EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION

DENOTATIVE EQUIVALENCE (sở thị)

SL & TL words refer to the same thing in the real world
referential identity between SL & TL units (tham chiếu)
ex: chair -> ghế, car -> ô tô
ONE-TO-NONE
ex: Youtube, Instagram, ...
CONNOTATIVE EQUIVALENCE (biểu cảm)
same communicative values in mind of SL & TL speakers (liên quan đến
lựa chọn từ vựng) = stylistic equivalence
connotations of speech level, socially determined usage, register, ....
ex: poetic (văn thơ) : Empyrean=the sky: thiên cung
ONE-TO-PART (khó để dịch hết nghĩa)
ex: rồng rắn lên mây -> Dragon snake game -> trò chơi rồng rắn
TEXT NORMATIVE EQUIVALENCE (chuẩn vb)
SL, TL words are used in the same context
relates to text and language norms (quy phạm, quy chuẩn)
ex; Dear sir/ madam -> Kính gửi... , Yours sincerely -> Kính thư ; or
legal document
ONE-TO-SEVERAL
ex: die -> chết, qua đời,...
PRAGMATIC EQUIVALENCE (ngữ dụng/truyền đạt)
SL & TL words have same effect on readers
= communicative/ dynamic equivalence
ex: Do you have salt? -> Nhà bạn có muối không? / Cho mình xin chút
muối với.
ONE-TO-ONE
ex: batching plant -> trạm trộn, thả diều -> flying the kite
FORMAL EQUIVALENCE (dạng thức)
= expressive equivalence
relates to form & aesthetic of text: rhythm, word play, metaphor,...
used in poems, songs, ...
ex: song "Love song" -> câu chuyện tình yêu ...