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UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

Project Report on

“TYPES OF LEGAL RESEARCH”

(A project report submitted as a part of internal assessment of the course B.Com. LL.B.
(Hons.) in the subject of RESEARCH METHODOLOGY for the session 2021-22. )

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof. Dr. Gulshan Kumar Mehak
263/19
B.Com. LL.B. (Hons.) E
6th Semester
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The detailed project on “Types of Legal Research” would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my gratitude to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Prof. (Dr.) Gulshan Kumar for his guidance and constant help as
well as for providing necessary information regarding the project and also for his support in
completing the project.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents and friends for their kind cooperation
and encouragement which helped me in completion of this project.
A sincere thanks to all of them.
-MEHAK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................4
WHAT IS LEGAL RESEARCH? ...........................................................................................................4
BROAD NATURE OF LEGAL RESEARCH ........................................................................................4
ASSUMPTIONS OF LEGAL RESEARCH ...........................................................................................5
TYPES OF LEGAL RESEARCH ...........................................................................................................5
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ..............................................................................................................5
Advantages of Descriptive Research ...............................................................................................6
Disadvantages of Descriptive Research...........................................................................................6
COMPARATIVE LEGAL RESEARCH ............................................................................................6
Advantages of comparative legal research ......................................................................................7
Disadvantages of comparative legal research ..................................................................................7
EVALUATIVE LEGAL RESEARCH ................................................................................................8
Data collection techniques used in evaluative research ...................................................................8
Advantages of Evaluative Legal Research ......................................................................................9
Disadvantages of Evaluative Legal Research ..................................................................................9
EXPERIMENTAL LEGAL RESEARCH ...........................................................................................9
Advantages of experimental research ..............................................................................................9
Disadvantages of experimental research........................................................................................10
INTERDISCIPLINARY LEGAL RESEARCH ................................................................................10
Advantages of interdisciplinary legal research ..............................................................................11
Disadvantages of interdisciplinary legal research .........................................................................11
PURPOSE OF LEGAL RESEARCH ....................................................................................................11
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL RESEARCH ................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................14
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................15
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INTRODUCTION
Research is to see what everybody else has seen, but to think what nobody else has ever
thought. Research in today’s era has become an inseparable part of human knowledge.
Research demands willpower, and an innovative, dynamic, and analytic approach to prove or
disprove something. Research is a process to find out something which is there in existence but
yet not known or we are not aware of it. Research enables us to find old facts and verify existing
facts. It contributes to the existing knowledge. Its purpose is to innovate, explore, analyse,
examine and evaluate.
Research is a term derived from the French word “recherche”, which literally means to go
about seeking (for information). Thus, research means to search again or seek again – an
intensive search to ascertain something. It is a systematic activity directed towards the
discovery and development of an organised body of knowledge.
For example, you come across a newspaper article saying Mr XYZ, who had been in a coma
for about 25 years, was rejected the plea of euthanasia. Now the curious you want to find out
more about what euthanasia is and whether a person can demand their own death. Thus, you
decide to research it. You find out more about euthanasia, find its link with Article 21 of the
Constitution and form your own opinion on the court’s decision in Mr XYZ’s case.
Here, in the above example, you went from one point of inquiry to multiple other points of
inquiry. This, precisely, is research.

WHAT IS LEGAL RESEARCH?

Law is a subject that has broad dimensions of knowledge in society. There are several laws in
India, making it difficult for a prudent man to remember them all. With the growing needs and
challenges of society, laws also have to change. This means the area of law is as dynamic as
our society. A complementary relationship of law and society here comes to play a vital role.

Therefore, it becomes essential to review the laws and see whether they are suited to the best
interests of society or not. Here, legal research comes into play. A systematic finding and
ascertainment of the law on any identified topic to advance the science of law is known as legal
research.

Legal research is the process of identifying and retrieving information that is necessary to
support legal decision- making. It includes each step of a course of action that begins with an
analysis of the facts of a problem and concludes with the application and communication of
the results of the investigation. Legal research is an aspect of the study of the behaviour of
human beings, their relationships.

BROAD NATURE OF LEGAL RESEARCH

On the basis of data collection and analysis two broad categories can be used to describe
different approaches:
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Quantitative Legal Research- The quantitative research is characterized with surveys,

structured interviews, experiments, tests as tools for data collection. It produces data which can
be made subject to statistical analysis. So the findings can be presented in numerical forms.
For example, a questionnaire asks respondents to tick the appropriate box in order to answer
the question as to whether they agree or disagree with a particular proposition. This gives an
opportunity to the researcher to quantify the data and calculate how many people made a
particular point.
Qualitative Legal Research- Participant observation, unstructured interviews, or life histories
are some of the qualitative research methods. The outcome is presented in the form of
descriptions. The reason it became important was the feeling that quantitative research does
not take into account the differences between people and the objects of natural science.5 It
seemed to be artificial and distant from everyday life that the findings might not represent the
reality. These led many researchers to adopt more qualitative methods which allow researchers
to get closer to the people they were investigating.

ASSUMPTIONS OF LEGAL RESEARCH

Legal research is based upon certain assumptions which may be:
❖ Existence of cause-and-effect relationship
❖ Possibility of a representative sample
❖ Existence of sequence
❖ Existence of legal groups
❖ Possibility of detached study

TYPES OF LEGAL RESEARCH

Legal research can be classified in various ways. It can be divided on the basis of the nature of
data, tools of data collection, interpretation of already available data, purpose and other such
criteria. The types of research we will be covering in our project is:
❖ Descriptive Research
❖ Comparative Research
❖ Experimental Research
❖ Evaluative Research
❖ Interdisciplinary Research

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Descriptive Legal research is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of
the population or phenomenon that is being studied. This methodology focuses more on the
“what” of the research subject rather than the “why” of the research subject. In other words,
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descriptive legal research primarily focuses on the nature of a demographic segment, without
focusing on “why” something happens.

Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify

characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories. It is useful when not much is known yet
about the topic or problem. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research
methods to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental research, the researcher
does not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them.
For example, an apparel brand that wants to understand the fashion purchasing trends among
New York buyers will conduct a demographic survey of this region, gather population data and
then conduct descriptive research on this demographic segment. The study will then uncover
details on “what is the purchasing pattern of New York buyers,” but not cover any investigative
information about “why” the patterns exits. Because for the apparel brand trying to break into
this market, understanding the nature of their market is the study’s objective.

Advantages of Descriptive Research

o Descriptive research allows easy analysis of non-quantified research problem by
implementing the qualitative methods.
o It uses easy research methods such as observation, where the researcher may or may
not participate in the activities that are ongoing in a particular target group.
o Descriptive research is multifaceted as it incorporates different research designs like
quantitative research and qualitative research designs.
o It is time conscious as it saves you more time compared to other research designs like
quantitative methods.

Disadvantages of Descriptive Research

o Descriptive research may not confirm the research problem statistically.
o Non-responsiveness and biases could be there when coming up with the result based
on the researcher’s observation and inadequate statistical methods used.
o The studies cannot be repeated due to the methods used like observation.
o It is inadequate in helping the researcher in the identification of the cause of the
phenomenon.
o It covers a limited scope of study where it focuses on what rather than why in the
research problem.
o The use of methods such as case study might not be the representation of the whole
target sample hence affecting the results produced.

COMPARATIVE LEGAL RESEARCH

Comparative legal research is when you compare the laws of one country with another country,
or from one region to another. The main aim of this is to try to find the most suitable model for
your own country in par with the global standards. Even a country’s legal system is the result
of comparative research. It highlights the cultural and social character of law and how does it
act in different settings. So, it is useful in developing and amending, and modifying the law.
However, it must be noted and taken care of that only that part of law of the other country
should be adopted, which suits the local and social conditions of the adoptee country.
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The following material is generally used to know the law in the other country and to conduct
the comparative study of law(s)-

o Codified provisions of law

o Customs
o Principles evolves as a result of judicial decisions
o Conditions that led to enactment of particular law

EXAMPLE: After the Indian Independence, the Constituent Assembly was to frame a new
Constitution for India. To accomplish this task, Dr. B.N. Rao, the Constitutional Advisor to the
Government of India, visited several countries notably, USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, U.K.
etc. and carried out intensive study of the Constitution of these countries to pick up the vest out
of them, to be incorporated in the new Constitution of India, which would be in the large
interest on the Indian citizens and nation as a whole. The Fundamental Rights owe their origin
to USA, the Federal Structure is adopted from Canadian Constitution, the Directed principles
of State Policies are taken from the Ireland, the Parliamentary for owes its origin to British
Parliament.

Advantages of comparative legal research

o This method is useful to bring about necessary amendments and modifications in the
existing law for the welfare of the people as also the nation. In this method, the laws of
different countries are studied and their respective merits and demerits can be known.
Therefore, the merits of that law can be incorporated to reform/update the
corresponding law in one’s own country.
o The comparative legal research serves as a good means for introducing new ideas into
a legal system.
o This method of legal research enables a country to know about the shortcomings of its
own legal system and suggests alternative for improving it through the method of
comparison.
o It helps in harmonization of law and bringing uniformity. For example, in an
increasingly economically interdependent world, the importance of an improved legal
framework for the facilitation of international trade and investment is widely
acknowledged.

Disadvantages of comparative legal research

o The socio-economic and political conditions of every country are not same. E.g., The
laws in the developed countries can’t be straightaway imposed in the developing
countries without weighing the pros and cons of that law, with regard to the
circumstances in the adoptee country.
o While, in theory, there is no more hindrance to a comprehensive and up-to-date research
in foreign legal material, in practice, this part of the comparative enterprise will require
a careful and rigorous selection.
o There are different ideologies in government and politics, which act as an obstacle in
comparison.
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EVALUATIVE LEGAL RESEARCH

It is a systematic collection of information about activities and outcomes of actual programmes.
The aim is to evaluate the impact of the programme. Legal research gets the label of evaluative
legal research when a researcher endeavours to find out how a legal fact, rule, concept, an
institution or the legal system itself come to be what it is today. He attempts to trace the origin
and development of a legal fact (such as rule against self –incrimination or doublejeopardy),
or a legal institution, (like the institution of an ombudsman or a judicial institution). Such legal
research can also be undertaken even to trace the development of a given law, like the
development of constitutional law of a country.
The legal researcher can do this by either of the two ways –
i. First, he may prepare a calendar of the successive formal baptismal dates of the legal
fact in question.
ii. Secondly, he may trace the evolution of a legal fact or an institution by locating various
supportive and casual phenomena, events or factors that were responsible for shaping
the growth of a legal fact or an institution under study.
Evaluative legal research aims at expounding the logical coherence of concepts, elements, facts
and interests of legal phenomenon individually, of their relationship inter se and their
relationship with the concepts, elements, facts and interests outside the legal system for
determining and defining the terms and presuppositions used in law. The research is to ascertain
the nature, scope and source of law in order to explain what the law is, and also spell out several
propositions used in law.

Data collection techniques used in evaluative research

❖ Surveys-A survey is a quantitative method that allows you to gather information about
a project from a specific group of people. Surveys are largely context-based and limited
to target groups who are asked a set of structured questions in line with the
predetermined context.
❖ Questionnaires-A questionnaire is a common quantitative research instrument
deployed in evaluation research. Typically, it is an aggregation of different types of
questions or prompts which help the researcher to obtain valuable information from
respondents.
❖ Polls-A poll is a common method of opinion-sampling that allows you to weigh the
perception of the public about issues that affect them.
❖ One-on-One Interview-An interview is a structured conversation involving two
participants; usually the researcher and the user or a member of the target market. One-
on-One interviews can be conducted physically, via the telephone and through video
conferencing apps like Zoom and Google Meet.
❖ Focus Groups-A focus group is a research method that involves interacting with a
limited number of persons within your target market, who can provide insights on
market perceptions and new products.
❖ Case Studies-A case study is a research method that helps the researcher to gain a better
understanding of a subject or process. Case studies involve in-depth research into a
given subject, to understand its functionalities and successes.
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Advantages of Evaluative Legal Research

o Evaluation Research lets you understand what works and what doesn’t, where we were,
where we are and where we are headed towards. You can find out the areas of
improvement and identify strengths.
o It is essential to gauge your past performance and understand what went wrong in order
to deliver better services to your customers. It also lets you modify or adopt a practice
such that it increases the chances of success.
o After evaluating the efforts, you can see how well you are meeting objectives and
targets. Evaluations let you measure if the intended benefits are really reaching the
targeted audience and if yes, then how effectively.
o Evaluations help you to analyse the demand pattern and predict if you will need more
funds, upgrade skills and improve the efficiency of operations. It lets you find the gaps
in the production to delivery chain and possible ways to fill them.

Disadvantages of Evaluative Legal Research

o It is time consuming.
o It involves study of diverse factors like socio- legal, socio- economic, in which a
researcher may not be well versed.
o The research is detailed and become monotonous and deviate from the actual problem.

EXPERIMENTAL LEGAL RESEARCH

The empirical research may be defined as research into relationship of law with other
behavioral sciences. Here, more importance is given to people, social values and social
institutions and not to the legal aspects or doctrines. This method place reliance on the
observation and experiment, not on theory. The methods like observation, interview,
questionnaire, survey and case study can be used to discover human conduct. In this type of
research, the researcher attempts to investigate effect or impact by actual examination or
observation of the functioning of law and legal institutions in the society. This is a first-hand
study as it is carried out by collecting and gathering data or information relating to the universe.
This method is adopted by the researcher when the answer to the legal problem is not ordinarily
available in conventional legal resources. Hence, field work is usually required for this type of
research.
The law itself or black-letter law is the law in books which is the system of legal rules that one
can understand by reading cases and statutes. Whereas law in action is what actually happens
in the legal system. To understand how the legal system works, it is necessary to make use of
the materials and techniques of the social scientist.

Advantages of experimental research

o It highlights the ‘gap’ between ‘legislative goals’ and ‘social reality’ and thereby
‘depicts’ a ‘true picture’ of ‘law-in-action’.
o It carries significance in the modern welfare state, which envisages socio-economic
transformation through law and thereby perceives law as means of achieving socio-
economic justice and parity.
o It provides an ‘expert advice’ in different matters to the policy makers or judges etc.
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o It also concerns with the identification and creating an awareness of the new problems
which need to be tackled through law, conducting empirical research.

Disadvantages of experimental research

o It is time consuming and costly. It calls for additional training, great commitment of
time and energy, for producing meaningful result.
o It needs a strong base of doctrinal research. The researcher must have strong base of
legal doctrines, case law and legal institutions. The empirical method of research is to
supplement the doctrinal method of research and not to substitute it.
o It is extremely weak in solving a problem in hand, similarly it is not effective where the
law is to be developed from case to case.
o It cannot remain unaffected from human vices, upbringing and thinking because
acceptance of a new system of law in India depends on may factors, such as awareness,
value, capability and pattern of adaption.
o Not all inquiries are suitable to empirical methods. E.g., inquiry to determine what is
good and what is evil cannot be empirically tested because the researcher cannot
discover the admissible physical evidence. Research into the value system and moral
questions are also not amenable to empirical methods.

INTERDISCIPLINARY LEGAL RESEARCH

Interdisciplinary legal research is such type which involves the research of legality across
various disciplines. Here disciplines may mean academic fields or as used in the context. In the
legal world interdisciplinary research would, for example, be undertaken by someone qualified
in both medicine and law; or versed in both law and literary theory and criticism. Unfortunately,
law researchers think that if they can read novels, they can do law and literature, but that is not
the case. True interdisciplinary research requires a thorough grounding in more than one
discipline. Having a required qualification in both law and economics; both medicine and law
qualifies one to do interdisciplinary work. The rest do not. The fact here is that law's
professional nature militates very strongly against this. Inter-disciplinary approach must be
adopted as the legal problems are connected with social, political, economic, psychological
issues.
EXAMPLES:
Law and psychology: The psychology of the offender is also one of the crucial factors in
deciding the nature of punishment of the convicted person. The modern reformative techniques
of punishment such as parole, probation, etc. are essentially devised for the treatment of
offenders according to their psychological traits.
Law and economics: Economics being a science of money and wealth and jurisprudence a
science of law, both are intimately co-related. Economics deals with production and
distribution of wealth for satisfying the wants of the people. It is one of the major factors
responsible for the incidence of crimes. There are many laws which seek to regulate economic
activities of mankind. To name only a few, the laws relating to banking, companies, negotiable
instruments, foreign exchange regulation, consumer protection, etc. are intended to regulate
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one or the other economic activity of man in the society. The ultimate aim of economics as
well as jurisprudence is to improve the standard of life of the people for the welfare of the
community as a whole. Law acts as means to achieve this end.

Advantages of interdisciplinary legal research

o It provides additional information and conceptual basis for the evaluation of
information.
o It also provides a wider context to analyse and solve a problem.
o It makes it possible to undertake a study on problems that can be solved through ‘a
combination of disciplinary approaches and perspectives.
o The researcher can acquire new skills and techniques through using other methods and
techniques.
o ‘Gain new insights and perspectives by testing the assumptions of legal theories through
utilizing the research culture of other disciplines.’

Disadvantages of interdisciplinary legal research

o Requires a lot of planning and decision –making – the question regarding what and
how many disciplines should be combined in the research endeavour may sometimes
become difficult to resolve. It requires a lot of planning and decision- making.
o Lack of consensus may create operational difficulty- priorities and interests of
research in different disciplines vary; therefore, the lack of consensus upon the issues
to be solved may create operational difficulties in cooperative research.
o Difficult to develop communication – Sometimes it becomes difficult to develop
‘communication’ between the research partners belonging to different disciplines. Each
discipline has its own concepts. It may take considerable time for the participants to
understand the language (content expression) spoken by them. For instance, the
languages of law and social sciences differ. The language of law is essentially directive
and normative, whereas the language of sociology is descriptive, revealing or
explanatory. It may even be an inhibiting barrier between a legal scholar and a non-
legal scholar to join hands for cooperative legal research.
o Difficulty in integrating tools, techniques and methods of different disciplines-
every discipline has its own research tools, techniques and methods. They vary from
discipline to discipline. Therefore, sometimes integration of these tools, methods and
techniques in inter- disciplinary legal research becomes difficult.
o Domination of one discipline over other- a sort of tension among the participants may
arise as they proceed with research. Each participant, consciously or unconsciously,
may be tempted to see that his discipline dominates the other in the research endeavour.
o Lack of compatible habits and working atmosphere- a cooperative legal research
requires compatible habits of the scholars involved therein and a working atmosphere
that puts everyone at ease. Lack of either of these two may deter individual researchers
from taking an initiative in the research.

PURPOSE OF LEGAL RESEARCH

Law does not sit in a vacuum instead it operates in a complex social context. It reflects attitudes
and behavioural norms, and also control and bound them. However, as these norms are also
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temporo-spatial, that is changing with time and space, it is desirous that law has to adapt and
be dynamic in order to cope with the changes. Thereby, legal research becomes essential for
ascertainment of law, to point out ambiguities and weaknesses of law, to critically examine the
laws in order to ensure coherence, consistency and stability of law and its underlying policy,
to conduct a social audit of the law, and to suggest reforms in the law.
o Ascertaining the law- In a complex mass of legal statues and coupled with allied legal
material it is not always easy to find the law on a particular point. They are scattered
and a single issue may involve application of various laws. Judicial pronouncements
add to the complexity. A researcher needs to locate, analyse and understand these
pronouncements. So, the process involves an intensive analysis of legal instruments and
judicial pronouncements.
o Highlighting ambiguities and gaps- A law is not designed to address every
contingency that might arise in future. Because it’s the nature of law that it is reactive
it answers to problems which had arisen and seldom is it that it is proactive. Secondly
even the phraseology of a provision may not fit with the legislative intent or may not
match with other provisions of the Act. Research highlights these gaps and inbuilt
ambiguities.
o Determining coherence, stability and consistency- Via a process of critical
evaluation of the law a researcher can exhibit the consistency, coherence and stability
in the law. This helps in future designing and development of law, legal provision or
doctrine, as the case may be.
o Social auditing of law- It’s a pre-legislative step done in order to understand and
appreciate the social factors that had an impact on the making of the law. It enables one
to know the stakes the law intends to protect or change and reasons for the same. Such
an audit helps to identify gap, if any between the legal ideal and the social reality and
to know the reasons responsible thereof. It also enables us to predict the future of law.
o Suggesting reforms- In the light of the research reforms can be proposed in precise
terms. These outcomes can be on the basis of an analytical, historical and comparative
research.

PROBLEMS OF LEGAL RESEARCH

These problems are clustered in, and discussed under, the five major self-evident categories
and they are as follows:
❖ Cultural problems: (i) lack of research, reading, and writing culture, (ii) lack of
institutional commitment, (iii) lack of team spirit for research and publication, (iv) lack
of innovation in diversification of publications, and problems regarding spheres of
focus in research, (v) weak consumption of research products in the legal professional
community, and poor state of constructive feedback, and (vi) inadequate attention to
relevance research to the real life or actual problems of the society.
❖ Problems related to structure and procedure: (i) lack of faculty-based,
departmentbased, or institution-based research organization, (ii) lack of transparent,
efficient, accessible, and predictable research procedure, (iii) repetitive and useless
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assessment and approval proceedings in law schools, (iv) lack of guidelines in directing
and monitoring relevance, expedience and problem solving effectiveness of research
and publications, (v) lack of clear standard for publish ability and vague policies that
tend to be more prohibitive than facilitative, and (vi) no publishers specializing in
publishing law books and heavy cost of publication.
❖ Problems related to resources: (i) lack of research fund allocated at national, state,
university, faculty, department, or institution levels, (ii) lack of books, journals,
internet access and network, database, libraries, book allowance, conference fees, etc,
that create conducive research environment, and (iii) lack of incentives-financial and
non-financial such as acknowledgment, and research leave.
❖ Problems relate to competence: (i) problem of research capacity which is manifested
by: (a) most lawyers are ill-prepared for research, (b) poor research methodology
training at the under-graduate level, and (c) lack of staff development schemes in the
area of research and publications, (ii) lack of knowledge about writing and editing, (iii)
language limitations-why should publishable research be in English only? Why not in
Amharic, oromipha? or any of the local and working languages? (iii) most of the junior
staff at the law faculties and/or departments lack [or feel that they lack] the capacity to
formulate a research project, conduct it, and supervise it properly.
❖ Problems of lack of networking and forums: (i) lack of connections with potential
stakeholders with each other (policy makers, legislature, judiciary, universities, fund
generating agencies, etc.), (ii) lack of forums ( such as public lecture, seminars, and
symposia) and other mechanisms of publicizing research products, (iii) lack of link
with private publishers or companies, (iv) lack of access to minutes of debates on bills,
and projects of the legislature, and (v) lack of, or inadequate freedom of information
from various institutions.
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CONCLUSION
“All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to
inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the
significance of research can well be understood. Increased amounts of research make progress
possible. Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development
of logical habits of thinking and organisation. Legal research is a systematic understanding of
the law with a view of its advancement. The purposes of the same are very important to the
people and society because law acts within the society and they both had an impact on each
other. Every kind of research method had its own value. However, while undertaking research
a researcher might face some hurdles but they can be avoiding by proper planning of the
research process. The study of research methodology gives the student the necessary training
in gathering material and arranging or card-indexing them, participation in the field work when
required, and also training in techniques for the collection of data appropriate to particular
problems, in the use of statistics, questionnaires and controlled experimentation and in
recording evidence, sorting it out and interpreting it. All other types of research are variations
of one or more of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research, or the
time required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is done, or on the
basis of some other similar factor.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books referred
1. Kothari C.R., Research Methodology Methods and Techniques (New Age International
Publishers)
2. Myneni, S.R. “Legal Research Methodology” (2012), Faridabad Law Agency.
3. Marie-Luce Paris “Legal Research Methods: Principles and Practicalities” (2016),
Clarus Press.
4. Aynalem, Filipos, Vibhute, Prof (Dr) Khushal “Legal Research Method” (2009),
Universal Publishers.
Research papers referred
1. Frans L. Leeuw “Can legal research benefit from evaluation studies”, Utrecht Law
Review.
2. P. Ishwara Bhat “Comparative Method of Legal Research: Nature, Process and
Potentiality”, Article in Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Volume 57, April-June
2015, Number 2.
3. Sanjeyvignesh J. “Types of Legal Research needed for Law Reform”
4. Kroeze IJ, Legal Research Methodology and the dream of Interdisciplinarity, ISSN
1727- 3781, 2013 Volume 16 No 3
Websites referred
1. Types of Legal Research - Legodesk
2. Descriptive Research - Definition & Methods (bachelorprint.com)
3. Methods and Types of Legal Research for Writing Research Papers - Memo Pundits