MENG375 Machine Element I

TORSION & STATIC FAILURE THEORIES

By: Assist. Prof. Dr. Babak Safaei

10th November 2022

Problem #5
 Compute the amount of torque in a shaft transmitting 750 W of power while rotating
at 183 rad/s. (Note: This is equivalent to the output of a 1.0-hp, 4-pole electric motor,
operating at its rated speed of 1750 rpm.

Problem #6
 Compute the torque on a shaft transmitting 1.0 hp while rotating at 1750 rpm. Note
that these conditions are approximately the same as those for which the torque was
computed in Problem 5 using Sl units.

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 Problem #7
 Compute the maximum torsional shear stress in a shaft having a diameter of 10 mm
when it carries a torque of 4.10 N • m.

Problem #8
 Compute the angle of twist of a 10-mm-diameter shaft carrying 4.10 N • m of torque
if it is 250 mm long and made of steel with G = 80 GPa. Express the result in both
radians and degrees.

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STRESSES IN CYLINDERS
 Cylinders are often used as pressure vessels or pipelines and can be subjected to
internal and/or external pressure as shown in Figure. Some common applications are
air or hydraulic cylinders, fluid storage tanks and pipes, and gun barrels. Some of
these devices are open-ended and some are closed-ended.
 If open-ended, a two-dimensional stress state will exist in the cylinder walls, with
radial and tangential (hoop) stress components.
 If close-ended, a third-dimensional stress called longitudinal or axial will also be
present.

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Thick-Walled Cylinders
 As shown in Figure, an annular differential element is shown at radius r. The radial
and tangential stresses on that element for an open-ended cylinder are given by
Lame’s equation:

where ri and ro are the inside and outside radii, pi and po are the internal and external
pressures, respectively, and r is the radius to the point of interest.
 Note that these stresses vary nonlinearly throughout the wall thickness.
 If the ends of the cylinder are closed, the axial stress in the walls is:

Note the absence of r in this equation as the axial stress is uniform throughout the wall
thickness.
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Thick-Walled Cylinders
 If the external pressure po = 0, then the equations reduce to

 and if closed-ended:

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Thin-Walled Cylinders
 When the wall thickness is less than about 1/10 of the radius, the cylinder can be
considered thin-walled. The stress distribution across the thin wall can be
approximated as uniform, and the expressions for stress simplify to

 and if closed-ended:

 All of these equations are valid only at locations removed from any local stress
concentrations or changes in section.

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES
 Why do parts fail? This is a question that has occupied scientists and engineers for
centuries. Much more is understood about various failure mechanisms today than was
known even a few decades ago, largely due to improved testing and measuring
techniques.

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES
 This Figure shows the Mohr’s circle for the stress state in a torsion test specimen. The
torsion test slowly applies a pure torsion loading to the part and causes a shear stress.
 However, the Mohr’s circle shows that a normal stress is also present, which happens
to be exactly equal to the shear stress.

 In general, ductile, isotropic materials in static

tensile loading are limited by their shear strengths
while brittle materials are limited by their tensile
strengths.
 This situation requires that we have different
failure theories for the two classes of materials,
ductile and brittle.

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES
 Most importantly, we must carefully define what we mean by failure. A part may fail
if it yields and distorts sufficiently to not function properly. Also, a part may fail by
fracturing and separating. Either of these conditions is a failure, but the mechanisms
causing them can be very different. Only ductile materials may yield significantly
before fracturing.

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES
 Another significant factor in failure is the character of the loading, whether it is static
or dynamic. Static loads are slowly applied and remain essentially constant with time.
Dynamic loads are either suddenly applied (impact loads) or repeatedly varied with
time (fatigue loads), or both.

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The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy
Theory
 The microscopic yielding mechanism is now understood to be due to relative sliding
of the material’s atoms within their lattice structure. This sliding is caused by shear
stress and is accompanied by distortion of the shape of the part. The energy stored in
the part from this distortion is an indicator of the magnitude of the shear stress
present.
 TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY
 It was once thought that the total strain energy stored in the material was the cause of
yield failure, but experimental evidence did not bear this out.
 Total strain energy in a unit volume at any point in that range as

 Extending this to a three-dimensional stress state gives

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The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy
Theory
 This expression can be put in terms of principal stresses alone by substituting the
Relationships

where ν is Poisson’s ratio, giving

 HYDROSTATIC LOADING
 Very large amounts of strain energy can be stored in materials without failure if they
are hydrostatically loaded to create stresses that are uniform in all directions. This can
be done in compression very easily by placing the specimen in a pressure chamber.
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The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy
Theory
 COMPONENTS OF STRAIN ENERGY
 The total strain energy in a loaded part can be considered to consist of two
components—one due to hydrostatic loading which changes its volume, and one due
to distortion, which changes its shape.
 If we separate the two components, the distortion-energy portion will give a measure
of the shear stress present. Let Uh represent the hydrostatic or volumetric component
and Ud the distortion-energy component, then

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The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy
Theory
 For a volumetric change with no distortion, the term in parentheses in equation in
page no. 16 must be zero, giving an expression for the volumetric or hydrostatic
component of stress σh:

 Now, the strain energy Uh associated with the hydrostatic volume change can be
found

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The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy
Theory
 DISTORTION ENERGY

 To obtain a failure criterion, we will compare the distortion energy per unit volume to
the distortion energy per unit volume present in a tensile test specimen at failure,
because the tensile test is our principal source of material-strength data.

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The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy
Theory
 VON MISES EFFECTIVE STRESS
 It is often convenient in situations involving combined tensile and shear stresses
acting on the same point to define an effective stress that can be used to represent the
stress combination.
 The von Mises effective stress σ’ is defined as the uniaxial tensile stress that would
create the same distortion energy as is created by the actual combination of applied
stresses.
 For the three-dimensional case is

 For the two-dimensional case is

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The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy
Theory
 SAFETY FACTOR

 For the three-dimensional stress case this becomes

 For the two-dimensional case is

 The shear yield strength Sys

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Thank you for your attention

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