CHAPTER 3

Trigonometry

Lecturer : Ms Siti Salmiah Binti Yatim

Msc Mathematics (UKM)
sitisalmiah@mahsa.edu.my

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Objectives

1. Know basic trigonometry.

2. Learn and use sine and cosine rules.
3. Learn and us formula to find triangle formula.
4. Learn trigonometry identities formula.
5. Solve trigonometry identities.
6. Solve trigonometry equation and inequalities.

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Ratio Names and Abbreviations

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Trigonometry

• From Greek word trigonon “triangle” + metron “measure”

• Trigonometry helps us to find angles and distances and used a lot in science,
engineering and many more.
• Usually used right angle triangle

Adjacent : next to the angle

Opposite : opposite the angle
Hypotenuse : the longest side

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Trigonometry Ratios

Opp
toa = tan  =
Adj
Remember
Opp
soh = sin  =
Hypo
Adj
cah = cos  =
Hypo

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Trigonometry Ratio

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Trigonometry Ratio

Example 1 Example 2
Find the opposite and adjacent lengths. Given the right angle triangle have tan = 0.25
Find another two side angle and hypotenuse
length if the shortest side of triangle is 1.

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Trigonometry Ratio

Example 3
Given that a right angle triangle have
cot = 1.5 . Find the another two side
angle and ratio of all sides.

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Sine Law

The Law of Sines ( or Sine Rule) is very useful for solving triangles.

The formula used is a b c

= =
sin A sin B sin C

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Sine Law

Example 1
Given that triangle ABC have A = 40, C = 65 . Find the length of AC and AB given
that BC is 6 cm.

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Sine Law

Example 2
Solve triangle ABC given that B=40
,b=5cm
,c=7cm
.

Can have two line AC or two triangle.

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Cosine Law

For any triangle :

The formula

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Cosine Law

Example 1
Find the angle C for the following triangle.

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos(C )
8 2 = 9 2 + 5 2 − 2(9)(5) cos(C )

cos(C ) =
42
90
−1  42 
C = cos  
 90 
C = 62.2

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Cosine Law

Example 2
Find the length of z for the following
triangle.
Let z = c
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos(C )
c 2 = 9.4 2 + 6.5 2 − 2(9.4)(6.5) cos(131)
c 2 = 88.36 + 42.25 − 122.2  (− 0.656 )
c 2 = 130.61 + 80.17
c 2 = 210.78
c = 14.5 cm
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Area of Triangle

We also can find the area knowing two

sides and the included angle

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Area of Triangle

Example 1
Find the area ABC of the triangle for which a = 15 cm, b = 10 cm and C = 40  .

Area =
1
(a )(b )sin C
2
= (15)(10 )sin 40
1
2
= 48.21cm 2

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Area of Triangle

Example 2
Find the area ABC of the triangle for which a = 12 cm, b = 15 cm and A = 52 .

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Area of Triangle (Heron's Formula)

We also can calculate the area of triangle if we know the length of all three sides.

The formula are

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Area of Triangle (Heron's Formula)

Example 1
Find the area of triangle for which a = 8 cm, b = 6 cm and c = 5 cm.

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Basic Trigonometry

Exercises

1. In a triangle PQR, angle Q = 50  , R = 55  and area of triangle is 100 cm2 . Find the length of each
side of triangle.
2. Find the area of triangle ABC given that
a. B = 40, a = 10 cm, C = 60, ans = 28.263
b. a = 9 cm , b = 8 cm, c = 10 cm, ans = 34.197
c. a = 9 cm, b = 8 cm, C = 50, ans = 27.58

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Trigonometry Identities

What is an identity?
Identity is a statement that two expressions are equal for every value of variable.

Example : x + x = 2 x

The left hand expression always equals to the right hand expression, no matter what x equals.

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Trigonometry Identities

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Trigonometry Identities

References of trigonometry

A-Add
S-Sugar
T-To
C-Coffee
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Trigonometry Identities

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Trigonometry Identities

Example

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Trigonometry Identities

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Pythagorean Identities

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Pythagorean Identities

Example 1 Example 2

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Pythagorean Identities

Example 3

Hint
a 2 − b 2 = (a + b )(a − b )

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Sum and Difference Formulae

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Sum and Difference Formulae

Example 1 Example 2

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Sum and Difference Formulae

Example 3 Example 4

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Double Angle Formulae

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Double Angle Formulae

Example 1 Example 2

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Half Angle Formulae

Example 1

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Factor Formulae

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Factor Formulae

Example 1

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Factor Formulae

Example 2

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Exercises

Prove the following trigonometry functions.

a. 1+sin
2A=(sin
A+cos
A)2
b. cos ec A − 2 cot 2 A cos A = 2 sin A
c. 1 + tan A
sec 2 A + tan 2 A =
1 − tan A

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Ans: a)

1+ sin2A = cos2 A+ sin2 A+ 2sinAcosA

= (sinA+ cosA
)
2

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Ans: b)
1 2 cos 2 A
cos ec A − 2 cot 2 A cos A = − cos A
sin A sin 2 A

=
1
−
( )
2 1 − 2 sin 2 A (cos A)
sin A 2 sin A cos A
1 cos A − 2 sin 2 A cos A
= −
sin A sin A cos A
1 cos A 2 sin 2 A cos A
= − +
sin A sin A cos A sin A cos A
1 1
= − + 2 sin A
sin A sin A
= 2 sin A (proved)

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Ans: c) 1 sin 2 A
sec 2 A + tan 2 A = +
cos 2 A cos 2 A
1 + sin 2 A 1 + sin 2 A
= =
cos 2 A cos 2 A − sin 2 A
cos 2 A + sin 2 A + 2 sin A cos A
=
(cos A − sin A)(cos A + sin A)
=
(cos A + sin A)(cos A + sin A)
(cos A − sin A)(cos A + sin A)
=
(cos A + sin A)
(cos A − sin A)
 sin A 
1+ 
 cos A 
=
 sin A 
1−  
 cos A 
1 + tan A
=
1 − tan A

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 Application of
Trigonometry Problems

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Trigonometry Expression

Basic graph of trigonometry

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Trigonometry Expression

All the expressions of the form acosx bsinx can be expressed as

R cos( x   ) or R sin (x   )

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Trigonometry Expression Formula

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Trigonometry Expression

Example 1

4 cos  + 3 sin  =
r = 4 2 +3 2 = 5
3
 = tan −1 = 36.87
4
4 cos  + 3 sin  = 5 cos( − 36.87)

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Trigonometry Expression

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Trigonometry Expression

Example 2

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Trigonometry Expression

Example 3

sin

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Trigonometry Expression

Example 4
Express 4sinx + 3cosx in the form of R sin (x +  ), where R  0 and 0 0    90 0 ,
hence.,
a) solve the equation 4 sin x + 3 cos x = 2 1 for 0 0  x  360 0 ,
2
b) determine the maximum and minimum values of 4 sin x + 3 cos x and state the
values x where the maximum and minimum occur.

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First Degree Trigonometric Equations

These are equations where there is one kind of trigonometric function in the equation and that
function is raised to the first power.

Example :

1. 2 sin( x ) = −1
2. sin ( x ) + 2 = 3
3. sin ( x ) = 1

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First Degree Trigonometric Equations

Example 1 Example 2

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First Degree Trigonometric Equations

Example 3 Example 4

( )
Solve tan 2 x − 25 0 = 1, 0 0  x  360 0 .

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First Degree Trigonometric Equations

Example 5
 
Solve cos 4 x +  = −
1
, 00  x 
 3 2 2

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Second Degree Trigonometric Equations

• These are equations that have one kind of Trigonometric function that is squared in the problem.

• We solve this equations like quadrac equations and attemp to factor them into 1 st degree factors
or we can use substitution methods with the quadratic formula.

• Examples :
2
sin ()−sin()−2=0
4 sin 2 ( ) − 1 = 0

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Second Degree Trigonometric Equations

Example 1 Example 2

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Second Degree Trigonometric Equations

Example 3
Solve the equation 8 2
secx= −
11
2tan 0
xfor
0 x 0
360

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Exercises :
1. Find the maximum and minimum values for the expression 3sinx − 4cosx and find the values of x

where 0  x  360 . (Ans : 143.13,323.14 )

2. Solve the equations of angle in the range 0  x  360
a. 4 sin  − 3 cos = 0 (Ans: 36.9,216.9 )
b. tan 2 = 1 (Ans: 22.5,112.5,202.5,292.5 )
3. Show that the equation sec = 5 tan + 3 cos can be written in the form 3 sin 2  − 5 sin  − 2 = 0 .
Hence solve the equation for 0  x  360. (Ans: 199.47,340.53 )

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