration.
Although moss would not be located inside the air filtration system as it
will be placed on the lower portion of the structure, the study conducted in Korea
by Ahn (2019) entitled “Production of Air Purification Verification System
Using Moss” gave valuable insights about mosses being an air purifier. The result,
in which mosses could reduce amounts of airborne particles greater than existing
chemical filters, strengthens the current study.

73
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the research methodology that will be utilized in
order to obtain the necessary data and observation significant in the study. This
will ponder on the different variables used in data collection, analysis, and
evaluation, including also the methods and procedures used in conducting the
study for Design and Development of Solar-powered LED Street Light with Air
Filtration System Against Vehicular Pollution in Ibaan, Batangas.
Research Design
This study will employ an engineering design, planning and analyzing of
data in order to achieve a simple yet effective design and proposal beneficial to the
entire community. Several researches of existing process as that of the study will
be reviewed and improved for a better possible outcome.

74
Conduction of Feasibility Study
Design Considerations:
 System Components
 Material Specification
 Safety Mechanism
Solar-powered Street Lighting operating parameters:

 Solar Panel
 Voltage
 Amount of Energy
 Battery Capacitor
 Photovoltaic Effect
 Area Lighting Consideration
Components determination of the built-in Air Filtration

System:
 Pre-filter Media
 High Efficiency Particulate Air Filtration
 Activated Carbon Filtration
 Moss
Efficiency Testing of the developed technology using an

Air Quality Index.
Statistical Treatment
Figure 4.0
Research Design Paradigm

75
Conduction of Feasibility Study
This study is an infrastructure design proposal which requires different
assessments and evaluations. This may include the assessment on the possible
location of Solar-powered LED Street Light with Air Filtration System. In
identifying the possible locations of this project, the researchers will choose the
Barangays in Ibaan that are parts of the national highway road since the air
filtration system mainly targets the alleviation of vehicular pollution. With this,
the researchers will conduct a feasibility study on the chosen Barangays. This
process may include the observation and assessment on their characteristics and
data which consists of the barangay’s location, energy consumption, estimated
number of vehicles passing by and air pollutants present. A random interview to
the people or residents of a particular barangay will also be performed to know
their thoughts, opinions, and concerns about the said proposal.
After performing all the assessments needed to be done, the researchers will
answer the questions “will it work?” and “should the researchers proceed to it?”
by Wolfe (2019) to fully discern if the project will be viable and if there will be
certain problems that might arise in the future. This will help in clarifying and
establishing the project’s goals and objectives to have a better understanding of the
next steps in the development cycle.

76
Moreover, recommendations about the project’s possible locations will be
provided for the municipal officials to consider in future construction. In the
process of choosing better and appropriate locations for the street lights, the
researchers will present a list of advantages and disadvantages of the chosen
barangays. However, the locations that will be included in the feasibility study are
only the researchers’ suggestions. Since the project is only a proposal, they will let
the Ibaan municipal officials, especially the current mayor, in deciding on the
place he or she has in mind for the betterment of the community.
Planning and Design
In this research study, the proponents will combine two different styles,
multi-purpose concept and structure of a solar-powered LED street light with air
filtration system. This aims to develop a street light design for national roads in
the municipality of Ibaan. To be able to have plan and design which is efficient
and multifunctional that alleviates the threats of global warming and air pollution,
the researchers will create numerous designs and styles of solar-powered street
lights. Thus, each design will be subjected to an engineer's analysis, evaluation,
and critique.
The researchers will come up with a final design by integrating each idea

77
and concept from the different designs created. They intend the final solar-
powered street light with air filtration system design to be aesthetically pleasing –
having a sleek and modern exterior look while still ensuring its efficiency and
effectiveness.
 Design Consideration
The design considerations aim to be design guidelines and planning tools,
which contribute to the overall success of the study. For this research study, the
proponents will make use and follow the different design considerations based on
the Roadway Lighting Guidelines of the Department of Energy (DOE) to provide
a safe, efficient, and properly designed street light. This provides guidelines to
design, construct, and manage safe and energy-efficient road lighting systems in
the Philippines. The different design considerations given by the department are
highly recommended in designing, building, and installing street lights, especially
on public areas. These include the correct height of the pole, spread and throw
angle of street light luminaire, watts, voltage, and many more. When taken into
account, these considerations will aid on delivering high-quality electrical
infrastructures on roadways with a built-in air filtration system which could result
in reduction of harmful air pollutants and threats on global warming.

78
 System Components and Material Specifications
The basic parts of an equipment that are required for its operation are
known as system components. On the other hand, material specifications include
the description of a specific material such as its requirements, tolerances, shelf
life, and safety data. By thorough evaluation and analysis, the researchers found
materials that would suit standard requirements to implement the real-time model.
However, these are the common ones that are being integrated on such systems.
Thus, it can be changed for future improvements.
For Solar-powered Street Lights
1. Solar Panel
A solar panel is one of the most major elements of solar street lights since it
converts solar energy into electricity through photovoltaic solar cells. In the
proposed layout plan and design, the researchers will use the most developed and
efficient type of solar panel, the monocrystalline. It has a max power of 15V/30W
and a height between 13ft to 16ft (4-5meters), weighing 11lbs. To connect it to a
pole, an all-aluminum solar bracket assembly with stainless steel hardware will be
mounted to assure that the assembly will stand up to the test of time, especially in
harsh environments that are prone to rust and degradation.

79
2. Lighting Fixture
Lighting fixture is an electrical device that contains an electric lamp to provide
illumination. The researchers will utilize Light Emitting Diode, also known as
LED, as a lighting source due to its low energy consumption and high luminous
quality, which can last up to 50 000 hrs. Its color temperature would be 6 000
Kelvin, having a lighting mode that can be switched into either dim or bright.
3. Rechargeable Deep Cycle Battery
A rechargeable deep cycle battery stores electricity during the day from the
solar panel to provide the LED lamp with energy during the night. This is an
essential part since this kind of battery is designed for longer periods of time to
withstand continuous currents. A lithium-ion rechargeable battery that has a
capacity of 12.6V 1200 mAh will be used since it is lightweight and compact
which contains relatively low levels of toxic heavy metals, packs a high energy
capacity in a small size and has a considerable low self-discharge rate. The time it
takes to charge is 7 hours using sunlight, having a life span of five to eight years
and a working temperature of 32°F-140°F.

80
4. Solar Charge Controller
A solar charge controller determines when lighting and charging should be
turned on or off. The researchers will integrate a smart controller because it has
built-in features that help monitor lighting, dimming, and battery charging of the
street lighting system. It will have 10A/12V/24V which prevents overcharging and
over-discharging of the solar battery that automatically turns on and off.
5. Light Pole
Light pole is fundamental for every street light since heavy components are
mounted on top of it, like solar panel, lighting fixture and, in some cases, even
batteries. When choosing the pole, wind resistance will be taken into
consideration. Thus, the researchers decided to have it made of aluminum alloy
due to its several advantages such as it is maintenance-free, light weight, and has a
good corrosion resistance. It has a diameter of 8cm and installation of height of 27
feet. Also, it illuminates area around 431sq ft and its distance from pole to pole
would be 15 meters. In the study, light poles will be installed in an alternating
pattern, on each side of the road in “zigzagging”, or staggered locations.
6. Fan

81
A fan sucks in polluted air, and that air then passes through the inside filters. It
is an important part because it aids the primary filters on trapping air pollutants
such as dust, pollen, and bacteria, and disperses clean air back.
For Air Filtration System
1. Pre-filter Media
Pre-filter fully maximizes the lifespan and efficiency of the primary filters. In
the study, the researchers will incorporate the standard pre-filters that are typically
used in the existing air filtration systems today. The pre-filter will be a panel type
and washable. Its maximum pressure drop is 6.0 mm WG in clean condition and
12.0 mm WG in clogged condition. This filter shall sustain max. pressure drop of
15 mm of WC without deformation. Its efficiency is not less than 90 % down to
particle size of 10 micron, while the filter medium is 4/5 Layer of HDPE mesh
supported with one layer of GI wire mesh from both sides, having an aluminum
separator or spacer. Likewise, its filter casing is an aluminum flange type that has
four holes (one on each side) as per the dimension given in annexure. Also, its
filter gasket will be a Neoprene gasket (3 mm thick).
2. High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filtration
This filter theoretically removes at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, mold, bacteria,

82
and any airborne particles with a size of 0.3 microns (µm). It can be purchased
from an online supplier. The HEPA filter to be used has a depth of 12” and a
height of 24 cm. The media material to be used is a submicron glass fiber with a
style based on its standard capacity. Its rated velocity is 500 fpm and has a
temperature of 180°F. After its delivery, proper handling should be applied so that
no microbes can be able to destruct its air treatment property.
3. Activated Carbon Filtration
This filter eliminates air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and
odor through adsorption. The activated carbon filter to be used has a time span of
3-12 months. Also, it has a depth of 0.8, height and width of 15.7 m, and weight of
4g. The researchers will take into account how porous the activated carbon is in
order to capture more contaminants.
4. Moss
Mosses collect trace elements from the atmosphere. Due to their ability to filter
air pollutants, the researchers are assertive that it will be a beneficial component
that targets carbon dioxide in roadways.
 Safety Mechanism
Designing a solar-powered street light is not an easy task because

83
electricity is concern and it is known to be deadly. With that, the designer should
always put one’s safety first and consider all the possible factors regarding the
system. Proper layout and arrangement of elements as well as the technical
specifications of the materials should be considered to avoid future
inconveniences.
Furthermore, the air filtration system should be maintained well because its
primary function is to trap dust, allergens, and other air pollutants. Hence, the
locality’s appointed maintenance team should have a scheduled inspection
regularly. Moreover, when the filters become clogged or dirty, the airflow in the
system would get cramped. The air would have a hard time pushing through the
buildup on the filter, which could result to a failure of operation. That is why
cleaning the air filters periodically is essential. One must know how to properly
wash those as over scrubbing may affect the filtration process. And if needed,
filters should be replaced.
Operating Parameters Establishment for Solar-powered Street Lights
For Solar Panel
One of the most major elements of solar street lights is the solar panel since

84
solar panels turn solar energy into electricity through photovoltaic solar cells.
Thereby, it is also important to take into account its voltage, amount of energy,
and battery capacitor to further increase its efficiency when used.
 Voltage
Solar panels are classified according to their rated power output in Watts,
which is the amount of power they are expected to generate in 1 peak sun hour.
Since different geographical locations receive different quantities of average peak
sun hours per day, the researchers will consider not only its location but also its
placement when it is mounted on the pole. Also, the proponents will bear in mind
that the performance of solar panels is influenced by the operating temperature of
the cell.
In addition, because the research study incorporates an air filtration system
on the street light, the researchers would test different voltages in order to power
the multi-functional system. To find the required voltage, the formula below will
be used.
Voltage (V) = Current in Amperes (A) x Impedance (Ohms)
 Amount of Energy
One of the most important features of a solar panel to take into account is

85
how much energy it can produce. The more efficient the photovoltaic solar panel
is, the more energy production it will have to reach the cell per amount of light
energy, which will in turn take up less surface area to meet energy requirements.
In the present study, the monocrystalline solar panel will be used as it is the most
efficient among others that could produce energy needed to power the system. To
identify the consumption of energy of the multifunctional study, the formula
below will be utilized.
Energy Consumption (kWh) = System Input Wattage (kW) x Hours of
Operation/Year
 Battery Capacitor
A battery capacitor stores power and then releases at time of need.
Integrating supercapacitors in the proposed system is valuable for it can discharge
high-voltage current from the solar cells, which is much higher than the loading
current. These will support the system when there is an intermittent load.
According to William (2021), if there is an established connection between
the batteries and supercapacitors, the solar panels in an existing system will
generate more power. The combination will aid in producing more energy from
the renewable source. Due to this, there will be an increase regarding the solar
street lighting system’s usability. Thus, the researchers plan to connect

86
supercapacitors with the batteries as the latter will act as buffers and high-power
drains. The capacitors will create a fast charging, unlimited life cycle, high power
destiny. These will also increase batteries’ lifetime and reduce the battery drainage
rate in a solar street lighting system.
For Photovoltaic Effect
Photovoltaic (PV) effect is a process wherein a photovoltaic cell converts
the absorbed sunlight energy into electricity. It is said to be obtained through the
absorption of photons in a material having at least one possible transition between
two levels of energy (semiconductors). The principle bears high significance to the
present study as it is the one which will be responsible why the proposed system
will operate with zero carbon-dioxide emissions, which has numerous benefits for
humans and the environment.
For Area Lighting Consideration
In the study, area lighting considerations will be taken into account and will
be aligned according to the needs of the beneficiaries to ensure the lighting
system’s effectiveness. Generally, area lighting aims to make the space feel
welcoming and safe, without being brighter than necessary.
Moreover, the parameters given by EATON (2017) will be considered. The

87
researchers will consider the visual tasks required to navigate the space, determine
lighting level and uniformities, ensure luminaire overall lumen output and
mounting heights are low enough to minimize glare and promote visibility, respect
property lines to reduce light trespass, and choose luminaires that minimize light
above the horizon.
Furthermore, luminaire locations and mounting heights will be established.
Then, the researchers will determine the quantity and type of luminaire to be used.
Since the study requires tall poles, higher wattage lamps, which are more efficient
than lower wattage light sources, will be utilized. Additionally, the beam spread,
or the candlepower distribution pattern that the luminaire provides will be
considered. Among the existing beam spreads, asymmetrical beam spread will be
applied on the proposed design since it delivers most of its light directly
downward. Utilizing this, there will be no direct eye contact with the LED light
source and sharp shadows will be reduced.
Final Testing- Efficiency
Air Quality Index
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a system used to warn the public when air
pollution is dangerous through newspapers, radio, television, and websites. It

88
tracks ozone (smog) and particle pollution including tiny particles from ash, power
plants and factories, vehicle exhaust, soil dust, and pollen as well as other
widespread air pollutants.
Since this AQI system measures the air pollution levels in the Philippines
daily, the researchers will utilize this technology to examine the air. The initial air
quality will be measured and compared to the air quality after the solar-powered
street light with air filtration system is implemented to test its efficiency. Also, this
system brings more convenience and is more cost-efficient among other air testing
methods, which are beneficial for the proponents.
Statistical Treatment
T-test statistical analysis is under the umbrella of inferential statistic which
will be used in order to identify if there is no significant difference between initial
and final air quality on the chosen barangays in Ibaan, Batangas after subjected to
the developed Solar-powered LED Street Light with an Air Filtration System.

89
Proposed Design of the Solar-powered LED Street Light with an Air
Filtration System
Figure 5.0
Solar Street Light with Air Filtration System
Figure 6.0

90
Design Specifications of the Multifunctional System
Figure 7.0 Figure 8.0

Solar Panel Lighting Fixture
Figure 9.0 Figure 10.0

Pole Foundation with Battery Pole Foundation with Battery Box
Figure 11.0 & 12.0

Exterior (left) and Interior (right) Designs of the Air Filtration System

91
Developed Operational Procedure for Application and Performance
Evaluation of the Solar Street Light with Air Filtration System
A. Planning and Feasibility Study
1. Assess and identify possible locations of the project.
2. Observe and determine the barangay’s location, energy consumption,
estimated number of vehicles passing by and air pollutants present.
3. Conduct a random interview to the residents to know their thoughts,
opinions, and concerns about the said proposal.
4. Answer the questions “will it work?” and “should the researchers
proceed to it?” by Wolfe (2019) to fully discern if the project will be
viable and if there will be certain problems that might arise in the future.
5. Recommend possible locations for the municipal officials to consider in
future construction.
6. Provide a list of advantages and disadvantages of the chosen barangays.
B. Design and Fabrication
1. Create numerous designs and styles of solar-powered street lights
through sketching.
2. Each design will be subjected to an engineer's analysis, evaluation, and

92
critique.
3. Apply the design considerations based on the Roadway Lighting
Guidelines of the Department of Energy (DOE) to provide a safe,
efficient, and properly designed street light.
4. Create the final design through Google Sketch Up.
5. Provide a safety mechanism for the system.
C. Determination of the Initial Air Quality
1. The initial air quality on the chosen barangays in Ibaan, Batangas will
be tested through Air Quality Index.
2. The researchers will take note of the initial air quality as it will be
compared on the final testing.
D. System Components of the Solar Street Light
1. The solar panel that will be used is the most developed and efficient
type of solar panel, the monocrystalline.
2. Light Emitting Diode, also known as LED, will be utilized as a lighting
source due to its low energy consumption and high luminous quality,
which can last up to 50 000 hrs.
3. The rechargeable deep cycle battery to be used will be a lithium-ion

93
rechargeable battery, which stores electricity during the day.
4. A smart controller will be integrated to monitor lighting, dimming, and
battery charging of the street lighting system.
5. The light pole is made of aluminum alloy because it is maintenance-
free, light weight, and has a good corrosion resistance. It has a diameter
of 8cm and installation of height of 27 feet.
E. System Components of the Air Filtration System
1. A fan will be incorporated to suck in polluted air.
2. The pre-filter will fully maximize the lifespan of the main filters by
trapping the pollutants firsthand.
3. The HEPA filter will remove dust, pollen, mold, bacteria, and any
airborne particles with a size of 0.3 microns (µm).
4. Then, the activated carbon filter will eliminate air pollutants such as
volatile organic compounds and odor through adsorption.
5. Mosses will collect trace elements from the atmosphere. Mainly, it
targets carbon dioxide in roadways.
F. Parameters for the Solar Street Light
1. Since different geographical locations receive different quantities of
average peak sun hours per day, the researchers will consider not only

94
its location but also its placement when it is mounted on the pole.
2. Because the research study incorporates an air filtration system on the
street light, different voltages will be tested in order to power the multi-
functional system.
3. Identify the energy consumption of the system.
4. Then, the researchers plan to connect supercapacitors with the batteries
as the latter will act as buffers and high-power drains.
5. Supercapacitors can discharge high-voltage current from the solar cells,
which is much higher than the loading current.
6. The photovoltaic effect bears high significance to the present study as it
is the one which will be responsible why the proposed system will
operate with zero carbon-dioxide emissions, which has numerous
benefits for humans and the environment.
7. Different area lighting considerations will be taken into account like the
visual tasks required to navigate the space, lighting level and
uniformities, and luminaires that minimize light above the horizon.
G. Evaluation of Results
1. Test the efficiency of the developed technology using an Air Quality
Index.
2. Conduct hypothesis testing using T-Test as statistical treatment.

95
References
Afework, B. et al. (2018, June 4). Capacitor. Capacitor - Energy Education.
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Capacitor.
Ahn, D. (2019). Production of air purification verification system using moss.
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 20(6),
587–591. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2019.20.6.587.
American Lung Association. (2020, September 11). Air quality index. American
Lung Association. Www.lung.org. https://www.lung.org/clean-
air/outdoors/air-quality-index.
Baburajan, S. (2017, February). Cost benefits of solar-powered LED street lighting
system case study - American University of Sharjah, UAE. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 04(02), 2395-0072.
https://www.academia.edu/33585045/Cost_Benefits_of_Solar_powered_L
ED_Street_Lighting_System.
Bradford, A. (2017, August 12). Effects of global warming. LiveScience.
https://www.livescience.com/37057-global-warming-
effects.html#:~:text=Global%20warming%2C%20the%20gradual%20heati
ng,greenhouse%20gases%20into%20the%20atmosphere.&text=Alrea
dy%2C%20global%20warming%20is%20having%20a%20measurable%20
effect%20on%20the%20planet.
Brook, D. (2019, April 28). What is activated carbon filter? How does activated

96
carbon air filter work? Breathe Quality.
https://breathequality.com/activated-carbon-filter/
Chambre, A. (2014, March). Effects of carbon filtration type on filter efficiency
and efficacy: Granular loose-fill vs. bonded filters. Air Science.
https://www.airscience.com/lib/sitefiles/pdf/WhitePapers/Carbon-
Filtration-Whitepaper.pdf
Chauhan, G. (2018). Vehicular pollution. Madha University.
https://madhavuniversity.edu.in/vehicular-
pollution.html#:~:text=Vehicular%20pollution%20is%20the%20introducti
on,human%20health%20and%20the%20ecosystem.&text=The%20air
%20pollution%20from%20vehicles,has%20become%20a%20serious%20p
roblem.
Claridad, P., et al. (2017, March). A study on the efficiency of using solar powered
street lights in Intramuros, Manila. Academia.
https://www.academia.edu/35362064/A_Study_on_the_Efficiency_of_Usin
g_Solar_Powered_Street_Lights_in_Intramuros_Manila.
Department of Energy. (2014). Roadway Lighting Guidelines. DOE.
https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_efficiency/doe-road-
light-2017.pdf
Enkonn Team. (2019, May 19). Solar street lights vs traditional street lights:
Benefits and differences. Enkonn Solar Energy. https://enkonn-

97
solar.com/solar-street-lights-vs-traditional-street-lights/.
Environmental Protection Agency. (2019, April 3). What is a hepa filter? EPA.
https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/what-hepa-filter-
1#:~:text=HEPA%20is%20a%20type%20of,defined%20by%20the%20U.S
.%20Dept.&text=This%20type%20of%20air%20filter,of%200.3%20
microns%20(%C2%B5m).
Environmental Protection Agency. (2020, December 4). Sources of greenhouse
gas emissions. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-
greenhouse-gas-emissions.
Galita, W. M. (2015, March 10). Development of a smart solar-powered led street
lighting system for greener community. Open Access Library Journal,
02(03), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101291.
Gjokik, A. (2017, July 7). What's in your smart solar street light: System design
and components. Lightinus. https://www.lightinus.com/whats-in-your-
smart-solar-street-light-system-design-and-components/.
Greenpeace Philippines. (2020, February 12). Air pollution from fossil fuels a
major cause of premature deaths. Greenpeace Philippines.
https://www.greenpeace.org/philippines/press/4058/air-pollution-from-
fossil-fuels-a-major-cause-of-premature-deaths/.
Helmenstine, A. M. (2019, August 7). What does adsorption mean in chemistry?
ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-adsorption-605820.

98
Helmenstine, A. M. (2020, January 29). What filtration is and how it's done?
ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/filtration-definition-
4144961#:~:text=Filtration%20is%20a%20process%20used,filter%20is%2
0called%20the%20filtrate.
Industry Today. (2021, January 8). Solar street lights vs traditional street lights.
Industry Today. https://industrytoday.com/solar-street-lights-vs-traditional-
street-lights/.
Joseph, R. (2016). Understanding outdoor area lighting design. EC&M.
https://www.ecmweb.com/content/article/20890676/understanding-
outdoor-area-lighting-design.
Kenton, W. (2020, August 28). Feasibility study. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/feasibility-
study.asp#:~:text=What%20Is%20a%20Feasibility%20Study,of%20compl
eting%20the%20project%20successfully.
Koontz, H. & O’Donnell, C. (n.d.). Planning function of management.
Management Study Guide.
https://www.managementstudyguide.com/planning_function.htm
Lallanilla, M. (2019, January 3). Greenhouse gases: Causes, sources and
environmental effects. LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/37821-
greenhouse-gases.html.

99
Learn about LED lighting. (n.d.). Energy Star.
https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/light_bulbs/learn_abou
t_led_bulbs?fbclid=IwAR0NVgKOl0pJXPkY1dXnYwCJ_y9kRFdJTpN7
nL1zZ7sk3c8CDIKqE6Z_3mE#:~:text=LED%20stands%20for%20light%
20emitting,the%20result%20is%20visible%20light.
Lighting design guidance. (n.d.) Global Designing Cities Initiative.
https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-
guide/utilities-and-infrastructure/lighting-and-technology/lighting-design-
guidance/.
Li, J. & Makumbre, P. (2017, August 7). LED street lighting: Unburdening our
cities. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/energy/led-street-
lighting-unburdening-our-cities.
Mackenzie, J. (2020, November 5). Air pollution: Everything you need to know.
NRDC. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-
know.
Manila Standard. (2018, June 23). Street lighting program Manila's effective
weapon against crime. Manila Standard.
https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/268814/street-lighting-program-
manila-s-effective-weapon-against-crime.html.

100
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020,
February 20). Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A
review. Frontiers in public health.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044178/.
Moss as an air filter miracle weapon against fine dust. (2018, May 28). Style
Green. https://www.stylegreen.de/en/inspiration/magazine/moss-as-an-air-
filter-miracle-weapon-against-fine-
dust#:~:text=A%20combination%20of%20several%20factors,due%20to%
20the%20negative%20charge.
Myers, P. (2021, February 1). Activated carbon air filters: Everything you need
to know. Molekule Blog. https://molekule.science/activated-carbon-air-
filter/#:~:text=Activated%20carbon%20has%20special%20properties,parti
cle%20pollution%20from%20the%20air.
NASA. (2020, March 3). The atmosphere: Getting a handle on carbon dioxide.
NASA. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2915/the-atmosphere-getting-a-
handle-on-carbon-
dioxide/#:~:text=Carbon%20dioxide%20is%20a%20different,timescale%
20of%20many%20human%20lives.
NASA. (2021, January 28). Overview: Weather, global warming and climate

101
change. NASA. https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-
climate-change/.
NASA. (2021, February 2). Carbon dioxide concentration. NASA.
https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/.
National Geographic Society. (2013, February 14). Non-renewable energy.
National Geographic Society.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/non-renewable-energy/.
Ndlovu, N. B. (2015, July 10). Mosses and lichens come to the rescue in battle
against air pollution. The Conversation.
https://theconversation.com/mosses-and-lichens-come-to-the-rescue-in-
battle-against-air-pollution-44470.
Nunez, C. (2021, February 10). Renewable energy, facts and information.
National Geographic Society.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/reference/renew
able-energy/.
Ong, K. (2018). Photovoltaic solar panel. ScienceDirect.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/photovoltaic-solar-panel.
Ost, I. (2018, February 23). How much energy does a solar panel produce?
Solar.com. https://www.solar.com/learn/how-much-energy-does-a-solar-

102
panel-produce/.
Outdoor area lighting design considerations. (2017, July 24). Eaton.
https://www.eaton.com/sg/en-us/company/news-insights/lighting-
resource/design/outdoor-area-lighting-design-considerations.html.
Rampey, M. (2011, April 25). Air filtration systems: How they work. Air
Assurance. https://www.airassurance.com/blog/2011/04/25/air-filtration-
systems-how-they-work.
Renteria, O. (2015). Design of a high powered LED driver.
https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://ww
w.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1313&context=eesp.
Riebeek, H. (2010, June 3). Global warming. NASA.
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming#:~:text=is%20G
lobal%20Warming%3F-
,Global%20warming%20is%20the%20unusually%20rapid%20increase%2
0in%20Earth's%20average,as%20people%20burn%20fossil%20fuels.
Sandel, T. (2013). Sterility, sterilization and sterility assurance for
pharmaceuticals. ScienceDirect.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/hepa-
filter.
Shubhayan, S. G. (2019, October 16). Outdoor air purifiers. Medium.
https://medium.com/blue-sky-thinking/outdoor-air-purifiers-are-all-the-

103
rage-these-days-as-major-cities-all-around-the-world-are-c2f8cf028cd4.
Silva, J. (2020, April 7). How important are air purifier filters? - Fabric/carbon
HEPA. Air Purifier Essentials. https://airpurifieressentials.com/how-
important-are-air-purifier-filters/.
Silva, J. (2021, February 2). What is a pre-filter? Air Purifier Essentials.
https://airpurifieressentials.com/what-is-a-pre-
filter/#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20pre%20filter%3F,floating%20around%
20in%20the%20air.
Simya, O. K. (2018). Photovoltaic Effect. ScienceDirect.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/photovoltaic-effect.
Solar system basics - How solar power works! (n.d.). Solar Online Australia.
https://www.solaronline.com.au/solar_system_basics.html.
Spacey, J. (2016, July 5). 52 design considerations. Simplicable.
https://simplicable.com/new/design-considerations.
Su, N., Aung, M., & Myint, Z. (2014, August). Design of stand-alone solar street
lighting system with LED. International Journal of Scientific Engineering
and Technology Research, 03(2319-8885), 3518–3522.
http://www.ijsetr.com/uploads/654321IJSETR1598-605.pdf.
The importance of solar street lights to drivers and pedestrians. (2020, March 20).
Green Building Canada. https://greenbuildingcanada.ca/2020/importance-
solar-street-lights/.

104
The three types of solar panels. (2020). 8MSolar. https://www.8msolar.com/types-
of-solar-panels.
The world's most used energy sources. (2015, December 18). NS Energy.
https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newsthe-worlds-most-used-
energy-sources-4757903/.
UCLA Sustainable Committee. (2021). What is sustainability? UCLA
Sustainability. https://www.sustain.ucla.edu/what-is-sustainability/.
What is a deep cycle battery? (2018, April 24). Crown Battery.
https://www.crownbattery.com/news/what-is-a-deep-cycle-battery-.
What is Design for Health? (2021). Design for Health.
https://www.designforhealth.org/resources/what-is-design-for-health.
William, N. (2021, February 12). Using capacitors with solar panels. The Phoenix
Sun. https://thephoenixsun.com/using-capacitors-with-solar-panels/.
Wolfe, L. (2019, September 24). Learn the importance of a feasibility study and
how to write one. The Balance Careers.
https://www.thebalancecareers.com/what-is-a-feasibility-study-3514853.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Air pollution. WHO.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1.
World Health Organization. (2018, May 2). Ambient (outdoor) air pollution.
WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-
(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health.

105
Yang, S., Zhu, Z., &Wei, F. (2017). Carbon nanotubules/activated carbon fiber-
based air filter media for simultaneous removal of particulate matter and
ozone. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shen-Yang-
3/publication/319282733_Removal_of_particulate_matter_and_ozone_by_
carbon_nanotubes_activated_carbon_fiber/links/59ad2e3eaca272f8a1615a4
3/Removal-of-particulate-matter-and-ozone-by-carbon-nanotubes-
activated-carbon-fiber.pdf.

ISJAI Design and Development of Solar Powered Led Street Light With Air Filtration System Against Vehicular Pollution in Ibaan Batangas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

ISJAI Design and Development of Solar Powered Led Street Light With Air Filtration System Against Vehicular Pollution in Ibaan Batangas

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ISJAI Design and Development of Solar Powered Led Street Light With Air Filtration System Against Vehicular Pollution in Ibaan Batangas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

i

Ibaan Saint James Academy Inc.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR-

POWERED LED STREET LIGHT WITH AIR FILTRATION

SYSTEM AGAINST VEHICULAR POLLUTION IN

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Objectives of the Study 5

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Delimitations of the Study 9

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

Conduction of Feasibility Study 70

Planning and Design 71

System Components and Material Specifications 72

Area Lighting Consideration 80

Air Quality Index 81

Developed Operational Procedure 85

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

increase of greenhouse gas emissions.

through different ways in order to accommodate one of the largest electrical

continuously provide electricity.

Inspired by the concept of greenhouse gas reduction, this paper proposes a

environment, and people of Ibaan, Batangas.

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses the introduction, objectives, significance, scope and

delimitation, conceptual framework, and definition of terms.

Energy in the form of electricity is a fundamental part of innovation,

greater challenges as the world continues to develop and populate. The

release climate-changing greenhouse gases when burned. People continuously

As electricity demand escalates with supply depending largely on fossil

fuels, concerns arise about carbon dioxide emissions contributing to global

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

continue to rise due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities.

approximately 1.9% of GDP in economic losses annually, according to the

for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) in 2020.

emissions that contain significant amounts of pollutants such as carbon dioxide -

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

To date, one of the biggest electrical energy consumers is street lighting.

security of homes and businesses, the production of electricity needed to power

its system significantly adds to carbon dioxide emissions. Ibaan’s electricity

dependent on non-renewable energy sources. On the other hand, roads nowadays

the aforementioned predicaments is needed. One of the best possible solutions is

to decrease the amounts of heat-trapping emissions by lowering the dependency

of the energy system on non-renewable resources. Most of the energy during

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

Consequently, these drive the researchers to design an innovative solar-

of Ibaan. It is equipped with filter medias (pre-filter, high efficiency particulate

harmful gases and pollutants.

One sustainable and effective way to conserve energy that would be

Oblates of Saint Joseph Schools

Sustainability and innovation are two important factors which help

Specifically, the present study seeks:

1. To conduct feasibility study about the geographical status of the

Municipality of Ibaan in terms of:

1.2. energy consumption