REFLECTION PAPER

1. Classical Period
The Republic by Plato = Since the mid -nineteenth century, the republic has been Plato's
most famous and widely read dialogue and the main character in this story is none other than
Socrates Socrates's goal is to build a position on justice and its relation to eudemonia, and here
it is indicated in the story that people have two main questions and that is justice and
happiness and because of this Socrates and his colleagues built a fair speaking city Called
kallipolis, Socrates formed the kallipolis organization because he thought he could develop in
the next generation a variety of subjects such as education, nature structures and many more.
Socrates and Glaucon visited Piraeus to attend a celebration in honour of the Thracian
goddess Bendis and took them home to polemarchus and Socrates talked to cephalus, and in
the middle of their conversation Socrates and Polemarchus argued because for polemarchus
the justice meant you were asking someone to hurt their enemies, Socrates teaches that the
shepherd's concern for his sheep is different from his concern for making money and this story
wants to convey no matter what and Socrates will fight for equal justice for all people.

2. Middle Age
Summa Theological by Thomas Aquinas = the Summa Theological is St. Thomas
Aquinas' most famous work. It covers issues such as Christian morals, ethics, law, and Christ's
life. The Catholic Church's current beliefs support many of the points made in this collection of
essays. The Summa Theological, authored by Thomas Aquinas in the early middle Ages, sheds
light on Christian perspectives on human growth and ensoulment. Aquinas believed that human
life began with a vegetative spirit that needed to develop further before gaining sensitive and
intellectual abilities.

3. Nineteenth Century
Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill = Jeremy Bentham was a follower of John Stuart Mill,
but he disagreed with certain of his beliefs. He claimed that simple pleasures, such as physical
pleasures, were just as wonderful as more sophisticated and complicated pleasures, at least in
terms of intrinsic value. Mill pushed for improvements to the theory that would allow for such
intuitions. Mill maintained that it is preferable to be a dissatisfied Socrates rather than a
satisfied fool, or an oyster 'living an immensely long life' rather than a regular person. He
further claimed that the principle could be demonstrated using another well-known argument:
that people want to be happy.
Mill provides an alternative to Bentham's approach, which has been dubbed a swine morality
since it locates the good in pleasure in an indiscriminate manner. Many of the same intuitions
could be accommodated under Bentham's framework. When a student chooses to prepare for
an exam rather than go to a party, she is making the best decision possible, even if she is
foregoing immediate gratification. Internal sanctions emotions like guilt and sorrow that serve
to limit our behaviour were emphasized in Mill's version of utilitarianism. He believed that
motivation is underpinned by natural elements of human psychology such as conscience and
feeling of justice. The justification, of course, must be dealt with separately. His arguments for
women's suffrage and free speech are motivated by a desire to make people happier. Mill, like
Bentham, tried to apply utilitarianism to law and social policy. If it is possible to demonstrate
that a supposed right or responsibility is detrimental, it is clear that it is not genuine. Mill argues
in Utilitarianism that morality is not only useful, but also necessary for living a decent life. A
person who lacks virtue is ethically deficient and unable to promote the common good. Mill
appears to equate aesthetics with virtue, while morality is relegated to the realm of duty.