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Study of Compounds A. Hydrogen Chloride Exercise Ex. 8

Solution 1
DRAW THE DIAGRAM ON YOUR OWN
a. Concentrated H2SO4
b. The balanced equation for the

reaction:
c. The drying agent used in drying hydrogen chloride gas is conc. sulphuric
acid.
d. Phosphorous pentoxide and calcium oxide are good drying agents, but
they cannot be used to dry hydrogen chloride gas because they react with
hydrogen chloride.

e. Hydrogen chloride gas is highly soluble in water. Therefore, it is not

collected over water. Direct absorption in water may lead to back suction
of HCl solution in reaction flask.
f. The funnel arrangement is done to dissolve HCl gas in water.

Solution 2
(a) Anhydrous HCl is poor conductor due to the absence of ions in it whereas aqueous HCl
is excellent conductor since it contains ions as HCl ionizes in water.
(b) When the stopper is opened HCl gas comes in contact with water vapours of air and
gives white fumes due to the formation of hydrochloric acid as it is highly soluble in
water
(c) A solution of HCl in water gives hydronium ions as HCl is a polar covalent compound
and ionises in water(another polar covalent compound) and conducts electricity, but HCl
is also soluble in dry toluene(a non polar covalent compound), but in that case it neither
(i) turns blue litmus red (ii) nor does conducts electricity. This indicates the absence of
H+ ions in toluene showing thereby that hydrogen chloride does not ionise in toluene
(d) When ammonium hydroxide is brought near the mouth of HCl, dense white fumes are
formed due to the formation of ammonium chloride.
HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O
(e) Dry hydrogen chloride is not acidic whereas moist Hydrogen chloride is acidic. In
presence of a drop of water HCl gas dissolves in water and forms hydrochloric acid (which
has hydronium ions and Chloride ions) presence of Hydronium ion turns blue litmus
paper red.
(f) Hydrogen chloride is not collected over water as it is highly soluble in water.
Solution 3
(a) Hydrochloric acid is prepared by this method.
(b) The reactants are sodium chloride and Conc.Sulphuric acid.
(c) The empty flask acts as Anti-Suction device. In case the back suction occurs the water
will collect in it and will not reach the generating flask.
(d) The drying agent is Conc. Sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is chosen as drying agent
because it does not react with HCl.
(e) The Inverted funnel :
Prevents or minimizes back suction of water.
Provides a large surface area for absorption of HCl gas.
Solution 4(a)
i. The experiment is the fountain experiment and is used to demonstrate
solubility.
ii. The colour of the water that has entered the round-bottomed flask is
red.
Solution 4(b)
When hydrogen chloride is collected by downward delivery or upward
displacement, it shows that it is heavier than air.
Solution 5
a. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.
b. Dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated by boiling beyond 22.2%
because when it reaches this concentration ,it forms azeotrope/constant
boiling mixture(at 110 0C) .Thus HCl also evaporates along with water and
no further increase in concentration will occur.
Solution 6
We can prove that hydrochloric acid contains both hydrogen and chlorine by the following
experiment.
Carry out electrolysis of HCl solution.(Concentration of HCl should be
more)
It is seen that a colourless gas is evolved at cathode and a greenish gas is evolved at
anode.
When a burning splinter is brought near a colourless gas, it bursts into flame thereby
proving that it is hydrogen gas.
When moist starch iodide paper is held in the greenish yellow gas, it turns blue black,
thereby proving that the gas is chlorine.
2HCl ---- > H2 + Cl2
This experiment proves that hydrochloric acid contains both hydrogen and chlorine.

Solution 7
(a) Manganese dioxide
(b) Hydrogen chloride and ammonia
(c) Hydrogen and oxygen
(d) AgCl(Silver chloride)
(e) Aqua regia
(f) Fountain experiment
(g) Hydrogen chloride gas
Solution 8
A is Silver nitrate
B is Hydrochloric acid
C is Silver chloride
Solution 9
(a) NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O
(b) NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + SO2
(c) Pb(NO3)2 +2HCl PbCl2 +2HNO3
(d) Pb3O4 + 8HCl 3PbCl2 +4H2O +Cl2
Solution 10
a. Sodium carbonate on treating with dil.HCl :Brisk effervescence of a
colourless odourless gas are seen ,the gas turns lime water milky.

Sodium sulphite on treating with dil.HCl :A gas with burning sulphur smell
is evolved which turns KMnO4 solution from pink to colourless.

b. Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dil. HCl to produce a gas with burning
sulphur smell and precipitates yellow sulphur.

Sulphur is not precipitated when sulphites are treated with dil.HCl.

Solution 11
Three tests are:

Solution 12
Typical properties of acid:
1)Reaction of Dilute HCl with carbonate : Sodium carbonate on treating
with dil.HCl :Brisk effervescence of a colourless odourless gas are seen ,the
gas turns lime water milky.
2)Reaction of Dilute HCl with metal:A colourless odourless gas is evolved
which burns with pop sound when burning splinter is brought near it.
3)Reaction of Dil HCl withSulphite:
Sodium sulphite on treating with dil.HCl :A gas with burning sulphur smell
is evolved which turns KMnO4 solution from pink to colourless.

Solution 13
When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, hydrochloric acid is
formed. The covalent compound ionises in water because of its polar
nature and it can conduct electricity.

Hydrogen chloride gas is soluble in toluene, but there is an absence of

H3O+ in toluene as toluene is a non polar covalent compound it does not
carry out ionization of HCl, thus, it cannot conduct electricity.

Solution 14(a)
Conversion of metallic nitrates to insoluble metallic chlorides using dil. HCl:

(i)

(ii)

Solution 14(b)
A mixture having three parts of conc. hydrochloric acid and one part of
conc. nitric acid gives nascent chlorine.

Solution 15
S.No. Substances added Gas evolved Odour
1. Calcium carbonate Carbon dioxide Odourless
 2. Magnesium ribbon Hydrogen Odourless

3. Manganese(IV) oxide with Strong Pungent

heating odour
Cl2

Sodium sulphide
4.

Rotten egg
Hydrogen
sulphide

Solution 16
A mixture having three parts of conc. Hydrochloric acid and one part of conc. Nitric acid is
called aqua-regia.
Nitric acid acts as oxidizing agent.
Solution 17
Equations for the reactions of hydrochloric acid on
a. silver nitrate solution

b. magnesium foil

c. caustic soda solution

d. zinc carbonate

e. manganese (IV) oxide

f. copper oxide

Solution 18
A)NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl
B)Zn+ 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
C)HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3
D)MnO2+ 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Solution 19
(a) Fe +2HCl FeCl2 +H2
(b) NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
(c) FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
(d)
Solution 20(2018)
a. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to lead nitrate solution a
white coloured ppt of lead chloride appears.

b. When small piece of zinc is added to dilute hydrochloric acid, bubbles

of a gas observed; the gas burns with pop sound when a burning
match stick is brought near the gas.
Solution 21(2019)
a. - conc H2SO4
b. sodium hydrogen sulphate
Solution 2010
a. Aqua regia is a mixture of Concentrated hydrochloric acid [3 parts] and
concentrated nitric acid [1 part].
b. Silver nitrate solution will give a white ppt. when added to dil.
hydrochloric acid and no change will be observed when added to dil. nitric
acid.
c. Hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas.
Solution 2011
a. Hydrogen chloride gas being highly soluble in water is dried by
conc. sulphuric acid.
b. Balanced chemical equations:
i. Sodium thiosulphate is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid:

ii. Calcium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid:

Ca(HCO3)2 +2HCl ----- > CaCl2 + H2O +CO2
c.
i. Diagram to show the arrangement used for the absorption of HCl gas in
water:
ii. Such an arrangement is necessary to prevent back suction of water into
the apparatus and it provides a large surface area for the dissolution of
hydrogen chloride gas.
iii. Balanced chemical equations for the laboratory preparation of HCl gas:

Solution 2012
a. Aqua regia contains one part by volume of conc. nitric acid and three
parts by volume of conc. hydrochloric acid.
b. Because HCl undergoes a chemical reaction with quicklime.
2HCl + CaO → CaCl2 + H2O
c. Balanced equation for the reaction of conc. hydrochloric acid and
potassium permanganate solution:

d. Balanced equations with conditions for the following conversions:

i. Sodium chloride → Hydrogen chloride

ii. Hydrogen chloride → Iron (II) chloride

iii. Hydrogen chloride → Ammonium chloride

iv. Hydrogen chloride → Lead chloride

Solution 2013
a. i. When potassium sulphite is treated with dilute hydrochloric
acid, sulphur dioxide gas is evolved.

ii. When concentrated hydrochloric acid is made to react with manganese

dioxide, chlorine gas is evolved.

b. i. Hydrogen sulphide gas is evolved which has the smell of rotten eggs.
ii. A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed which is soluble in
ammonium hydroxide.

Solution 2014
a. Quicklime is not used to dry HCl gas because CaO is alkaline.
b. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on sodium sulphide:

c. Dilute HCl is added to sodium carbonate crystals:

Sodium carbonate crystals on reaction with dilute HCl form a gas,
which is evolved with brisk effervescence. The gas turns lime water milky
and has no effect on KMnO4 solution.
d.
i. The gas is HCl (hydrogen chloride) gas.
ii. The extreme solubility of hydrogen chloride gas is demonstrated by the
fountain experiment.
iii. Another gas which has the same property and can be demonstrated
through this experiment is ammonia gas.
Solution 2015
(a) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
(b) Hydrogen chloride
(c)

(i)
(ii) For purification of HCl, it is dried by passing through conc. Sulphuric
acid. It is preferred over the other drying agent because it does not react
with HCl
(iii) i. Temperature should be maintained at nearly 200oC.
ii. Delivery tube should be dipped in drying agent i.e., conc. H2SO4.
iii. The lower end of the thistle funnel must be dipped in
conc. Sulphuric acid.
Solution 2016
(a) Option C
HCl is highly soluble in water.
HCl is highly soluble in water. Its high solubility may be demonstrated by
the fountain experiment.
(b) NaHCO3(s) + HCl(l)→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(c) and(d) are repeated.