CONTROL CHART FOR

VARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTES

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 Control Charts

• A control chart, invented by Walter A. Shewhart, is the

most widely used tool in statistical process control (SPC).
• A control chart is a graph that displays data taken over
time and the variations of this data.
• A histogram gives a static picture of process variability,
whereas a control chart illustrates the dynamic
performance (i.e., performance over time) of the process.
• The control chart is based on a series of random samples
taken at regular intervals.
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 Type of Control Charts
The two basic types of control charts are:
• Control charts for variables* - for measurable data such as
time, length, temperature, weight, pressure, etc.
• Control charts for characteristics*- for quantifiable data such
as number of defects, typing error in a report, etc.

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 Control Charts
Data collected from a control chart may form the basis for process
improvement.

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 Control Charts
• UCL = Process Average + 3 Standard Deviations
• LCL = Process Average - 3 Standard Deviations
X
UCL

+ 3
Process Average

- 3
LCL

TIME
M.Brindha - Unit 3 - Control chart fro
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 Control Charts
•
Assignable
Graph of sample data plotted over
time
Cause Variation
X
60
UCL
40 Process
Mean
Average 
20
LCL
0
Random
Variation 1 3 5 7 9 11
Time

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 Control Charts
X X X

Common Cause Variation: no Special Cause Variation: two Downward Pattern: no

points outside control limit points outside control limit points outside control limit;
however, eight or more
points in trend

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Control Charts

• Attribute charts
• Variables charts

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 Control Charts
Charts may
be used for
categorical
variables.
[i.e.: attributes]

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 Control Charts
Whenever a character of interest is measured on
a nominative or an interval, ie: categorical,
scale…an attributes control chart is used to
monitor a process.

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 Control Charts

• Attributes Control Charts

counts [c-chart]
proportion [p-charts]

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 Control Charts

• Attributes Control Charts

when sample size are not constant and/or are
unknown use counts charts
[c-charts]

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 Control Charts
c Chart for num_defect
20 UCL = 19.49

16

12
c

Centerline = 10.00
8

0 LCL = 0.51
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

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 Control Charts

• Attributes Control Charts

when sample size are constant and
are known
use proportion charts
[p-charts]

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 Control Charts
p Chart for defects/100
0.15

0.12
UCL = 0.10
0.09
p

0.06
Centerline = 0.04
0.03

0 LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 29.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
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Control Charts
Charts may
be used for interval
or ratio data [i.e.:
variables ]

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 Control Charts
Whenever a character of interest is measured
on an interval or a ratio scale, a variables
control chart is used to monitor a process.

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 Control Charts

• Variables Control Charts

Mean and Range charts
[x-bar & R charts]

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 Control Charts
Variables control charts are typically used used in
pairs. …… one chart monitors process average while
the other monitors the variation in a process.

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 Control Charts
pX-bar
ChartChart
for defects/100
for observa
0.15
214

0.12
210
UCL = 208.21
UCL = 0.10
206
0.09
X-bar

Centerline = 203.98
p

202
0.06 LCL = 199.75
198
Centerline = 0.04
0.03
194

1900 LCL = 0.00

1.0 3.03.0 5.05.07.0 7.09.0 9.0
1.0 11.0 15.0
11.0 13.0 13.017.015.019.017.0
21.0 19.0 21.0 27.0
23.0 25.0 23.029.025.0
2.0 4.04.0 6.0 6.08.0 8.0
2.0 10.0 10.0 12.016.0
12.0 14.0 14.018.016.0
20.018.0
22.0 20.0 22.028.0
24.0 26.0 24.030.0

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 Control Charts
Range Chart for observa
15
UCL = 13.24
12
Range

6 Centerline = 5.80

0 LCL = 0.00
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

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