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Name: _______________________________ Summer Physics

Ms. Alice Notes #2
Chapter 4: Work and Energy (pgs. 106-127 )
Work
Work is the force applied through a ___________________.
● It is the __________________ transferred into or out of a system through an applied force.
Work depends on the relative ______________________of the applied force and the motion:
- If the force is parallel to the motion:

- If the force is perpendicular to the motion:

- If the force is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the motion, then:

Examples:
Jenson lifts Jerry 1.5 m into the air, exerting an upwards force of 500 N.
Work done by Jenson =

Jenson then carries Jerry 5 m to the left, exerting an upwards force of 450 N.
Work done by Jenson =

Jerry is upset, so he pushes Jenson 2 m to the right with a force of 400 N.

Work done by Jerry =

However, Jenson uses the friction of his shoes against the floor to slow himself down. The friction
exerts a force of 200 N over the 2 m he travels.
Work done by friction =

Machines
A machine is a device that changes the _________________ or increases the motion from work.
A simple machine is a machine that does work with only one _________________ of the machine.
➔ There are six types of simple machines: Lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane,
_________________, and wedge.
A compound machine is a combination of two or more simple machines.
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Why Machines are Useful:
➢ Increase speed

➢ Change direction of force

➢ Increase force

Efficiency
Efficiency is the _________________ of output work to input work.
Machines cannot _________________ both force and speed at the same time.

You ___________________ put more work into a machine than you get out of it.
- Machines are always _______________ efficient.

Example: Charlie does 200 J of work pulling the rope in a pulley system to lift a large box of jelly.
The output work from the pulley system is 120 J. What is the efficiency of the pulley system?

Energy
Energy is the ability to cause _________________. You can also say it’s the ability to do work.

A system is anything around which you can imagine a ____________________. It can be a single
object or a group of objects.
- When one system does work on a second system, __________________ is transferred from
the first system to the second one.
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Forms of Energy
Kinetic energy is energy due to _________________.

KE stands for kinetic energy (in Joules (J))

m is the mass of the object (in kg)
v is the _________________ of the object (in m/s)

Potential energy is energy that is _________________ due to the interactions between objects. There
are several kinds of potential energy:
❖ Elastic potential energy is energy that is stored by ________________________ or
______________________ an object.

❖ Chemical potential energy is energy that is due to chemical _________________.

❖ Gravitational potential energy is energy that is due to the ________________________

forces between objects.

Height is measured _____________________ to a given reference level, which you can

decide through _____________________. Often you use the floor or the ground. It could also
be the Earth’s center, but you don’t really see that often.

Examples:
Henry (2 kg) is flying through the air in a straight line at 20 m/s. Timmy jumps and estimates that
Henry flies about 3 m above the ground.
1. What is Henry’s kinetic energy?

2. What is Henry’s gravitational potential energy? (g = 10 m/s2)

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Conservation of Energy
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be _________________ or destroyed.
Energy can only be _________________ from one form to another or _________________ from
place to place.

Mechanical energy is the ____________ of the kinetic and potential energies of the objects in a
system.
- Includes KE, _________________ PE, and gravitational PE.
- Excludes _________________ energy, thermal energy, and chemical PE.
Mechanical energy is not necessarily conserved because of this, but for our purposes, we can often
consider it to be _____________________ in a system.

Power
Power is the rate at which _________________ is converted.

Example: Dayan converts 800 J of chemical energy (from his body) to lift William. This takes 4
seconds. What was Dayan’s power?
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Chapter 5: Thermal Energy (pgs. 138-159)
Temperature
In all matter, particles (atoms, ions, molecules) are in constant, _________________ motion.

The temperature of an object is the measure of the _________________ kinetic energy of the
particles that make up that object.

- The particles in something hot (like a stove) move ___________________, on average, than
the particles in something colder (like bubble milk tea).

Thermal Energy
The thermal energy of an object is the ______________ of the kinetic energy and the potential
energy of all the particles that make up that object.

→ KE increases as the particles move ___________________.

→ PE increases as the particles move ___________________ apart.

→ Thermal energy ___________________ as temperature increases.

Thermal energy also depends on ________________.

❖ 100 mL of water at 25°C has _______________ as much thermal energy as 200 mL of water
at 25°C.

Heat
Heat is energy that is transferred between objects due to a temperature ______________________
between those objects.

- Warmer objects always heat cooler objects! The __________________ cannot occur.
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Specific Heat
The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
_________________ of that material by _________________.
➢ Water has a very ______________ specific heat (4.2 kJ/(kg・°C)).
○ This makes water a very good coolant. It can absorb a lot of thermal energy without a
___________________ change in temperature.
➢ Metals have relatively ______________ specific heats.
○ To raise the temperature by just 1°C, water needs to absorb almost ____________
more thermal energy than iron.

Specific heat can be measured using a ______________________.

Calculating Q
Q is the ___________________ in thermal energy in an object.
Thermal energy equation:

Q is the change in thermal energy, in Joules

m is the mass of the object, in kg
Tf - Ti is the temperature change, in °C (but Kelvin also works)
Tf - Ti can also be thought of as ΔT
C is the specific heat of the material, in J/(kg・°C)

Example:
A ceramic pizza stone has a mass of 3 kg and a specific heat of 1000 J/(kg・°C). The pizza stone is
heated in an oven in preparation for cooking a delicious pizza. Its temperature rises from 20°C to
220°C. What is the change in thermal energy of the pizza stone?

Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by ___________________ between the particles that
make up matter.
Some materials transfer thermal energy through conduction faster than others:
★ Solids and _________________ are better conductors than _________________.
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★ The best conductors are _________________.
○ Some of their electrons are free to move around since they’re not
___________________ to individual atoms. This allows for more collisions.
○ Silver, copper, and ___________________ are especially great at conducting.

Convection
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the _________________ of warmer and
cooler fluid.

Fluids _________________ in density as they are heated. Within a given sample of fluid, there are
parts that are warmer and parts that are cooler. This causes differences in _________________
throughout the fluid.

The warmer fluid is ______________ dense, so it rises to the top of the fluid; the cooler portions are
______________ dense and tend to sink to the bottom.

- That’s how convection ____________________ form!

Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of energy by __________________________ waves, such as light and
microwaves.

When radiation strikes a material, the material absorbs, __________________, and transmits some of
the radiant energy.

Unlike conduction/convection, radiation doesn’t need _________________ to be present to transfer

energy. In fact, radiation travels through the _________________ between particles, so it travels
through _________________ more easily.

Particles can absorb and _________________ radiation.

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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships between thermal energy, heat, and ____________.

- Heat and work increase the thermal energy of a __________________.

The first law of thermodynamics states that if the _______________________ energy of a system is
constant, the increase in thermal energy of that system equals the sum of the thermal energy transfers
into that system and the work done on that system.

A system is isolated if there are no energy transfers between that system and its surroundings. The
total energy of an isolated system __________________ change.

A system is non-isolated if energy is transferred between the system and its surroundings. The total
energy of a non-isolated system __________________ change.

The second law of thermodynamics states that energy __________________________ spreads from
regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.