CES 220: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING Presenters:

Computer Evolution and Arithmetic

Ramos, Ivon Bonita
Tahir, Kenmuraida
Basisto, Rachel Joy
  COMPUTER
 A computer is a machine or device that
performs processes, calculations, and
operations based on instructions provided by a
software or hardware program.

 The mechanical computer was invented on

early 19th century by Charles Babbage, an
Charles Babbage, an English mechanical
engineer and polymath, originated the concept
of a programmable computer. Considered the "
father of the computer ",
  Desktop Computer- consists of a
computer case and a separate monitor,
keyboard, and mouse. As the name
suggests, this type of computer is
typically placed on a desk and is not
very portable.

 TYPE OF COMPUTERS
 Laptop computer- has the same
components but integrated into a
single, portable unit.

TYPE OF COMPUTERS
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

 Computers are made up of many different

parts, such as a motherboard, CPU, RAM,
and hard drive.

 Each of these parts are made up of

smaller parts, called components.
 Generally speaking, a component is
a element of a larger group.
 Computer evolution refers to the change in computer
technology right from the time computers were first
used to the present.

 Computers in the form of personal desktop computers,

laptops and tablets have become such an important
part of everyday living that it can be difficult to
remember a time when they did not exist.

 Evolution of computers
 THE FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes

(1940-1956)

 The technology behind the primary generation

computers was a fragile glass device, which was
called vacuum tubes. These computers were very
heavy and really large in size.
 First-generation computers were used for
calculation, storage, and control purpose.
  ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert
and John V. Mauchly was a general-
purpose computer. It had been very
heavy, large, and contained 18,000
vacuum tubes.

Main first generation computers are:

 EDVAC: Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
was designed by von Neumann. It
could store data also as
instruction and thus the speed was
enhanced.

 UNIVAC: Universal Automatic

Computer was developed in 1952 by
Eckert and Mauchly.
 Main characteristics of first generation
computers are:
Vacuum tube.
Main electronic component

Machine language.
Programming language

Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.

Main memory

Paper tape and punched cards.

Input/output devices

Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Speed and size

IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.

Examples of the first generation
  Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made
it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed. It reduced
the dimensions and price and thankfully the warmth too, which
was generated by vacuum tubes.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, programming language
and input, and output units also came into the force within the
second generation.
 Programming language was shifted from high level to
programming language and made programming comparatively a
simple task for programmers.

 Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)

 Main characteristics of second generation
computers are:

Transistor.
Main electronic component

Machine language and assembly language.

Programming language

Magnetic core and magnetic tape/disk.

Memory

Magnetic tape and punched cards.

Input/output devices

Smaller in size, low power consumption, and generated less heat (in comparison
with the first generation computers).
Power and size

PDP-8, IBM1400 series, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, CDC 3600 etc.
Second-generation
  During the third generation, technology envisaged a shift
from huge transistors to integrated circuits, also referred
to as IC.

 The most feature of this era’s computer was the speed

and reliability. IC was made from silicon and also called
silicon chips.
 The value size was reduced and memory space and
dealing efficiency were increased during this generation.

 Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits. (1964-1971)

 The main characteristics of third-generation
computers are:

Main electronic
Integrated circuits (ICs)
component

High-level language
Programming language

Large magnetic core, magnetic tape/disk

Memory

Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard, printer, etc.

Input / output devices
Examples of the third
IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, NCR 395, B6500, UNIVAC 1108, etc.
generation
  Fourth Generation Computers: Micro-processors
(1971-Present)
 The most advantage of this technology is that one
microprocessor can contain all the circuits required to
perform arithmetic, logic, and control functions on one
chip.
 The computers using microchips were called
microcomputers. This generation provided the even smaller
size of computers, with larger capacities.
 Technologies like multiprocessing, multiprogramming,
time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual memory made it
a more user-friendly and customary device.
 Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and the
Main electronic component microprocessor (VLSI has thousands of transistors on a
single microchip).

Memory semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)

pointing devices, optical scanning, keyboard, monitor,

Input/output devices
printer, etc.

IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, Alter 8800,
Examples of fourth generation
etc.

 Main characteristics of fourth generation computers are:

 Fifth Generation Computers Artificial intelligence
(Present and Beyond)

 The technology behind the fifth generation

of computers is AI. It allows computers to
behave like humans.
 The speed is highest, size is that the smallest
and area of use has remarkably increased
within the fifth generation computers.
 Based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology
and parallel processing method (ULSI has millions of transistors on a single microchip
Main electronic component
and Parallel processing method use two or more microprocessors to run tasks
simultaneously).

Language Understand natural language (human language).

Size Portable and small in size.

Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognize voice/speech), light
Input / output device
scanner, printer, keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc.

Example of fifth generation Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

 The main characteristics of fifth-generation computers are:

COMPUTER ARITHMETIC
 Computer arithmetic is a department
of computer engineering, that
contracts with methods of
representing integers and actual
values.

 Computer arithmetic is a field of

computer science that investigates
how computers should represent
numbers and perform operations on
them.
  CPU - performs all types of data processing operations. It
stores data, intermediate results, and instructions.
 An arithmetic logical unit (ALU) is a digital circuit
used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It
represents the fundamental building block of the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer.
 Register is a small amount of storage available as part of
a CPU.
 The control unit tells the ALU what operation to perform
on that data, and the ALU stores the result in an output
register. The control unit moves the data between these
registers, the ALU, and memory.

 Components of Computer Arithmetic

  BASIC OPERATION ON ARITHMETIC
 So the first basic arithmetic operation we were
discussing is Addition. The addition is the most
essential operation of arithmetic.
 In its most simplistic form, addition connects two
quantities into a separate quantity or sum.
 The addition method is denoted by the ‘+’ symbol, it ADDITION
includes mixing two or more numbers into a separate
term.
 In addition method, the order does not matter. It
indicates that the addition method is commutative.
It can require any type of number whether it was a
real or complex number, fraction, decimals.
  The subtraction action allows the variance within
two numbers. Subtraction is defined by the (-)
symbol.
 It is most related to addition but, it is the conjugate
of the next term.
 It is the opposite process of addition. The addition of
the term with the adverse term is known as
subtraction.
 This method is mostly used to discover how many
are left when some things are taken off.

•SUBTRACTION
• MULTIPLICATION
 Multiplication is known as recited
addition, it is denoted by( × ), it also
connects with two or more conditions to
appear in a single value.
 The multiplication method involves
multiplicand, multiplier. The consequence
of the multiplication regarding
multiplicand and the multiplier is called
the product.
  The division is mainly expressed through the
‘÷‘ symbol and is the reverse of
multiplication. It creates two terms, dividend
and divisor, where the dividend is divided
through the divisor, to give a single term
value.
 If the dividend is larger than the divisor, the
result achieved is higher than 1, or else it
would be smaller than one.

•DIVISION
 FLOOTING POINT OPERATION

 A floating-point operation is any

2.5 & ⅝
mathematical operation (such as +, -, *, /)
or assignment that involves floating-point
numbers (as opposed to binary integer
operations). Floating-point numbers have
decimal points in them.
THANKYOU & GODBLESS!