Chapter 1 Load Estimation

1.Load Estimation
In this chapter we will take new area and calculate the load estimation of each
part of this area so at the 1st we will show the figures of these parts to take off the
dimensions of each house or villa in each part and the dimension of each street and
garden.

1.1 Sketch of the area

This is a drawing of the 3rd place in the city of Al-Asher Men Ramadan as show
in Fig.1-1 , and it consist of 7 parts as show in Fig.1–2 We will see the drawing use
Scale 1 : 1000 refer to each 1 mm on the drawing equal to 1m in the real area.

Fig.1-1 3rd place in the city of Al-Asher Men Ramadan

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

Fig.1-2 This a picture for the full project which have 7 parts .

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

To take off the dimension we will take each part of the seven parts of the 3rd

place in the city of Al-Asher Men Ramadan alone to see if it has the same dimension of
each building or not and take off all dimension of these building as houses, Villas,
streets, and gardens. The following figures show each part of the city .

Fig.1-3 This a picture for the 1st part of the project

Fig.1-4 This a picture for the 2nd part of the project

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

Fig.1-5 This a picture for the 3rd part of the project

Fig.1-6 This a picture for the 4th part of the project

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

Fig.1-7 This a picture for the 5th part of the project

Fig.1-8 This a picture for the

6th part of the project

Fig.1-9 This a picture for the

7th part of the project

1.2 Distribution
Circuits and
Load Estimation
1.2.1 Maximum
Demand and
Diversity

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

1.2.1.1 Maximum Demand

Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally

carried by circuits, switches and protective devices.

If a ring circuit feeds fifteen 13 A sockets, the maximum demand clearly should
not be 15 x 13 = 195 A, if only because the circuit protection will not be rated at more
than 32 A. Some 13 A sockets may feed table lamps with 60 W lamps fitted, whilst
others may feed 3 kW washing machines; others again may not be loaded at all.

Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Each lamp-
holder must be assumed to carry the current required by the connected load, subject to a
minimum loading of 100 W per lamp-holder (a demand of 0.42 A per lamp-holder at
240 V). Discharge lamps are particularly difficult to assess, and current cannot be
calculated simply by dividing lamp power by supply voltage. The reasons for this are:

1. - control gear losses result in additional current.

2. - the power factor is usually less than unity so current is greater.

3. - chokes and other control gear usually distort the waveform of the current so that it
contains harmonics which are additional to the fundamental supply current.

1.2.1.2 Diversity

A domestic ring circuit typically feeds a large number of 13 A sockets hut is

usually protected by a fuse or circuit breaker rated at 30 A or 32 A. This means that if
sockets were feeding 13 A loads, more than two of them in use at the same time would
overload the circuit and it would be disconnected by its protective device.

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

In practice, the chances of all domestic ring sockets feeding loads taking 13 A
are small. Whilst there may be a 3 kW washing machine in the kitchen, a 3 kW heater in
the living room and another in the bedroom, the chance of all three being in use at the
same time is remote. If they are all connected at the same time, this could be seen as a
failure of the designer when assessing the installation requirements; the installation
should have two ring circuits to feed the parts of the house in question.

Most sockets, then, will feed smaller loads such as table lamps, vacuum cleaner,
television or audio machines and so on. The chances of all the sockets being used
simultaneously is remote in the extreme provided that the number of sockets (and ring
circuits) installed is large enough. The condition that only a few sockets will be in use at
the same time, and that the loads they feed will be small is called diversity.

Diversity relies on a number of factors which can only be properly assessed in

the light of detailed knowledge of the type of installation, the industrial process
concerned where this applies, and the habits and practices of the users, Perhaps a
glimpse into a crystal ball to foresee the future could also be useful.

1.2.2 Applied Diversity

Apart from indicating that diversity and maximum demand must be assessed, the
Regulations themselves give little help. Suggestions of values for the allowances
Distribution boards must not have diversity applied so that they can carry the total load
connected to them.

1.3 Calculation
In this project we will make design for Load Estimation for Houses and villas
and moles with Demand Factor 0.6

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

There are five types of areas in this city:-

1) The 1st areas show in Fig.1-10 of houses consist of three floors each one
200m2 have two flat. It mean Each flat have 100m2.

10 m
20 m

Fig1-10 for houses with 3 floors.

2) The 2nd areas show in Fig.1-11 of small villa consist of two floors each one
1200m2 have two villas. It mean Each villa have 600m2( 40% of the area for
the building "240m2" and 60% for the Garden of the villa "360 m2m2" ).
30 m

40 m

Fig.1-11 of small villa.

3) The 3rd areas show in Fig.1-12 of big villa consist of two floors each one
1200m2 have one ( 40% of the area for the building "480m2" and 60% for the
Garden of the villa "720m2" ).

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

30 m
40 m

Fig.1-12 of big villa.

4) The 4th areas show in Fig.1-13 of Big houses consist of three floors each one
300m2 have two flat. It mean Each flat have 150m2.
15 m

20 m

Fig1-13 for houses with 3 floors.

5) The 5th areas show in Fig.1-14 of houses consist of three floors each one
200m2 have two flat. It mean Each flat have 100m2. the 1st floor used as
moles.
10 m

20 m

Fig1-14 for houses with 3 floors (1st floor moles ,2nd,and 3rd floor flats ).

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

There are two methods to calculate the load estimation

about to NEC as the following:-

First method:-
By calculate each load in the flat by the watt unit and multiply it in DEMAND
FACTOR about 0.6 for all loads in the flat.

Second method:-
By measuring the load of lighting by the area. Then add the loads of the basics
Load using DEMAND FACTOR 100% And add the Total load of the electrical
appliances using DEMAND FACTOR 60%

Lighting: "DEMAND FACTOR 60% for houses and 65% for villas"

we can assume it ( 11 VA / m2 ) in houses and ( 33 VA / m2 ) in villas.

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

Basics load: " DEMAND FACTOR 100% "

Electric refrigerator - Washing Machine

electrical appliances:

"DEMAND FACTOR 60% for houses and 65% for villas"

Radio – Cassette – Fan – TV - Receiver - Microwave oven - Air-Conditioning - Furnace
fan - Vacuum cleaner – Blender – Heater – Boiler - Circular saw - An electric drill – PC
- Battery Charger - Toaster bread -A coffee preparation - Deep freezer – Telephone.

We will use the following table for calculate the load estimation
for the three types of area in the city.
Tables for calculate the load estimation of each place " houses and villas". :-
Table 1-1: types of loads

Type of load Demand Load factor

House contain 3-5 rooms 0.6 – 0.8

House contain more than 5 rooms 0.45 – 0.65
Supermarkets without air-conditions 0.6 – 0.8
Cinema without air-conditions 0.5
Hospital 0.7 – 0.9
Lighting 0.8
Vacuum cleaner 0.9
Medical machine and other loads 0.4
Industrial loads 0.6
Pumps ,and motors 0.6
Generators 0.8
Arc furnaces 1.0

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

For slurries arc 0.9

Table 1-2: loading of lighting for different places

place Load (watt / m2)

Schools 32.28
Banks 21.52
Hospitals 21.52
Hotels 21.52
Stores 32.28
Mosques 10.76
Parking 5.38
Restaurants 21.52
Offices 53.8
Stores 2.7
Theaters 10.76

Table 1-3: for some electrical load of electric appliances:-

Electric stomach Rationing Load ( watt ) Starting Load ( watt )

Radio 50-200 50-200

Cassette 50-200 50-200
Fan 200 600
TV 300-400 300-400
Receiver 100-200 100-200
Microwave oven 700 1000
Air-Conditioning 2250 5000
Furnace fan 600 800
Lamp Florist 60-120 60-120
Vacuum cleaner 600 750
Blender 100-200 100-200
Heater 5000 5000
Boiler 1500 1500

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

Circular saw 1000-2500 3200-5000

An electric drill 1000 1250
Electric refrigerator 800 2400
Washing Machine 500 1500
PC 600-1000 600-1000
Battery Charger 120-240 120-240
Toaster bread 1200 1200
A coffee preparation 1200 1200
Deep freezer 800 1200
Telephone 120-240 120-240
Lighting street and garden 100 100

1) Design of 1st area "houses" using the two methods:

1st method Calculation of load - estimation in one flat
= Radio + Cassette + 4* Fan + TV + Receiver + Microwave oven + 12*
Lamp Florist + Vacuum cleaner + Blender +Heater + Boiler + An electric drill +
Electric refrigerator + Washing Machine + PC + Battery Charger + Toaster
bread + A coffee preparation + telephone
= 150 + 150 + (4*200) + 350 + 200 + 700 + (12*60) + 600 + 150 + 2500
+ 1500 + 1000 + 800 + 500 + 1000 + 240 + 1200 + 1200 + 240
= 14000Watt

using demand factor 0.6

14 * 0.6 = 8.4 kW=(8.4/0.8) KVA = 10.5KVA

Calculation of load - estimation in one House =

3 floors * 2 flats in each floor * 14 KVA in each flat = 63 KVA

2nd methods: " Flat area = 100m2 "

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

a) Basic load:
Electric refrigerator + Washing Machine = 800+500 =1200W

b) Lighting:
100 m2 * 11VA = 1100VA * 0.6 = 660W

c) electrical appliances:
= Radio + Cassette + 4*Fan + TV + Receiver + Microwave oven
+ Vacuum cleaner + Blender + Heater + Boiler + An electric drill + PC +
Battery Charger + Toaster bread + A coffee preparation + telephone
= 150 + 150 + (4*200) + 350 + 200 + 700 + 600 + 150 + 2500 +
1500 + 1000 + 1000 + 240 + 1200 + 1200 + 240
= 11980 Watt

Calculation of load - estimation in one flat

= [Basic load * 100% +( Lighting + electrical appliances ) * 60% ]
= [1200 * 100% +( 660 + 11980 ) * 60% ]
= 8.784KW =(8.784/.8) KVA = 10.75 KVA

Calculation of load - estimation in one House =

= 3 floors * 2 flats in each floor * 10.75 KVA in each flat = 64.5 KVA

2) Design of 2nd area "small villas" using the one method:

Flat area = 600m2
a) Basic load:
Deep freezer + Electric refrigerator + Washing Machine
= 1200 + 1300 + 1500
= 4000 W
b) Lighting:
Building "240m2" * 33VA = 7920 VA * 0.8 = 6336W
Garden "360 m2" , " each 10m2 have lighting garden of 100 watt "

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

= (360/10)*100 = 3600Watt
All lighting = 9936 watt
c) electrical appliances:
= Radio + Cassette + 4*Fan + TV + Receiver +
Microwave oven + Vacuum cleaner + Blender + Heater + Boiler + An electric
drill + PC + Battery Charger + Toaster bread + A coffee preparation +
5*telephone + 3*Air-Conditioning + Furnace fan + Circular saw
= 150 + 150 + (4*200) + 350 + 200 + 700 + 600 + 150 +
2500 + 1500 + 1000 + 1500 + 240 + 1200 + 1200 +
(5*240) + (3*2250) + 600 + 2500
= 23290Watt

Calculation of load - estimation in one flat

= [Basic load * 100% +( Lighting + electrical appliances ) * 65% ]
= [4000 * 100% +( 9936 + 23290 ) * 65% ]
= 25.6 KW
Calculation of load -estimation in one House
= 2 villas * 25.6 KW in each villa
= 51.2KW = (51.2/0.8) KVA = 48 KVA

3) Design of 3rd area "big villa" using the one method:

Flat area = 1200m2

a) Basic load:
= 2*Deep freezer + 2*Electric refrigerator + 2*Washing Machine
= 2*[1200 + 1300 + 1500] = 8000 W

b) Lighting:
Building "480m2" * 33VA = 15840 VA * 0.8 = 12672W
Garden "720 m2" , " each 10m2 have lighting garden of 100 watt "
= (720/10)*100 = 7200Watt
All lighting = 12672W + 7200W = 19872 watt

c) electrical appliances:

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

= Radio + Cassette + 4*Fan + 3*TV + 3*Receiver + Microwave oven +

Vacuum cleaner + Blender + 3*Heater + Boiler + An electric drill + 3*PC +
5*Battery Charger + Toaster bread + A coffee preparation + 5*telephone +
3*high Air-Conditioning + Furnace fan + Circular saw =
= 150 + 150 + (4*200) + (3*350) + (3*200) + 700 + 600 + 150 +
(3*2500) + 1500 + 1000 + (3*1500) + (5*240) + 1200 + 1200 + (5*240) +
(3*3500) + 600 + 2500
= 37100Watt

Calculation of load -estimation in one flat

= [Basic load * 100% +( Lighting + electrical appliances ) * 65% ]
= [8000 * 100% +( 19872 + 37100 ) * 65% ]
= 45KW
Calculation of load -estimation in one House
= 1 villas * 45KW in each villa
= 45 KW = (45/0.8)KV = 56.25*.6 = 42.2 KV
4) Design of 4th area " Big houses" using the two methods:
Calculation of load - estimation in one flat
= Radio + Cassette + 6* Fan + 2TV + 2Receiver + Microwave oven +
18* Lamp Florist + Vacuum cleaner + Blender +Heater + Boiler + An electric
drill + Electric refrigerator + Washing Machine +2 PC +2 Battery Charger +
Toaster bread + A coffee preparation + telephone
= 150 + 150 + (6*200) + (2*350) + (2*200) + 700 + (18*60) + 600 +
150 + 2500 + 1500 + 1000 + 800 + 500 + (2*1000) + (2*240) + 1200 +
1200 + 240
= 16310 Watt

using demand factor 0.6

16310 * 0.6 = 9.8 kW=(9.8 /0.8) KVA = 12.2 KVA

Calculation of load - estimation in one House =

3 floors * 2 flats in each floor * 12.2 KVA in each flat = 78 KVA

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

5) Design of 5th area " houses with moles" using the two
methods:
Calculation of load - estimation in one flat
= Radio + Cassette + 4* Fan + TV + Receiver + Microwave oven + 12*
Lamp Florist + Vacuum cleaner + Blender +Heater + Boiler + An electric drill +
Electric refrigerator + Washing Machine + PC + Battery Charger + Toaster
bread + A coffee preparation + telephone
= 150 + 150 + (4*200) + 350 + 200 + 700 + (12*60) + 600 + 150 + 2500
+ 1500 + 1000 + 800 + 500 + 1000 + 240 + 1200 + 1200 + 240
= 14000Watt

using demand factor 0.6

14 * 0.6 = 8.4 kW=(8.4/0.8) KVA = 10.2 KVA
Calculation of load - estimation in one House (2 floors) =
2 floors * 2 flats in each floor * 10.2 KVA in each flat = 40.8 KVA

Calculation of load - estimation in one mole

1. Basic load:
= TV + Small Electric refrigerator + PC +2 Battery
= 350 + 300 + 1000 + (2*240)
= 2130 Watt

2. Lighting:
Building "100 m2" * 15VA = 1.5 KVA
Calculation of load - estimation in one mole = 2130+1500 =3.6
Calculation of load - estimation in one House mole
= (2*3.6) KVA + 40.8 KVA = 48 KVA

1.4 The results of all calculations :-

After we done all calculation we will take the results in table 1.4 and use it to choose the
cables, transformers, and all parts of protection system.

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Chapter 1 Load Estimation

Table 1-4:

Small areas medium areas large areas

"houses have 100m2" "villas have 600m2" "villas have 1200m2"

30m
30m
10m

20 20
20m
m m 40m
Load Estimation of the 3 areas by kilovolts equal about :

63..75 KVA 48 KVA 42.2 KVA

Small areas Small areas

" Big houses have 150m2" " houses have 100m2 with mole"
10m
15m

20m
4 flats20m
and 2 moles

Load Estimation of the 3 areas by kilovolts equal about :

78 KVA 48 KVA

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