TOPIC 2: FUNCTIONS I PROPERTIES OF LINES The gradient ofthe line passing through A(ry, 9) and Bray) is m= BE = =m The gradient of any horizontal line is zero, The gradient of any vertical line is undefined ‘The yeintereept ofa line i the value of y where the Fie cus the waxis, The intercept ofa line isthe value of where the line cuts the x-axis. PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES ‘The gradients of parle ines are equal The gradients of pemendicula ines are negative reciprocals r raion my salen a EQUATION OF A LINE “The equation ofa fine can be presented i ‘© gradient-intereept form y= mx +e where m isthe gradient and eis the y-intercept © general form ax + by = © point gradient form y~ yy = m(e— a1) ‘You should be able ta find the equation ofa ine given: «its gradient and the coordinates of any point on the line © the coordinates of two dit points on the line: FUNCTIONS y = f(x) ‘A relation between variables rand is any set of points inthe (x,y) plane. A function i a relation in which no two different ordered pairs have the same 2-coordinate or first component. For each value of x there is at most one value of y oF (x). werseets ‘We test for functions using the vertiea Hine test. A graph isa function ifn vertical line the graph more than once. For example the graph of the civele 2? + y= 1 shows that this relation isnot a function, The domain of rolation isthe st of values that ean take. To find the domain o a funtion, remember that we eannot: divide by zero 1© take the square root oF a negative number, ‘The range ofa relation is the set ovale that y orf) eam tke, INVERSE FUNCTIONS, {A fumetion is one-to-one if foreach value of, theres only one vale of, One-to-one fnetions sai the horizontal Hine tes Ifa fanetion f(s one-to-one, thas an inverse funetion fe). Lf maps.eto ys then J! mops y back wo y= SMe) isa eeMection of y= f(x) inthe line y = x The domain of /! is equal wo the range of f The ange of f-? issequal to the domain off.GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS ‘The 2-intercepts ofa function are the values of for which y = 0. They are the zeros ofthe function, “The y-intercept ofa function is the value of y when ‘An asymptote is. line thatthe graph approaches or begins to look like asi tends to infinity in a particular direction. hocizontal asymptote <0. ‘To find vertical asymptotes, look for values of« for which the function is undefined. ‘To find horizontal asymptote, consider the behaviour as 2 + +20, ‘You should be able to use technology to: ‘© graph function find the domain and range © find axes imercepts find turing poims © find asymptotes ‘© find where functions meet. MODELLING Mathematical models are developed using a modelling eye: ‘Step 1: Pose a real-world problem. Make assumptions which simplify the problem without missing key features. ‘Step 2: Develop a model which represents the problem with mathematics. This may involve a formula or an equation. ‘Step 3: Test the model by comparing its predictions with known data, Ifthe model is unsatisfactory return to Step 2. ‘Step 4: Reflect on your mode! and apply it to your original problem, interpreting the solution in its real-world context. ‘Step 5: \fappropriae, extend your mode! to make it more general or accurate as needed. ws oa |_| Doi rete [sco] Reto | | pe model ‘model scaernly the model ‘You should be able to solve systems of equations using technology to find unknown parameters in models.QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS. ‘A quadratic function has the form y = ax? + hr +6, a 0, ‘The graph is parabola with the following properties: © Niscomavespita>0 \f mdemenedomit aco. © ls axis of symmetry is = vertex ha rcooniate =. The psvondinae ff vrei md eset bby substituting 2 = =? into the function. symmetry > If a >0 the vertex isa minimum turing point. > If a <0 the vertex is a maximum tuning point. mare svimtrcop ‘You should be abe to use technology to find points at which: leer eton met quad wo quanto mec VARIATION MODELS: Variation models have the form y= ar", n €Z, m0 If n> weave dret variation © IF <0 wehave inverse variation, ‘The graph passes through the origin (0, 0). ‘The graph is asym to both the r and y axes. ’ — aor — oe rot 5 Se ye ‘You should be able to: ‘¢ use a point which lies on the graph ofa variation model to Find the exact equation of the variation model ‘+ use technology to find the variation model which best isa set of data,EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS Inthis course you need to deal with exponential functions of the form: * paket te ov Incach case: ‘© cand & contol the steepness of the curve the equation ofthe horizontal asymptote ‘You will also need to deal with natural exponential functions ofthe form y= he"* + [Exponential functions are commonly used to model growth and deeay problems. Exponential equations are equations where the variable appears in an index or exponent. You should beable to solve exponential ‘equations using technology. PERIODIC FUNCTIONS A periodie funetion is one which epeats itself over and over ina horizontal direction, For example, a wave oscillates about a horizontal line called ipaximam point the principal axis. ‘The period of periodic function isthe length of one cycle. ‘The amplitude isthe distance between a maximum or minimum point and the principal axis. minimum point ‘SINUSOIDAL MODELS ‘The sinusoidal models considered inthis course have the form y = asin) + or y= con(bz) +d For these models: ar © the amplitude is || ‘© the principal axis is y ~ «the period is