G11 Phy CH-3 Study Material

11 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PAPER
-Solution :-
PART – I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS
1. When a car takes a sudden left turn in the curved road, passengers are pushed
towards the right due to
(a) inertia of direction (b) inertia of motion
(c) inertia of rest (d) absence of inertia
-Solution :-
 The inability of an object to change its direction of motion on its own is called Answer (c) Normal force exerted by the book on the table
inertia of direction. 5. Two masses m1 and m2 are experiencing the same force where m1 < m2. The
𝒂
Answer (a) inertia of direction ratio of their acceleration 𝟏 is
𝒂𝟐
2. An object of mass m held against a vertical wall by applying (a) 1 (b) less than 1
horizontal force F as shown in the figure. The minimum value of (c) greater than 1 (d) all the three cases
the force F is -Solution :-
(a) Less than mg (b) Equal to mg  Let F1 and F2 be the two forces, then given that,
(c) Greater than mg (d) Cannot determine 𝑎1 𝑚
𝐹1 = 𝐹2 (or) 𝑚1 𝑎1 = 𝑚2 𝑎2 (or) = 𝑚2
-Solution :- 𝑎 2 1
𝑎
 Let ‘F’ be the applied force on the block to hold the block against the wall. The  Since, 𝑚1 < 𝑚2 , we have ; 𝑎1 > 1
2
normal reaction (N) is equal to the applied force (F)
i.e. N = F
Answer (c) Greater than 1
 The limiting force is ; 𝑓 = 𝜇 𝑁 = 𝜇 𝐹 6. Choose appropriate free body diagram for the particle experiencing net
𝑓 𝑚g acceleration along negative y direction. (Each arrow mark represents the force
(or) 𝐹 = = acting on the system)
𝜇 𝜇
 Since, 𝜇 < 1, we have ; 𝐹 > 𝑚g
Answer (c) Greater than mg
3. A vehicle is moving along the positive x direction, if sudden brake is applied,
then
(a) frictional force acting on the vehicle is along negative x direction
(b) frictional force acting on the vehicle is along positive x direction (a) (b) (c) (d)
-Solution :-
(c) no frictional force acts on the vehicle
(d) frictional force acts in downward direction  Since the body is accelerating along (-y) direction the x-component of forces
-Solution :- must be equal and y-component of force are unequal and more in (- y) direction
Answer (c)
7. A particle of mass m sliding on the smooth double inclined plane (shown in

figure) will experience
frictional force acting on the vehicle is (a) greater acceleration along the path AB
Answer (a)
along negative x direction (b) greater acceleration along the path AC
4. A book is at rest on the table which exerts a normal force on the book. If this (c) same acceleration in both the paths
force is considered as reaction force, what is the action force according to (d) no acceleration in both the paths
Newton’s third law? -Solution :-
(a) Gravitational force exerted by Earth on the book  The force on the sliding object is ; 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
(b) Gravitational force exerted by the book on Earth  As path AC is more slope than AB, greater acceleration along the path AC
(c) Normal force exerted by the book on the table
Answer (b) greater acceleration along the path AC
(d) None of the above
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
8. Two blocks of masses m and 2m are placed on a smooth 12. When an object is at rest on the inclined rough surface,
horizontal surface as shown. In the first case only a force (a) static and kinetic frictions acting on the object is zero
F1 is applied from the left. Later only a force F2 is applied (b) static friction is zero but kinetic friction is not zero
from the right. If the force acting at the interface of the (c) static friction is not zero and kinetic friction is zero
two blocks in the two cases is same, then F1 : F2 is (d) static and kinetic frictions are not zero
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:3 -Solution :-
-Solution :-  As long as the body is at rest, the frictional force present between the contact
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
 Case I - Acceleration ; 𝑎1 = 1 = 1 ∴ Normal reaction ; 𝑁1 = 𝑚 𝑎1 = 1 surface is static friction only. When the object moves the static friction
𝑚+2𝑚 3𝑚 3
𝐹2 𝐹2 2 𝐹2 disappears and kinetic friction come into play.
 Case II - Acceleration ; 𝑎2 = = ∴ Normal reaction ; 𝑁2 = 2 𝑚 𝑎2 =
𝑚+2𝑚 3𝑚 3 Answer (c) static friction is not zero and kinetic friction is zero
 Since the force acting at the interface of the two blocks (i.e.) normal reaction in 13. The centrifugal force appears to exist
the two cases are same, we have (a) only in inertial frames
𝐹1 2 𝐹2 𝐹1 2
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 (or)
3
= 3
(or)
𝐹2
=1 (b) only in rotating frames
(c) in any accelerated frame
Answer (c) 2 : 1 (d) both in inertial and non-inertial frames
9. Force acting on the particle moving with constant speed is -Solution :-
(a) always zero (b) need not be zero
 It is a pseudo force or fictious force which cannot arise from gravitational
(c) always non zero (d) cannot be concluded
force,tension force, normal force etc., which acts only in rotating frames (non-
-Solution :-
inertial frame)
 When a particle moves with constant speed in straight line, it has zero
Answer (b) only in rotating frames
acceleration and hence the net force acting on it is zero.
14. Choose the correct statement from the following
 But when a particle moving in a circular path with constant speed has radial
(a) Centrifugal and centripetal forces are action reaction pairs
acceleration and hence centripetal force is acting on it.
(b) Centripetal forces is a natural force
Answer (b) need not be zero (c) Centrifugal force arises from gravitational force
10. An object of mass m begins to move on the plane inclined at an angle θ . The (d) Centripetal force acts towards the centre and centrifugal force appears to act
coefficient of static friction of inclined surface is 𝝁𝑺 . The maximum static away from the centre in a circular motion
friction experienced by the mass is -Solution :-
(a) mg (b) 𝜇𝑺 mg (c) 𝜇𝑺 mg sinθ (d) 𝜇𝑺 mg cos θ  (a) No. It does not arise from interaction
-Solution :- (b) No. It is pseudo force but has real effects
(c) No. Orgin of centrifugal force is inertia
(d) Yes. Centripetal force acts towards the axis of rotation, but centrifugal force
acts outwards from the axis of rotation
Centripetal force acts towards the centre
Answer (d) and centrifugal force appears to act away
from the centre in a circular motion
Answer (d) 𝝁𝑺 mg cos θ 15. If a person moving from pole to equator, the centrifugal force acting on him
11. When the object is moving at constant velocity on the rough surface, (a) increases (b) decreases
(a) net force on the object is zero (c) remains the same (d) increases and then decreases
(b) no force acts on the object -Solution :-
(c) only external force acts on the object  The centrifugal force at the pole is zero. As the person moving from pole to
(d) only kinetic friction acts on the object equator, there will be a centrifugal force. Hence centrifugal force increases.
-Solution :- Answer (a) 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
 Here applied external force is balanced by kinetic friction and hence the net force
on the object is zero
Answer (a) net force on the object is zero
7. Distinguish between inertial frame and non-inertial frames.
PART – II & III 2 & 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Inertial frames Non-inertial frames
The frame in which object moves with The frame in which object get
1. Give the views of Aristotle, Galileo and Newton about the motion.
constant velocity or remains at rest is accelerated is called non - inertial
 According to Aristotle, external force must need for motion.
called inertial frame frame.
 According to Galileo, an object can be in motion even without a force acting on it.
It obeys Newton’s laws of motion It obeys only Newton’s third law of
 According to Newton, force must needed to change the state of rest or motion of
motion
an object.
It is also called as non - accelerated frame It is also called as accelerated frame
2. State Newton’s first law of motion.
8. Explain Aristotle versus Newton’s approach on sliding object
 Newton’s first law states that, Every object continues to be in the state of rest or
 Newton’s second law gives the correct explanation for the experiment on the
of uniform motion unless there is external force acting on it.
inclined plane. In normal cases, where friction is not negligible, once the object
3. Define inertia. Explain its types.
reaches the bottom of the inclined plane, it travels some distance and stops. Note
 The inability of objects to move on its own or change its state of motion is called
that it stops because there is a frictional force acting in the direction opposite to
inertia. Inertia means resistance to change its state.
its velocity. It is this frictional force that reduces the velocity of the object to zero
 There are three types of inertia, and brings it to rest.
(1) Inertia at rest (2) Inertia at motion (3) Inertial at direction
 As per Aristotle’s idea, as soon as the body reaches the bottom of the plane, it can
(1) Inertia at rest :
travel only a small distance and stops because there is no force acting on the
 The inability of an object to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest. object. Essentially, he did not consider the frictional force acting on the object.
Example : When a stationary bus starts to move, the passengers experience 9. State Newton’s third law of motion.
a sudden backward push due to inertia of rest.
 Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite
(2) Inertia at motion :
reaction.
 The inability of an object to change its state of uniform speed (constant
 Here, action and reaction pair of forces do not act on the same body but on two
speed) on its own is called inertia of motion.
different bodies.
Example : When the bus is in motion, and if the brake is applied suddenly,
10. How do you verify Newton’s third law of motion?
passengers move forward and hit against the front seat due to inertia of
 Attach two spring balances as
motion.
shown in the figure. Fix one end
(3) Inertia at direction :
with rigid support and leave the
 The inability of an object to change its direction of motion on its own is
other end free, which can be
called inertia of direction.
pulled with the hand.
Example : When a stone attached to a string is in whirling motion, and if the
 Pull one end with some force and note the reading on both the balances.
string is cut suddenly, the stone will not continue to move in circular motion
 The reading in the spring balance A is due to the action force given by spring
but moves tangential to the circle due to inertia of direction.
balance B. The reading in the spring balance B is due to the reaction force given
4. State Newton’s second law of motion.
by spring balance A.
 Newton’s second law states that, the force acting on an object is equal to the rate
 Note that according to Newton’s third law, both readings (force) are equal.
of change of its momentum.
11. Write the equantion of force according to Cartesian coordinates.
𝒅𝒑⃗⃗ 𝒅(𝒎𝒗 ⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 = = = 𝒎 ⃗𝒂⃗  The vector equation of force is ; ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑭 = 𝒎 ⃗𝒂⃗
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕  In Cartesian coordinates, this equation can be written as,
5. Define force. How force is measured. Give the unit of force.
̂ = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝒋̂ + 𝒎𝒂𝒛 𝒌̂
𝑭𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝑭𝒚 𝒋̂ + 𝑭𝒛 𝒌
 The force is a physical quantity which change or tends to change the state of the
body  Comparing both sides, we get three scalar equations (i.e.)
(𝒊) 𝑭𝒙 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒙 (𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒚 (𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑭𝒛 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒛
 Force is measured as the product of mass and acceleration. (i.e.) ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑭 = 𝒎 ⃗𝒂⃗
 The S.I unit of force is newton (N) 12. Is the direction of a force and the direction of motion are in same direction or
6. Define one newton (1N). in opposite direction? Explain.
 One Newton is defined as the force which acts on 1 kg of mass to give an  Under the action of a force, the object may move in the same direction or in
acceleration 1 m s-2 in the direction of the force. different direction with the direction of the force.
(1) Force and motion in the same direction :  To analyse the motion of a particle, Newton’s second law requires us to specify
 When an apple falls towards the Earth, the direction of motion of the apple the forces involved in the process. This is difficult to specify in real situations.
and that of force are in the same downward direction. But conservation of linear momentum does not require any force involved in the
(2) Force and motion not in the same direction : process. It is covenient and hence important.
 The Moon experiences a force towards the Earth. But it actually moves in 18. Define impulse or impulsive force. Show that impulse is change of momentum.
elliptical orbit. In this case, the direction of the force is different from the  If a very large force acts on an object for a very short duration, then the force is
direction of motion. called impulsive force or impulse.
(3) Force and motion in opposite direction : Explanation :
 If an object is thrown vertically upward, the direction of motion is upward,  If a force (F) acts on the object in a very short interval of time (dt), then by
but gravitational force is downward. definition impulse is given by,
𝑡𝑓
(4) Zero net force, but there is motion :
 When a raindrop gets detached from the cloud it experiences both 𝐽 = ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑡 − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝑡𝑖
downward gravitational force and upward air drag force.  From Newton’s second law in magnitude form,
 As it descends towards the Earth, the upward air drag force increases and 𝑑𝑝
after a certain time, the upward air drag force cancels the downward gravity. 𝐹= (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑡
 From then on the raindrop moves at constant velocity till it touches the  Integrating over time from an initial time ti to a final time tf , we get
surface of the Earth. Hence the raindrop comes with zero net force, therefore 𝑡𝑓 𝑝𝑓
with zero acceleration but with non-zero terminal velocity. ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑝 [𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)]
13. What are the steps followed in developing the free body diagram. 𝑡𝑖 𝑝𝑖
 Identify the forces acting on the object 𝐽 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖

 Represent the forces acting as a point (i.e,) impulse = change in momentum of the object.
 Draw the vectors representing the forces action on the object  Impulse is a vector quantity and its unit is N s
14. What is concurrent forces and coplanar forces? 19. When a cricket player catches the ball, he pulls his hands gradually in the
 The lines of forces acting at a common point are called concurrent forces. direction of the ball’s motion. Why?
 The lines of forces they are in the same plane are called coplanar forces.  Whenever the momentum of the body changes very quickly, the average force
15. State Lami’s theorem. becomes larger.
 Lami’s theorem states that, if a system of three  If player stops his hands soon after catching the ball, the ball comes to rest very
concurrent and coplanar forces is in equilibrium, quickly. It means that the momentum of the ball is brought to rest very quickly.
then each force is directly proportional to sine of  So the average force acting on the body will be very large. Due to this large
angle between the other two forces average force, the hands will get hurt.
⃗
|𝐹1 | ∝ sin 𝛼  To avoid getting hurt, the player brings the ball to rest slowly.
20. Now a days cars are designed with air bags. Why?
|⃗𝐹2 | ∝ sin 𝛽
 When a car meets with an accident, its momentum reduces drastically in a very
|⃗𝐹3 | ∝ sin 𝛾 short time. This is very dangerous for the passengers inside the car since they
|𝐹1 | |𝐹2 | |𝐹3 | will experience a large force.
Hence, = = = 𝐾 (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)  To prevent this fatal shock, cars are designed with air bags in such a way that
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾
16. State the law of conservation of total linear momentum. when the car meets with an accident, the momentum of the passengers will
 If there are no external forces acting on the system, then the total linear reduce slowly so that the average force acting on them will be smaller.
momentum of the system is always a constant vector. 21. Why shock absorbers are fitted in two wheelers?
 In otherwords, the total linear momentum of the system is conserved in time.  When there is a bump on the road, a sudden force is transferred to the vehicle.
17. What is the importance of conservation of linear momentum? The shock absorber prolongs the period of transfer of force on to the body of the
 The Law of conservation of linear momentum is a vector law. It implies that both rider.
the magnitude and direction of total linear momentum are constant. In some  Vehicles without shock absorbers will harm the body due to this reason.
cases, this total momentum can also be zero.
22. Jumping on a concrete cemented floor is more dangerous than jumping on the 28. Define angle of friction. Prove that the coefficient of static friction is equal to
sand. Why? tangent of the angle of friction.
 Sand brings the body to rest slowly than the concrete floor, so that the average Angle of friction – Definition :
force experienced by the body will be lesser.  The angle of friction is defined as the angle between the normal force (N) and the
 On the otherhand, concrete floor brings the body to rest at once and hence resultant force (R) of normal force and maximum friction force (𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔 )
momentum of the body reduces in a very short time. So that the average force Proof :
experienced by the body will be very large which hurts the body.  From figure, resultant force
23. What is meant by frictional force? 𝑅⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑁 ⃗ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅 = √(𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 + 𝑁 2
 The force which always opposes the relative motion between an object and the 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
surface where it is placed is called frictional force & tan 𝜃 = − − − − − (1)
𝑁
24. What is meant by static friction?  When the object begins to slide, the maximum
 Static friction is the force which opposes the initiation of motion of an object on static friction is given by,
the surface. 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁
 The condition for static friction is 𝟎 ≤ 𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
where, 𝝁𝒔  coefficient of static friction (𝑜𝑟) 𝜇 𝑠 = − − − − − (2)
𝑁
N  Normal force exerted by the surface on the boy  Compare equation (1) and (2)
25. What is meant by kinetic friction? 𝝁𝒔 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − − − − − (𝟑)
 When an objects slides, the surface exerts a frictional force called kinetic force.  Thus the coefficient of static friction is equal to tangent of the angle of friction
 The magnitude of kinetic friction is 𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 𝑵 29. Define angle of repose. Show that in an inclined plane, angle of friction is equal
where, 𝝁𝒌  coefficient of kinetic friction to angle of repose.
N  Normal force exerted by the surface on the boy Angle of repose – Definition :
26. Explain graphically the variation of static friction and kinetic friction with  The angle of repose is the angle of inclined plane with the horizontal such that an
external applied force. object placed on it begins to slide.
 Static friction increases linearly with external Proof :
applied force till it reaches the maximum.  Let us consider the various forces in
 When the object begins to move then the kinetic action here.
friction is slightly lesser than the maximum (1) The gravitational force 𝑚𝑔 acts
static friction. vertically downwards
 Here kinetic friction is constant and it is (2) Normal force N acts perpendicular
independent of applied force. to the inclined plane upwards
27. Distinguish the salient features of Static friction and Kinetic friction. (3) The maximum static force 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
Static friction Kinetic friction acts along the inclined plane
It opposes the starting of motion It opposes the relative motion of the upwards
object with respect to the surface  Here gravitational force is resolved into components parallel (mg sinθ ) and
Independent of surface area of contact Independent of surface area of contact perpendicular (mg cosθ ) to the inclined plane
𝝁𝒔 depends on the nature of materials 𝝁𝒌 depends on nature of materials and  When the object just begins to move,
in mutual contact temperature of the surface 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 − − − − − (1)
𝑚𝑎𝑥
Depends on the magnitude of applied Independent of magnitude of applied and 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − − − − − (2)
force force  Divide equation (2) by (1),
It can take values from zero to 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 It can never be zero and always equals 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
= = tan 𝜃 − − − − − (3)
to 𝝁𝒌 𝑵 𝑁 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 > 𝒇𝒌 𝒇𝒌 < 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔  We know that,, 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 , Thus
𝝁𝒔 > 𝝁 𝒌 𝝁𝒌 < 𝝁𝒔 𝝁𝒔 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − − − − − (𝟒)
 From the definition of angle of friction, we have 𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃 in which 𝜃 is the
angle of friction. Thus the angle of repose is the same as angle of friction.
30. Give the applications of angle of repose. 36. How many ways a force can change the velocity of a particle?
(1) Antlions make sand traps in such a way that when an insect enters the edge of  A force can change the velocity in three different ways. They are,
the trap, it starts to slide towards the bottom where the antilon hide itself. The (1) The magnitude of the velocity can be changed without changing the
angle of inclination of sand trap is made to be equal to angle of repose. direction. (e.g.) freely falling bodies
(2) Children are fond of playing on sliding board. Sliding will be easier when the (2) The direction of motion alone can be changed without changing its
angle of inclination of the board is greater than the angle of repose. At the same magnitude (speed) (e.g.) uniform circular motion
time if inclination angle is much larger than the angle of repose, the slider will (3) Both the direction and magnitude (speed) of the velocity can be changed.
reach the bottom at greater speed and get hurt. (e.g.) oscillation of simple pendulum
31. Write a note on rolling friction. 37. Give the examples of centripetal force.
 When a object is sliding on a surface without wheels, there is a relative motion  In the whirled motion of a stone tied in a string. the tensional force gives
between the object and the surface which results large frictional force. This necessary centripetal force.
makes very difficult to move.  In motion of satellite around the Earth, the centripetal force is given by the
 But when a object is sliding with wheel, there is no relative motion and hence the gravitational force.
frictional force is very less.  When a car moves in a circular track, the centripetal force is given by the
 This minimal frictional force between the wheel and the surface is called rolling frictional force between the road and the tyres.
friction. 38. What is called banking of tracks.
32. What are the types of friction?  When a car moves in a leveled circular road, the necessary centripetal force is
 Depending upon the magnitude of applied force, provided by the frictional force between the road and the tyres.
(1) Static friction (2) Limiting friction  If the frictional force is not sufficient, skidding occurs. (i.e) skidding mainly
 Depending upon the motion, depends on the coefficient of static friction (𝝁𝒔)
(1) Kinetic friction (2) Rolling friction  To avoid this, usually the outer edge of the road is slightly raised compared to
33. Give the methods to reduce friction. inner edge. This is called banking of roads or tracks
 Applying Lubricants between the moving parts of a machine. 39. Briefly explain ‘centrifugal force’ with suitable examples.
 By using ball bearings Centrifugal force- Definition :
34. Give the origin of frictional force.  To use Newton’s first and second law in the rotational frame of reference
 Olden days, frictional forces are considered as one of the natural forces. (non inertial frame) we need to introduce a pseudo force which appears to act on
 But now a days, frictional forces are identified as the electromagnetic force the particle radially outward. This force is called centrifugal force.
between the atoms of the two surfaces. Explanation :
35. Define centripetal force.  Consider the case of a whirling motion of a stone tied to a string with angular
 If a particle is in uniform circular motion, there must be centripetal acceleration velocity ω in the inertial frame (at rest).
(𝑎𝑐𝑝 ) towards the centre of the circle which is given by,  If the motion of the stone is observed from a frame which is also rotating along
𝒗𝟐 with the stone with same angular velocity ω then, the stone appears to be at rest.
𝒂𝒄𝒑 =  This implies that in addition to the inward centripetal force −𝑚𝑟𝜔2 , there must
𝒓
 According to Newton’s second law, due to this acceleration, there must be some be an equal and opposite force that acts on the stone outward with value
force acting on it with respect to an inertial frame. This force is called centripetal + 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 . So the total force acting on the stone in a rotating frame is equal to
force (𝐹𝑐𝑝 ) zero.
Centripetal force = mass X centripetal acceleration  This outward force + 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 is called the centrifugal force.
𝑭𝒄𝒑 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒄𝒑  Note that the ‘centrifugal force’ appears to act on the particle, only when we
𝒎 𝒗𝟐 analyse the motion from a rotating frame.
𝑭𝒄𝒑 = = 𝒎 𝒓 𝝎𝟐 [∵ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔]  With respect to an inertial frame there is only centripetal force which is given by
𝒓
 In vector notation, the tension in the string. For this reason centrifugal force is called as a ‘pseudo
𝒎 𝒗𝟐 force’. Though it is pseudo force, its effects are real
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝒄𝒑 = − 𝒓̂ = − 𝒎 𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝒓̂
𝒓
 Here, (− 𝒓̂)  unit vector pointing towards the centre of the circle
40. What is called pseudo force? 43. Derive an expression for Centrifugal force acting on a man on the surface of
 When we analyse circular motion of a particle from rotating frame of reference Earth due to its rotation.
(non-inertial frame) in addition to centripetal force we must consider a force Centrifugal force due to rotation of Earth :
which must be equal and opposite to centripetal force. This outward force is  Even though Earth is treated as an inertial frame, it
called centrifugal force. But with respect to inertial frame, there exist centripetal is actually not so.
force only. For this reason centrifugal force is called as a pseudo force.  Earth spins about its own axis with an angular
41. Distinguish between centripetal force and centrifugal force. velocity ω and hence it is actually a rotational
Centripetal force Centrifugal force frame (non – inertial frame).
(1) It is a real force and has real (1) It is pseudo force but has real  Any object on the surface of Earth (rotational
effects effects frame) experiences a centrifugal force. The
(2) Acts in both inertial and (2) Acts only rotating frames (non centrifugal force appears to act exactly in opposite
non – inertial frames inertial) direction from the axis of rotation.
(3) It acts towards the axis of rotation (3) It acts away from the axis of  Radius of Earth =𝑅
or radially inward to the centre of rotation or radially outward to the Mass of the man =𝑚
circular motion centre of circular motion Latitude of the Earth where the man is standing =𝜃
(4) Its origin is the inter action between (4) Its origin is inertia Perpendicular distance of the man from the axis of rotation =𝑟
two objects  The centrifugal force on a man standing on the surface of the Earth is
(5) In inertial frames it has to be (5) In inertial frames there is no 𝑭𝒄𝒑 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒓 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
included when free body diagrams centrifugal force. But in rotational
are drawn frames both centripetal and
centrifugal forces are included
when free body diagrams are
drawn
42. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of Moon towards the Earth.
 Let, Radius of Earth = 𝑅
Distance between Earth and Moon = 𝑅𝑀𝐸
Time period of rotation of Moon around Earth = 𝑇
 Then the centripetal acceleration of Moon towards Earth is,
𝑣2 𝜔2 𝑅𝑀𝐸
2
𝑎𝑐𝑝 = = = 𝜔2 𝑅𝑀𝐸 [∵ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔]
𝑅𝑀𝐸 𝑅𝑀𝐸
2 2
2𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋
𝑎𝑐𝑝 = [ ] 𝑅𝑀𝐸 = 2
𝑅𝑀𝐸 [∵ 𝜔 = ]
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
 The distance between Earth and Moon is 60 times the radius of the Earth. (i.e.)
𝑅𝑀𝐸 = 60 𝑅 Hence,
4 𝜋2 4 𝜋2
𝑎𝑐𝑝 = 2
𝑅𝑀𝐸 = 𝑋 60 𝑅
𝑇 𝑇2
2. Explain the motion of two bodies in contact of a horizontal surface.
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Two Bodies in Contact on a Horizontal Surface :
1. Explain the motion of particle moving in an Inclined Plane and calculate its  Consider two blocks of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 (𝑚1 > 𝑚2 ) kept in contact with each
speed when it reaches the bottom. other on a smooth, horizontal frictionless surface.
Particle moving in an inclined plane:
 By the application of a horizontal force F, both the blocks are set into motion
with acceleration ‘a’ simultaneously in the direction of the force F.
 According to Newton’s second law, we have
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 =𝑀𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎
 Let an object of mass ‘m’ slides on a frictionless surface inclined at an angle θ 𝑭
∴ 𝒂= − − − − − − − − − (𝟏)
 To draw the free body diagram, the block is assumed to be a point mass (𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )
 The forces acting on the object is  The contact force exerted by the block 𝑚1 on 𝑚2 is = 𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗ 21
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝑔) The reaction force exerted by the block 𝑚2 on 𝑚1 is = 𝑓 12 ⃗⃗⃗
(ii) Normal force perpendicular to inclined surface (N)  From the free body diagram of block 𝑚1 ,
 The gravitational force mg is resolved in to two components as 𝐹 𝑖̂ − 𝑓12 𝑖̂ = 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑖̂
(1) 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝐶omponent along the inclined plane (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 − 𝑓12 = 𝑚1 𝑎
(2) 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 − 𝐶omponent perpendicular to the inclined surface ( 𝑓12 = 𝐹 − 𝑚1 𝑎
(3) Figure 3.13 (b)). 𝐹
 Note that the angle made by the gravitational force (𝑚𝑔) with the perpendicular = 𝐹 − 𝑚1 [ ] [𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
to the surface is equal to the angle of inclination θ ’ 𝑚1
 There is no motion (acceleration) along the y axis. Applying Newton’s second law = 𝐹 [1 − ]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
in the y direction 𝑚2
𝑓12 = 𝐹
𝑁 𝑗̂ − 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂ = 0 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 𝑗̂ = 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂  Here this reaction force is acting along the negative x direction. In vector notation,
∴ 𝑵 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒎𝟐
⃗⃗⃗𝒇 𝟏𝟐 = − 𝑭 𝒊̂ − − − − − (𝟐)
 But the object slides (with an acceleration) along the x direction. Applying 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
Newton’s second law in the x direction  From the free body diagram of block 𝑚2 ,
𝑚 𝑔 s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖̂ = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑖̂ 𝑓21 𝑖̂ = 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑖̂
∴ 𝒂 = 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝐹
 Note that the acceleration depends on the angle of inclination 𝜃 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑓21 = 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚2 [ ]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
 If 𝜃 = 90° , the block will move vertically with acceleration, 𝒂 = 𝒈. 𝑚2
𝑓21 = 𝐹
 The initial speed (u) is equal to zero as it starts from rest. Here s is the length of 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
the inclined surface. The speed (v) when it reaches the bottom is  Here this contact force is acting along the positive x direction. In vector notation,
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠 = 0 + 2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗𝒇 𝟐𝟏 = 𝑭
𝒎𝟐
𝒊̂ − − − − − − (𝟑)
∴ 𝒗 = √𝟐 𝒈 𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
 Thus from equation (2) and (3), we have, 𝒇 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝟏𝟐 = − ⃗⃗⃗𝒇 𝟐𝟏
 This confirms Newton’s third law of motion.
3. Explain the motion of blocks connected by a string in  The tension acting on the string, can be calculated by substitution the
(1) Vertical motion and acceleration from the equation (3) into the equation (1)
(2) Horizontal motion. 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑚1 [ ] 𝑔 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇
(1) Vertical motion : 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑚1 [ ]𝑔
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 [1 − ]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 [ ]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑻= [ ]𝒈 − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
(2) Horizontal motion :
 Consider two blocks of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 (𝑚1 > 𝑚2 ) connected by a light and
inextensible string that passes over a pulley as shown.
 Forces acting on block 𝑚1 ,
(i) Gravitational force acting vertically downwards (𝑚1 𝑔)
(ii) Tension along the string acting vertically upwards (T)
 Forces acting on block 𝑚2 ,
(i) Gravitational force acting vertically downwards (𝑚2 𝑔)  Consider two blocks of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 (𝑚1 > 𝑚2 ) connected by a light and
(ii) Tension along the string acting vertically upwards (T) inextensible string.
 When the system is released, both the blocks start moving, 𝑚2 vertically upward  Here the mass 𝑚2 is kept on a horizontal table and mass 𝑚1 is hanging through a
and 𝑚1 downward with same acceleration a. small pulley as shown. Assume that there is no friction on the surface.
 From the free body diagram of block 𝑚1 ,  Forces acting on block 𝑚1 ,
𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚1 𝑔 𝑗̂ = − 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑗̂ (i) Gravitational force acting vertically downwards (𝑚1 𝑔)
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = − 𝑚1 𝑎 (ii) Tension exerted by the string vertically upwards (T)
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇 − − − − − − − (1)  Forces acting on block 𝑚2 ,
 From the free body diagram of block 𝑚2 , (i) Gravitational force acting vertically downwards (𝑚2 𝑔)
𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑗̂ = 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑗̂ (ii) Upward normal force exerted by the surface (N)
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 = 𝑚2 𝑎 (iii) Horizontal Tension exerted by the string (T)
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 − − − − − − − − (2)  If 𝑚1 moves with an acceleration ‘a’ downward then 𝑚2 also moves with the
 (1) + (2) ⇒ same acceleration ‘a’ horizontally.
𝑚1 𝑎 + 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇 + 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔  From the free body diagram of block 𝑚1 ,
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎 = (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑔 𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚1 𝑔 𝑗̂ = − 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑗̂
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = − 𝑚1 𝑎 − − − − − − − (1)
𝒂= [ ] 𝒈 − − − − − − (𝟑)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐  From the free body diagram of block 𝑚2 ,
 If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then, 𝑎 = 0 . This shows that if the masses are equal, there is no 𝑇 𝑖̂ = 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑖̂
acceleration and the system as a whole will be at rest. (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑎 − − − − − − (2)
 The acceleration vector for mass 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 is And, 𝑁 𝑗̂ − 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑗̂ = 0
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 − 𝑚2 𝑔 = 0
⃗⃗⃗ = − [
𝒂 ] 𝒈 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗ = [
𝒂 ] 𝒈 𝑗̂
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 ∴ 𝑁 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − − − − − − − − (3)
 By substituting equation (2) in (1), we can calculate acceleration. (i.e.)  Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction the normal force N is
𝑚2 𝑎 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = − 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑁𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑚1 𝑎 + 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝑚 𝑔 − 𝐹 cos 𝜃
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔  Thus the normal force decreases and hence the maximum static friction also
𝒎𝟏 decreases which is given by,
𝒂= [ ] 𝒈 − − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝝁𝒔 ( 𝒎𝒈 − 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ) − − − − − (𝟐)
 By substituting equation (4) in (2), we can calculate tension. (i.e.)  Equation (2) shows that a lesser force needs to be applied to pull the object into
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑻= 𝒈 − − − − − − − − (𝟓) motion.
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 Result :
Result :  Since 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 > 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 , it is easier to pull an object than to push to make it move.
 Comparing vertical and horizontal motion, it is clear that the tension in the string 5. Explain the motion of vehicle on a level circular road. Under what conition wil
for horizontal motion is half of the tension for vertical motion for same set of a car skid on a leveled circular road?
masses and strings. Vehicle on a leveled circular road :
 This result has an important application in industries. The ropes used in  When a vehicle travels in a curved path, the necessary centripetal force is
conveyor belts (horizontal motion) work for longer duration than those of
provided by the frictional force between tyre and surface of the road.
cranes and lifts (vertical motion).
4. Using free body diagram, show that it is easy to pull an object than to push it.  Consider a car of mass ‘m’ moving at a speed ‘v’ in the circular path of radius ‘r’
Object pushed at an angle :  The forces acting on the car when it moves are,
 Let a body is pushed at an (1) Gravitational force (𝑚𝑔) acting downwards
arbitrary angle ‘’ by the applied (2) Normal force (N) acting upwards
force F (3) Frictional force (𝐹𝑐𝑝 ) acting horizontally inwards along
 This force can be resolved into the road
two components as,  Suppose the road is horizontal then the normal force and
(1) 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − component gravitational force are exactly equal and opposite [𝑚𝑔 = 𝑁].
parallel to the surface (left  Here the static frictional force between the tyre and surface
side) of the road which points towards the centre of the circular
(2) 𝐹 cos 𝜃 − component perpenicular to the surface (downwards) track acts as the centripetal force.
 The total downward force acting on the body is (𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃) Condition for safe turn:
 Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction the normal force N is  For safe turn, the static frictional force must be equal or greater than the
𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 = 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 necessary centripetal force. (i.e.)
 It implies that the normal force increases. As a result the maximal static friction 𝒎 𝒗𝟐 𝒎 𝒗𝟐
𝜇𝑠 𝑁 ≥ (𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑠 𝑚 𝑔 ≥
also increases and it is given by, 𝒓 𝒓
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝁 𝑵 = 𝝁 ( 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ) − − − − − (𝟏) 𝒗𝟐
𝒔 𝒔 𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 𝒔 𝝁𝒔 ≥
 Equation (1) shows that a greater force needs to be applied to push the object 𝒓𝒈
into motion. ∴ 𝒗 ≤ √𝝁𝒔 𝒓 𝒈 − − − − − − − (𝟏)
Object pulled at an angle :  So the coefficient of static friction between the tyre and the surface of the road
 When an object is pulled at an determines what maximum speed the car can have for safe turn.
angle θ, the applied force ‘F’ is Condition for skid :
resolved into two components as ,  If the static friction is not able to provide enough centripetal force to turn,
(1) 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − component parallel the vehicle will start to skid. (i.e.)
to the surface (right side) 𝒎 𝒗𝟐
(2) 𝐹 cos 𝜃 − component 𝜇𝑠 𝑚 𝑔 <
𝒓
perpenicular to the surface 𝒗𝟐
(upwards) 𝝁𝒔 <
𝒓𝒈
 The total upward force acting on the body is (𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃 )
6. Explain the need for banking of tracks. 7. State and prove law of conservation of total linear momentum. Explain with an
Banking of tracks : example.
 In a leveled circular road, skidding mainly depends Law of conservation of linear momentum :
on the coefficient of static friction 𝝁𝒔  If there are no external forces acting on the system, then the total linear
 The coefficient of static friction depends on the momentum of the system is always a constant vector. In otherwords, the total
nature of the surface which has a maximum limiting linear momentum of the system is conserved in time.
value. Proof :
 If the static friction is not able to provide enough  When two particles interact with each
centripetal force to turn, the vehicle will start to skid. other, they exert equal and opposite
 To avoid this problem, usually the outer edge of the forces on each other.
road is slightly raised compared to inner edge.  The particle 1 exerts force on particle 2 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21
 This is called banking of roads or tracks. This introduces an inclination, and the The particle 2 exerts force on particle 1 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12
angle is called banking angle.  According to Newton’s second law,
 Let the surface of the road make angle θ with horizontal surface. Then the 𝑑𝑝⃗⃗⃗1
normal force makes the same angle θ with the vertical. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹12 =
𝑑𝑡
 When the car takes a turn, there are two forces acting on the car: 𝑑𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2
(1) Gravitational force 𝑚 𝑔 (downwards) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21 =
𝑑𝑡
(2) Normal force N (perpendicular to surface)  According to Newton’s third law,
 We can resolve the normal force into two components as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹21 = − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹12
(1) N cos θ – It balances the downward gravitational force 𝑚 𝑔 𝑑𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑑𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗1
(2) N sinθ – It provide the necessary centripetal acceleration. = −
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 By using Newton second law 𝑑𝑝⃗⃗⃗1 𝑑𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2
𝑁 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑔 − − − − − − (1) + = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑚 𝑣2 𝑑
𝑁 sin 𝜃 = − − − − − − (2) (𝑜𝑟) (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑝2 ) = 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑚 𝑣2 (𝑜𝑟) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑𝟏 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
(2) 𝑁 sin 𝜃 [ ]
𝑟  Thus the total linear momentum of the system is always a constant vector.
⟹ =
(1) 𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑚𝑔 Example – Recoil on the gun :
𝒗𝟐  Consider the firing of a gun. Here the system is Gun+bullet.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = − − − − − (3)
𝒓𝒈  Initially the gun and bullet are at rest. Hence before firing
 So the safe speed of the car at the curved track is, momentum of the bullet : ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑝1 = 0 and momentum of the gun : ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑝2 = 0
𝒗 = √𝒓 𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − − − − (4)  Total momentum before firing the gun is zero, (i.e.) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝 1 + 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 = 0
 The banking angle θ and radius of curvature of the road or track determines the  According to the law of conservation of linear momentum, total linear
safe speed of the car at the turning. momemtum has to be zero after the firing also.
 If the speed of car exceeds this safe speed, then it starts to skid outward but  When the gun is fired, a force is exerted by the gun on the bullet in forward
frictional force comes into effect and provides an additional centripetal force to direction. Now the momentum of the bullet changes from ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝟏 𝒑 to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟏 𝒑 .
prevent the outward skidding.  To conserve the total linear momentum of the system, the momentum of the gun
 At the same time, if the speed of the car is little lesser than safe speed, it starts to must also change from ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑝2 to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑𝟐 
skid inward and frictional force comes into effect, which reduces centripetal
 Due to the conservation of linear momentum, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒑𝟏  + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑𝟐  = 𝟎 . It implies that
force to prevent inward skidding.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑𝟏  = − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑𝟐  , the momentum of the gun is exactly equal, but in the opposite
 However if the speed of the vehicle is sufficiently greater than the correct speed,
then frictional force cannot stop the car from skidding. direction to the momentum of the bullet.
 This is the reason after firing, the gun suddenly moves backward with the
momentum − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒑𝟐  . It is called ‘recoil momemtum’.
4. Apply Newton’s second law to a mango hanging from a tree. (Mass of the mango
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION is 400 gm)
Solution :
1. A book of mass m is at rest on the table. (1) What are the forces acting on the
 The forces acting on the mango are
book? (2) What are the forces exerted by the book? (3) Draw the free body
(i) Gravitational force (𝑚𝑔) exerted by the
diagram for the book.
Earth on the mango acting downward
Solution:
along negative y axis
(1) There are two forces acting on the book.
(ii) Tension in the cord attached to the
(i) Gravitational force (mg) acting downwards on the book
mango (N) acts upward along positive
(ii) Normal contact force (N) exerted by the surface of the table on the book
y axis.
which acts upwards.
(2) According to Newton’s third law, there are two reaction forces exerted by the  Since the mango is at rest with respect to us
book. (inertial coordinate system) the acceleration
(i) The book exerts an equal and opposite force (mg) on the Earth which acts is zero ( 𝑎⃗⃗⃗ = 0). Then
upwards. 𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ = 0
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚 𝑔 = 0
(ii) The book exerts a force which is equal and opposite to normal force on the
surface of the table (N) acting downwards. ∴ 𝑇= 𝑚𝑔
(3) Free body diagram : 𝑇 = 400 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 9.8 = 3920 𝑋 10−3 [𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2 ]
𝑻 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 𝑵
5. A person rides a bike with a constant velocity 𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗ with respect to ground and
another biker accelerates with acceleration 𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗ with respect to ground. Who can
apply Newton’s second law with respect to a stationary observer on the
ground?
Solution:
 Newton’s second law can be applied in inertial frames only.
 Second biker cannot apply Newton’s second law, because he is moving with
acceleration 𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗ with respect to Earth (he is not in inertial frame).
 But the first biker can apply Newton’s second law because he is moving at
2. If two objects of masses 2.5 kg and 100 kg experience the same force 5 N, what
constant velocity with respect to Earth (he is in inertial frame).
is the acceleration experienced by each of them? ̂ . Find the
6. The position vector of a particle is given by 𝒓 ⃗⃗ = 𝟑 𝒕 𝒊̂ + 𝟓 𝒕𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟕 𝒌
Solution :
direction in which the particle experiences net force?
 From Newton’s second law (in magnitude form), F = ma
Solution :
 For the object of mass 2.5 kg, the acceleration is
𝐹 5 50  Velocity of the particle,
𝑎= = = = 2 𝑚 𝑠 −2 ⃗⃗
𝒅𝒓 𝒅
𝑚 2.5 25 ⃗ =
𝒗 = (𝟑 𝒕 𝒊̂ + 𝟓 𝒕𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟕 𝒌̂ ) = 𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎 𝒕 𝒋̂
 For the object of mass 100 kg, the acceleration is 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝐹 5 The particle has constant velocity in positive x direction and no velocity in
𝑎= = = 0.05 𝑚 𝑠 −2 z direction.
𝑚 100
 Acceleration of the particle
3. Which is the greatest force among the three force ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟑 , shown below
𝒅𝒗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅
Solution : ⃗ =
𝒂 = (𝟑 𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎 𝒕 𝒋̂) = 𝟏𝟎 𝒋̂
 Force is a vector and magnitude of the vector is 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Here, the particle has acceleration only along positive y direction.
represented by the length of the vector. Here ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝟏 has  According to Newton’s second law, net force must also act along positive
⃗⃗⃗⃗
greater length compared to other two. So 𝑭𝟏 is largest of y direction. There are no net force along x or z direction.
the three.
7. Consider a bob attached to a string, hanging from a stand. It oscillates as shown 9. Apply Newton’s second law for an object at rest on Earth and analyse the result.
in the figure. Solution :
(i) Identify the forces that act on the bob?  The object is at rest with respect
(ii) What is the acceleration experienced by the bob? to Earth (inertial coordinate
Solution : system).
 There are two forces that act on
the object.
(1) Gravity acting downward
(negative y-direction)
(2) Normal force by the surface
of the Earth acting upward
(positive y-direction)
 From the free body diagram for this object , by Newton’s second law
𝑁⃗ + (− ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹𝑔 ) = 𝑚 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
 But there is no acceleration on the ball. So 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 0. So
 Two forces act on the bob. 𝑁 𝑗̂ − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ = 0
(i) Gravitational force (mg) acting downwards (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 =0
(ii) Tension (T) exerted by the string on the bob. ∴ 𝑵 = 𝒎𝒈
 As the bob is moving in a circular arc, it has centripetal acceleration.  We can conclude that if the object is at rest, the magnitude of normal force is
 At a point A and C, the bob comes to rest momentarily and then its velocity exactly equal to the magnitude of gravity.
̂ and
increases when it moves towards point B. Hence, there is a tangential 10. A particle of mass 2 kg experiences two forces, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟖 𝒋̂ + 𝟕 𝒌
acceleration along the arc. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
𝑭𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒊̂ − 𝟒 𝒋̂ + 𝟑 𝒌. What is the acceleration of the particle?
8. The velocity of a particle moving in a plane is given by the following diagram. Solution :
Find out the direction of force acting on the particle?  The net force acts on the mass,
𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹1 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹1 = (5 𝑖̂ + 8 𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂) + (3 𝑖̂ − 4 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ )
= + 3) 𝑖̂ + (8 − 4) 𝑗̂ + (7 + 3) 𝑘̂
(5
𝐹 = 8 𝑖̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 10 𝑘̂
 From Newton’s second law, 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎
𝐹 8 𝑖̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 10 𝑘̂ 8 4 10
Solution : ∴ 𝑎= = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑚 2 2 2 2
̂
 The velocity of the particle is ; 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘 ̂
⃗ = 𝟒 𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟓 𝒌
𝒂
 Here the particle is moving in the xy plane, there is no motion in the z direction. 11. Identify the forces acting on blocks A, B and C shown in the figure.
So velocity in the z direction is zero (vz = 0).
 The velocity of the particle has x component (vx) and y component (vy).
 From figure, as time increases from t = 0 sec to t = 3 sec, the length of the vector
in y direction is changing (increasing). It means y component of velocity vy is
increasing with respect to time.
 According to Newton’s second law, if velocity changes with respect to time then
there must be acceleration.
 In this case, the particle has acceleration in the y direction since the y component
of velocity changes. So the particle experiences force in the y direction.
 The length of the vector in x direction does not change. It means that the particle
has constant velocity in the x direction. So no force or zero net force acts in the
x direction.
Solution :  If we take the cart+horse as a system, then there are two forces acting on the
Forces on block A: system.
(i) Downward gravitational force exerted by the Earth (𝑚𝐴 𝑔) (i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚ℎ + 𝑚𝑐 ) g
(ii) Upward normal force exerted by block B (NB) (ii) The force exerted by the road (Fr) on the system
Forces on block B :  In this case the force exerted by the road (Fr) on the
(i) Downward gravitational force exerted by Earth (𝑚𝐵 𝑔) system (cart+horse) is resolved in to parallel and
(ii) Downward force exerted by block A (NA) perpendicular components.
(iii) Upward normal force exerted by block C (NC)  The perpendicular component (𝐹𝑟 ⊥ ) is the normal
Forces on block C: force which cancels the downward gravitational force
(i) Downward gravitational force exerted by Earth (𝑚𝐶 𝑔) (𝑚ℎ + 𝑚𝑐 ) 𝑔 .
(ii) Downward force exerted by block B (NB)  The parallel component (Fr ∥ ) of the force is not
(iii) Upward force exerted by the table (Ntable) balanced, hence the system (cart+horse) accelerates
and moves forward due to this force.
𝟏
13. The position of the particle is represented by 𝒚 = 𝒖 𝒕 − 𝒈 𝒕𝟐
𝟐
(1) What is the force acting on the particle?
(2) What is the momentum of the particle?
Solution :
(1) To find the force, we need to find the acceleration experienced by the particle.
1
Given that the displacement ; 𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑔 𝑡2
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
The velocity of the particle : 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
(𝑢 𝑡 − 2 𝑔 𝑡2 ) = 𝑢 − 𝑔 𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑
Then the acceleration is : 𝑎= = (𝑢 − 𝑔 𝑡) = −𝑔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
12. Consider a horse attached to the cart which is initially at rest. If the horse starts The force acting on the object is given by : 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 = − 𝒎 𝒈
walking forward, the cart also accelerates in the forward direction. If the horse The negative sign implies that the force is acting on the negative y direction.
pulls the cart with force Fh in forward direction, then according to Newton’s (2) The momentum of the particle : 𝒑 = 𝒎 𝒗 = 𝒎 (𝒖 − 𝒈 𝒕 )
third law, the cart also pulls the horse by equivalent opposite force 𝑭𝒄 = 𝑭𝒉 in 14. A baby is playing in a swing which is hanging with the help of two identical
backward direction. Then total force on ‘cart+horse’ is zero. Why is it then the chains is at rest. Identify the forces acting on the baby. Apply Lami’s theorem
‘cart+horse’ accelerates and moves forward? and find out the tension acting on the chain.
Solution : Solution :
 This paradox arises due to wrong application of Newton’s second and third laws..
 If we decide on the cart+horse as a ‘system’, then we should not consider the
force exerted by the horse on the cart or the force exerted by cart on the horse.
Both are internal forces acting on each other.
 According to Newton’s third law, total internal force acting on the system is zero
and it cannot accelerate the system.
 The acceleration of the system is caused by some external force. In this case, the
force exerted by the road on the system is the external force acting on the
system.
 It is wrong to conclude that the total force acting on the system (cart+horse) is
zero without including all the forces acting on the system.  The baby and the chains are modeled as a particle hung by two strings as shown
 The road is pushing the horse and cart forward with acceleration. in the figure. There are three forces acting on the baby.
 As there is an external force acting on the system, Newton’s second law has to be (i) Downward gravitational force along negative y direction (mg)
applied and not Newton’s third law. (ii) Tension (T) along the string-1
(iii) Tension (T) along the string-1
 These three forces are coplanar as well as concurrent as shown in the figure. 16. An object of mass 10 kg moving with a speed of 15 m s−1 hits the wall and comes
 By Lami’s theorem, to rest within (1) 0.03 second ; (2) 10 second. Calculate the impulse and
𝑇 𝑇 𝑚𝑔 average force acting on the object in both the cases.
= = Solution :
sin(180° − 𝜃) sin(180° − 𝜃) sin 2𝜃
𝑇 𝑇 𝑚𝑔  Initial momentum of the object ; 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑚 𝑢 = 15 𝑋 10 = 150 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 −1
= = Final momentum of the object ; 𝑝𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑣 = 15 𝑋 0 = 0
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝒎𝒈 Hence change in momentum ; ∆𝑝 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 = 150 − 0 = 150 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 −1
∴ 𝑻=
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 (1) When t = 0.03 s , then
15. Identify the internal and external forces acting on the following systems. Impulse ; 𝐽 = ∆𝑝 = 150 𝑁 𝑠
(1) Earth alone as a system ∆𝑝 150 15000
(2) Earth and Sun as a system Average force ; 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = = 5000 𝑁
∆𝑡 0.03 3
(3) Our body as a system while walking (2) When t = 10 s , then
(4) Our body + Earth as a system Impulse ; : 𝐽 = ∆𝑝 = 150 𝑁 𝑠
Solution : ∆𝑝 150
Average force ; 𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 15 𝑁
(1) Earth alone as a system : ∆𝑡 10
Earth orbits the Sun due to 17. Consider an object of mass 2 kg resting on the floor. The coefficient of static
gravitational attraction of the Sun. If friction between the object and the floor is s = 0.8 . What force must be applied
we consider Earth as a system, then on the object to move it?
Sun’s gravitational force is an external Solution :
force.  Since the object is at rest, the gravitational force experienced by an object is
(2) (Earth + Sun) as a system : balanced by normal force exerted by floor.(i.e.) 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔
In this case, there are two internal  The maximum static frictional force ; 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑚 𝑔
forces which form an action and  Hence, 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8 𝑋 2 𝑋 9.8 = 15.68 𝑁
reaction pair the gravitational force  Therefore to move the object the external force should be greater than maximum
exerted by the Sun on Earth and static friction. (i.e) , 𝑓𝑒𝑥𝑡 > 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (15.68 𝑁)
gravitational force exerted by the 18. Consider an object of mass 50 kg at rest on the floor. A Force of 5 N is applied
Earth on the Sun. on the object but it does not move. What is the frictional force that acts on the
(3) Our body as a system object?
While walking, we exert a force on the Earth and Solution :
Earth exerts an equal and opposite force on our  When the object is at rest, the external force and the static frictional force are
body. If our body alone is considered as a system, equal and opposite.
then the force exerted by the Earth on our body is  The magnitudes of these two forces are equal, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟓 𝑵
external.  The direction of this frictional force is opposite to the direction of Fext .
19. Two bodies of masses 7 kg and 5 kg are connected by a light string passing over
(4) (Our body + Earth) as a system a smooth pulley at the edge of the table as shown in the figure. The coefficient
In this case, there are two internal of static friction between the surfaces (body and table) is 0.9. Will the mass
forces present in the system. One is the m1 = 7 kg on the surface move? If not what value of m2 should be used so that
force exerted by our body on the Earth mass 7 kg begins to slide on the table?
and the other is the equal and opposite Solution :
force exerted by the Earth on our body.
 As shown in the figure, there are four forces acting on the mass m1  Along y-axis, there is no motion, and hence
(1) Downward gravitational force along the negative y-axis (𝑚1 𝑔) 𝑚𝑔
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑔 cos 60 =
(2) Upward normal force along the positive y axis (N) 2
(3) Tension force due to mass m2 along the positive x axis (T)  From theory, kinetic friction is given by,
𝑚𝑔
(4) Frictional force along the negative x axis (f) 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑘
 Forces acting on the mass m2, 2
𝑚𝑔
(1) Downward gravitational force along the negative y-axis (𝑚2 𝑔) 𝑓𝑘 ( √3 − 1)
∴ 𝜇𝑘 = 𝑚 𝑔 = 2 𝑚 𝑔
(2) Tension force due to mass m2 along the positive y axis (T) ( ) ( )
 Since the mass m1 has no vertical motion, 𝑁 = 𝑚1 𝑔 2 2
 The maximum static friction exerted on mass 𝑚1 by the surface is, 𝝁𝒌 = √𝟑 − 𝟏
𝒇𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑚1 𝑔 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝑿 𝟕 𝑿 𝟗. 𝟖 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟒 𝑵 21. Consider an object moving on a horizontal surface with a constant velocity.
 The tension ; 𝑻 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 = 𝟓 𝑿 𝟗. 𝟖 = 𝟒𝟗 𝑵 Some external force is applied on the object to keep the object moving with a
 If the tension on the mass m1 is equal to or greater than this maximum static constant velocity. What is the net force acting on the object?
friction, the object will move. (i,,e.) 𝑻 > 𝒇𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 Solution :
 If the tension acting on the mass m1 is less than the maximum static friction. then  If an object moves with constant velocity, then
the mass m1 will not move. it has no acceleration.
 Also from equation 𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 we have,  According to Newton’s second law there is no
𝑇 𝜇𝑠 𝑚1 𝑔 net force acting on the object.
𝒎𝟐 = = = 𝜇𝑠 𝑚1 𝟎. 𝟗 𝑿 𝟕 = 𝟔. 𝟑 𝒌𝒈  The external force is balanced by the kinetic
𝑔 𝑔
friction.
 If the mass m2 is greater than 6.3 kg then the mass m1 will begin to slide.
22. If a stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to a string executes uniform circular motion with
20. A block of mass m slides down the plane inclined at an angle 60° with an
𝒈 a speed of 2 m s-1 of radius 3 m, what is the magnitude of tensional force acting
acceleration . Find the coefficient of kinetic friction? on the stone?
𝟐
 Kinetic friction comes to play as the block is moving on the surface.  Here the tenion force provide the necessary centripetal force and hence,
 The forces acting on the mass are 𝑚 𝑣2 0.25 𝑋 2 𝑋 2 1
(1) the normal force perpendicular to 𝑻 = 𝑭 𝒄𝒑 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑵
𝑟 3 3
surface (N), 23. The Moon orbits the Earth once in 27.3 days in an almost circular orbit.
(2) downward gravitational force (𝑚𝑔) Calculate the centripetal acceleration experienced by the Moon?
and (Radius of the Earth is 6.4 × 106 m)
(3) kinetic friction fk along the surface. Solution :
 Here 𝑚𝑔 can be resolved into two  The centripetal acceleration is given by,
components as, 𝑣2 2𝜋 2
(1) 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 – balances normal force 𝑎𝑐𝑝 = = 𝜔2 𝑅𝑀𝐸 = [ ] 𝑅𝑀𝐸 [∵ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔]
𝑅𝑀𝐸 𝑇
(2) 𝑚𝑔 s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 – gives acceleration
 RME is the distance between Earth and the Moon, which is
 Along x- axis, 60 times the radius of the Earth. (i.e.) 𝑅𝑀𝐸 = 60 𝑅 .
𝒈
𝑚𝑔 s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑓𝑘 = ma [∵ 𝑎 = & 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎 ] 4 𝜋2 4 𝜋2
𝟐 𝑎 = 𝑅 = 𝑋 60 𝑅
𝑔 𝑐𝑝
𝑇2 𝑀𝐸
𝑇2
𝑚𝑔 s𝑖𝑛 60 − 𝑓𝑘 = m X
2 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 60 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106
𝑚𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑝 =
√3 (27.3 𝑋 24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60)2
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑓𝑘 =
2 2 = 2.72 𝑋 10−9 𝑋 106
√3 𝑚𝑔 𝒂𝒄𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝑓𝑘 = 𝑚 𝑔 −
2 2  This result was calculated by Newton himself.
𝒎𝒈
𝒇𝒌 = ( √𝟑 − 𝟏)
𝟐
24. Consider a circular leveled road of radius 10 m having coefficient of static
friction 0.81. Three cars (A, B and C) are travelling with speed 7 m s -1, 8 m s-1
EXCERSICE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION
and 10 ms-1 respectively. Which car will skid when it moves in the circular level 1. A force of 50N act on the object of mass 20 kg. shown in the
road? (g =10 m s-2) figure. Calculate the acceleration of the object in x and y
Solution : directions.
 From the safe turn condition, the speed of the vehicle must be 𝑣 ≤ √𝜇𝑠 𝑟 𝑔 Solution :
Hence, 𝑣 ≤ √0.81 𝑋 10 𝑋 10 ≤ √81 ≤ 𝟗 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏  From Newton’s second law ; 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎
 The speed of car A, B and C are 7 m s-1, 8 m s-1 and 10 m s-1 respectively. Hence the acceleration ;
 The cars A and B will have safe turns. 𝐹 50
𝑎 = = = 2.5 𝑚 𝑠 −2
 But the car C has speed 10 m s-1 while it turns which exceeds the safe turning 𝑚 20
speed. Hence, the car C will skid.  The acceleration in x – axis,
25. Consider a circular road of radius 20 meter banked at an angle of 15 degree. √3
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 = 2.5 𝑋 cos 30° = 2.5 𝑋 = 1.25 𝑋 1.732 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
With what speed a car has to move on the turn so that it will have safe turn? 2
Solution :  The acceleration in y – axis,
 The safe speed for the car on this road is, 1
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 2.5 𝑋 sin 30° = 2.5 𝑋 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝑣 = √𝑟 𝑔 tan 𝜃 2
2. A spider of mass 50 g is hanging on a string of a cob web as shown in
= √20 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 tan 15° the figure. What is the tension in the string?
= √20 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 0.26 Solution :
𝒗 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏  Here two forces acting on the spider.
(1) Downward gravitational force (m g)
26. Calculate the centrifugal force experienced by a man of 60 kg standing at (2) Upward tension (T)
Chennai? (Given: Latitude of Chennai is 13° )  Hence, 𝑻 = 𝒎 𝒈 = 50 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 9.8 = 490 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 𝑵
Solution : 3. What is the reading shown in spring balance?
 The centrifugal force is given by (1) (2)
2𝜋
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑅 cos 𝜃 [∵ 𝜔 = ]
𝑇
2𝜋 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 𝑚 [ ] 𝑅 cos 𝜃
𝑇
 Here, time period of the Earth T =24 hours and radius of
Earth, 𝑅 = 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑚
Solution :
2 𝑋 3.14 2 (1) Here two forces acting on the spring balance. These two forces are equal in
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 60 𝑋 [ ] 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 cos 13 magnitude (4g) and opposite in
24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60 direction. So resultant force will be
6.28 2 zero. Hence spring balance wil show
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = 60 𝑋 [ ] 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 cos 13
86400 zero reading.
60 𝑋 6.28 𝑋 6.28 𝑋 6.4 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.9744 (2) Here the forces acting on the spring balance is shown in the figure.
𝐹𝑐𝑓 =
86400 𝑋 86400 The normal force ‘N’ is balanced by the component 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃
𝑭𝒄𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟓 𝑵 (𝑖. 𝑒) 𝑁 = 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃
Hence the other component 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃 gives the
reading of the spring balance
(𝑖. 𝑒) 𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
1
𝐹 = 2 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 sin 30° = 2 𝑋 9.8 𝑋
2
𝑭 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝑵
4. The physics books are stacked on each other in the sequence: +1 volumes  In the arc path, the restoring force acting along the tangential direction gives the
1 and 2 ; +2 volumes 1 and 2 on a table. tangential acceleration. Hence from Newton’s second law,
(1) Identify the forces acting on each book and draw the free body diagram. 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
(2) Identify the forces exerted by each book on the other. 𝑚 𝑎 𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
Solution : ∴ 𝒂𝑻 = 𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 The tension acting along the string gives centripetal acceleration. Hence form
Newton’s second law,
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑝
𝑻 − 𝒎𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒂𝒄𝒑 =
𝒎
6. Two masses m1 and m2 are connected with a string
passing over a frictionless pulley fixed at the corner of
the table as shown in the figure. The coefficient of
static friction of mass m1 with the table is μs. Calculate
 Forces acting on 11 physics vol-1, the minimum mass m3 that may be placed on m1 to
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐴 𝑔) prevent it from sliding. Check if m1=15 kg, m2=10 kg,
(ii) Upward normal force exerted by 11 physics vol-2 (𝑁𝐵 ) m3=25 kg and μs =0.2
 Forces acting on 11 physics vol-2, Solution :
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐵 𝑔)  The force acting on the given system are showm below.
(ii) Downward normal force exerted by 11 physics vol-1 (𝑁𝐴 )
(iii) Upward normal force exerted by 12 physics vol-1 (𝑁𝐶 )
 Forces acting on 12 physics vol-1,
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐶 𝑔)
(ii) Downward normal force exerted by 11 physics vol-2 (𝑁𝐵 )
(iii) Upward normal force exerted by 12 physics vol-2 (𝑁𝐷 )
 Forces acting on 12 physics vol-2,
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝐷 𝑔)
(ii) Downward normal force exerted by 12 physics vol-1 (𝑁𝐶 )
(iii) Upward normal force exerted by the table (𝑁𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 )  When the mass (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) is at rest, then from Newton’s second law,
5. A bob attached to the string oscillates back and forth. Resolve the forces acting 𝑁 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 = 0
on the bob in to components. What is the acceleration experience by the bob at (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 − − − − − − (1)
an angle θ . & 𝑇 − 𝑓𝑠 = 0
Solution : (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑠
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑠 (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 − − (2)
 Since 𝑚1 also at rest,
𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 = 0
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − − − − − − − (3)
 From equation (2) and (3)
𝜇𝑠 (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) 𝑔 = 𝑚2 𝑔
𝑚2
𝑚1 + 𝑚3 =
𝜇𝑠
𝒎𝟐
𝒎𝟑 = − 𝒎𝟏 − − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝝁𝒔
𝒎𝟐
 Hence if 𝒎𝟑 = ( − 𝒎𝟏 ) ,then the combined mass (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) will just begins
𝝁𝒔
to slide on the table
Verification : If 𝑚1 = 15 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 10 𝑘𝑔, 𝜇𝑠 = 0.2 , then 9. A football player kicks a 0.8 kg ball and imparts it a velocity 12 ms-1. The
𝒎𝟐 𝟏𝟎 contact between the foot and ball is only for one- sixtieth of a second. Find the
𝒎𝟑 = − 𝒎𝟏 = − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝒈 average kicking force.
𝝁𝒔 𝟎. 𝟐
 That is, to prevent sliding of mass 𝑚1 , the minimum mass 𝑚3 that should be Solution :
placed over 𝑚1 = 15 𝑘𝑔 will be 𝑚3 = 35 𝑘𝑔 .  The average force will be,
 But the given mass 𝑚3 is 25 𝑘𝑔. So the combined mass (𝑚1 + 𝑚3 ) will slide on ∆𝑝 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖 𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢 𝑚 (𝑣 − 𝑢)
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = =
the table ∆𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
7. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle of mass 25 kg as shown in Figures 1 0.8 (12 − 0)
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 0.8 𝑋 12 𝑋 6
and 2. 1
( )
6
𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔 𝑵
10. A stone of mass 2 kg is attached to a string of length 1 meter. The string can
withstand maximum tension 200 N. What is the maximum speed that stone can
have during the whirling motion?
 Apply Newton’s second law in figure (1)  During whirling motion of the stone, the tension acting along the string provides
500 − 400 = 𝑚 𝑎 necessary centripetal force.
500 − 400 100  If tension becomes maximum,then the centripetal force also be maximum. Hence
𝒂 = = = 𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐 2
𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚 25 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝐹𝑐𝑝 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
 Apply Newton’s second law in figure (2) 𝑟
400 − 400 = 𝑚 𝑎 2
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 200 𝑋 1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 100
400 − 400 0 𝑚 2
𝒂 = = =𝟎 ∴ 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
𝑚 25
8. Apply Lami’s theorem on sling shot and calculate the tension in each string ? 11. Imagine that the gravitational force between Earth and Moon is
Solution : provided by an invisible string that exists between the Moon
and Earth. What is the tension that exists in this invisible string
due to Earth’s centripetal force?
(Mass of the Moon = 7.34 × 1022 kg, Distance between Moon
and Earth = 3.84 × 108 m)
Solution :
 The centripetal acceleration excerted by Earth on Moon
𝑣2 2𝜋 2
𝑎𝑐𝑝 = = 𝜔2 𝑅𝑀𝐸 = [ ] 𝑅𝑀𝐸 [∵ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔]
Solution : 𝑅𝑀𝐸 𝑇
 If a point is in equilibrium under three concurrent and coplanar forces, then by  Distance between Moon and Earth, 𝑅𝑀𝐸 = 3.84 𝑋 106 𝑚
Lami’s theorem, 4 𝜋2
∴ 𝑎𝑐𝑝 = 2 𝑅𝑀𝐸
𝑇 𝑇 𝐹 𝑇
= = 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.84 𝑋 108
sin 150° sin 150° sin 60° 𝑎𝑐𝑝 =
𝑇 𝐹 (27.3 𝑋 24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60)2
(𝑜𝑟) = = 2.721 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 108
sin(180° − 30°) sin 60°
𝑇 𝐹 𝒂𝒄𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟐𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
=
sin 30° sin 60°  The tension due to this acceleration,
1
𝐹 sin 30° 50 𝑋 50 𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑝 = 7.34 𝑋 1022 𝑋 0.002721
𝑻= = 2 = = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟕 𝑵
sin 60° √3 1.732 𝑇 = 1.997 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 1022
2 𝑻 ≅ 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝑵
12. Two bodies of masses 15 kg and 10 kg are connected with light string kept on a 15. A long stick rests on the surface. A person standing 10 m away from the stick.
smooth surface. A horizontal force F=500 N is applied to a 15 kg as shown in With what minimum speed an object of mass 0.5 kg should he thrown so that it
the figure. Calculate the tension acting in the string. hits the stick. (Assume the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.7).
 When the stone moves towards the stick , it experieces kinetic
friction.
 Accoring to Newton’s second law,
𝑓𝑘 = − 𝑚 𝑎
𝜇𝑘 𝑁 = − 𝑚 𝑎
𝜇𝑘 𝑚 𝑔 = − 𝑚 𝑎
 Here motion is along horizontal direction only. 𝑎 = − 𝜇𝑘 𝑔
 Consider the motion of mass 𝑚1  From equations of motion,
𝐹 − 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠
(𝑜𝑟) 500 − 𝑇 = 15 𝑎  When the stone hits the stick, it comes to rest. So
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 500 − 15 𝑎 − − − − (1) 𝑣=0
 Consider the motion of mass 𝑚2 0 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠
𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑎 = 10 𝑎 − − − − (2) 𝑢2 = − 2 𝑎 𝑠
 From equation (1) and (2) 𝑢2 = − 2 (− 𝜇𝑘 𝑔) 𝑠
500 − 15 𝑎 = 10 𝑎 𝑢 2 = 2 𝜇𝑘 𝑔 𝑠
25 𝑎 = 500 𝑢 = √2 𝜇𝑘 𝑔 𝑠 = √2 𝑋 0.7 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 10 = √137.2
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑢 = 11.71 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝒂 = = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝟐𝟓
 Put this in equation (2), we get
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑿 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑵
13. People often say “For every action there is an equivalent opposite reaction”.
Here they meant ‘action of a human’. Is it correct to apply Newton’s third law to
human actions? What is mean by ‘action’ in Newton third law? Give your
arguments based on Newton’s laws.
Solution :
 Newton’s third law is applicable to only human’s actions which involves physical
force.
 Third law is not applicable to human’s psychological actions or thoughts
14. A car takes a turn with velocity 50 ms -1 on the circular road of radius of
curvature 10 m. calculate the centrifugal force experienced by a person of
mass 60kg inside the car?
Solution :
 Centrifugal force is given by,
𝑚 𝑣2
𝐹𝑐𝑓 =
𝑟
60 𝑋 50 𝑋 50
𝐹𝑐𝑓 = = 6 𝑋 2500
10
𝑭𝒄𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵
Exam No 7. A particle of mass m sliding on the smooth
Name : double inclined plane (shown in figure) will
UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION experience
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks (a) greater acceleration along the path AB
(b) greater acceleration along the path AC
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 (c) same acceleration in both the paths
Note : (i) Answer all the questions (d) no acceleration in both the paths
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code 8. Two blocks of masses m and 2m are placed on a smooth
and corresponding answer horizontal surface as shown. In the first case only a
1. When a car takes a sudden left turn in the curved road, passengers are pushed force F1 is applied from the left. Later only a force F2 is
towards the right due to applied from the right. If the force acting at the interface
(a) inertia of direction (b) inertia of motion of the two blocks in the two cases is same, then F1 : F2 is
(c) inertia of rest (d) absence of inertia (a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:3
2. An object of mass m held against a vertical wall by applying 9. Force acting on the particle moving with constant speed is
horizontal force F as shown in the figure. The minimum value of (a) always zero (b) need not be zero
the force F is (c) always non zero (d) cannot be concluded
(a) Less than mg (b) Equal to mg 10. An object of mass m begins to move on the plane inclined at an angle θ . The
(c) Greater than mg (d) Cannot determine coefficient of static friction of inclined surface is 𝝁𝑺 . The maximum static
3. A vehicle is moving along the positive x direction, if sudden brake is applied, friction experienced by the mass is
then (a) mg (b) 𝜇𝑺 mg (c) 𝜇𝑺 mg sinθ (d) 𝜇𝑺 mg cos θ
(a) frictional force acting on the vehicle is along negative x direction 11. When the object is moving at constant velocity on the rough surface,
(b) frictional force acting on the vehicle is along positive x direction (a) net force on the object is zero
(c) no frictional force acts on the vehicle (b) no force acts on the object
(d) frictional force acts in downward direction (c) only external force acts on the object
4. A book is at rest on the table which exerts a normal force on the book. If this (d) only kinetic friction acts on the object
force is considered as reaction force, what is the action force according to 12. When an object is at rest on the inclined rough surface,
Newton’s third law? (a) static and kinetic frictions acting on the object is zero
(a) Gravitational force exerted by Earth on the book (b) static friction is zero but kinetic friction is not zero
(b) Gravitational force exerted by the book on Earth (c) static friction is not zero and kinetic friction is zero
(c) Normal force exerted by the book on the table (d) static and kinetic frictions are not zero
(d) None of the above 13. The centrifugal force appears to exist
5. Two masses m1 and m2 are experiencing the same force where m1 < m2. The (a) only in inertial frames
𝒂
ratio of their acceleration 𝟏 is (b) only in rotating frames
𝒂𝟐
(c) in any accelerated frame
(a) 1 (b) less than 1
(d) both in inertial and non-inertial frames
(c) greater than 1 (d) all the three cases
14. Choose the correct statement from the following
6. Choose appropriate free body diagram for the particle experiencing net
(a) Centrifugal and centripetal forces are action reaction pairs
acceleration along negative y direction. (Each arrow mark represents the force
(b) Centripetal forces is a natural force
acting on the system)
(c) Centrifugal force arises from gravitational force
(d) Centripetal force acts towards the centre and centrifugal force appears to act
away from the centre in a circular motion
15. If a person moving from pole to equator, the centrifugal force acting on him
(a) increases (b) decreases
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) remains the same (d) increases and then decreases
PART - II 6 X 2 = 12
.
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory
16. State Newton’s second law of motion.
17. What are the steps followed in developing the free body diagram.
18. Distinguish between inertial and non-inertial frames
19. Jumping on a concrete cemented floor is more dangerous than jumping on the sand.
Why?
20. Define static friction.
21. What is meant by kinetic friction?
22. What is called pseudo force?
23. If a stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to a string executes uniform circular motion with a
speed of 2 m s-1 of radius 3 m, what is the magnitude of tensional force acting on the
stone?
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
24. Define inertia. Explain its types.

25. Explain the motion of particle moving in an Inclined Plane and calculate its speed
when it reaches the bottom.
26. State Lami’s theorem with diagram.
27. Define angle of friction. Prove that the coefficient of static friction is equal to tangent
of the angle of friction.
28. Explain centripetal force.
29. Distinguish between centripetal force and centrifugal force.
30. Calculate the centrifugal force experienced by a man of 60 kg standing at Chennai?
(Given: Latitude of Chennai is 13° )
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15
Note : (i) Answer all the questions
31. Explain the motion of two bodies in contact of a horizontal surface.
(or)
Explain the motion of blocks connected by a string in vertical direction தமிழுக்கும் அமுததன்று பபர் ! -அந்தத்தமிழ் இன்பத்தமிழ் எங்கள் உயிருக்கு பேர் !
32. Using free body diagram, show that it is easy to pull an object than to push it. தமிழுக்கு நிலதென்று பபர் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் சமுகத்தின் விளைவுக்கு நீர் !
(or) தமிழுக்கு மணதமன்று பபர் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் ொழ்வுக்கு நிருமித்த ஊர் !
Explain the need for banking of curved tracks தமிழுக்கு மதுதென்று பபர் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் உரிளமச்தசம் பயிருக்கு பெர் !
33. (1) Give the orgin of frictional force
(2) Define angle of repose. Show that in an inclined plane, angle of friction is equal to தமிழ் எங்கள் இைளமக்குப் பால் ! - இன்பத்தமிழ் ேல்ல புகழ்மிக்க புலெர்க்குபெல் !
angle of repose. தமிழ் எங்கள் உயர்வுக்கு ொன் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் அசதிக்குச் சுடர்தந்த பதன் !
(or) தமிழ் எங்கள் அறிவுக்குத் பதாள் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் கவிளதக்கு ெயிரத்தின் ொள்!
State and prove law of conservation of total linear momentum. Explain with an தமிழ் எங்கள் பிறவிக்குத் தாய் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் ெைமிக்க உைமுற்ற தீ
example.
இன்பத்தமிழ் - பாபெந்தர் பாரதிதாசன்

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11 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 LAWS OF MOTION COMPLETE GUIDE AND MOEL QUESTION PAPER

7. A particle of mass m sliding on the smooth double inclined plane (shown in

 Identify the forces acting on the object 𝐽 = 𝑝𝑓 − 𝑝𝑖

24. Define inertia. Explain its types.

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