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EE413 Lecture 1
EE413 Lecture 1
A sensor is a component itself and it does not have signal conditioning unit.
3 Sensor
E.g., Mercury in a thermometer: Mercury is a liquid metal that expands with
increase in temperature. It can sense the temperature and any changes in
it. However, it is not readable unless it is placed in a specific scale.
Fluid enters the tube and pressure generated tends to straighten the bourdon tube
Cantilever
Rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is supported at only one end.
Force to displacement
x
7 Transducer
Intermediate
analogous
signal
Primary Output
Input Secondary
detector- signal
signal transducer
transducer
Strain changes the resistance of the strain gauges – 2nd process (Secondary
transducer)
Primary transducer: BT
Mechanical Length, area, volume, force, pressure, acceleration, torque, mass flow,
acoustic intensity
Application
Property
Energy or power requirements
Active sensor: Self generating, energy required for generation of output signal is
extracted from the physical phenomenon itself. E.g., Piezoelectric transducers
(emf generated upon application of external force to quartz)
Passive sensor: Power required for energy conversion is derived from an external
source, E.g., Potentiometer, Resistance thermometer
16 Classification of sensors
Applications Traffic and security Obstruction Water and food Vehicle dynamic
surveillance, blind- detection (robots, testing, system
spot detection, vehicles), security healthcare (automatic),
video conferencing, detection, light devices, patient
biometric, imaging activation biological monitoring
warfare agent (pacemaker)
detection
21 Static Characteristics of sensors
Accuracy: Accuracy of a sensor is usually specified by error. It tells how closely
the measured value matches the true value.
|εfso| ≤ |εa|
Overall error assessed through root mean square approach as a summation over i
εo = [Σ (εi)2]1/2
22 Static Characteristics of sensors
Precision: Precision describes how close a set of measured value is relative to
each other, rather than the actual value.
Resolution: Resolution is the smallest change in the input ((Δx)min) that is needed
to produce a detectable change in output (Δy). Expressed as a percentage of
the measured range (MR).