11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION

PART – I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 𝟏 𝒓𝒅

4. For a given material, the rigidity modulus is [ ] of Young’s modulus. Its
1. Consider two wires X and Y. Th e radius of wire X is 3 times the radius of Y. If 𝟑
they are stretched by the same load then the stress on Y is Poisson’ ratio is
(a) equal to that on X (b) thrice that on X (a) 0 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.5
(c) nine times that on X (d) Half that on X .Solution :-
.Solution :-  The relation between of Poisson’s ratio (𝜎), rigidity modulus (𝜂) and Young’s
𝑌
 Stress on X is , 𝜎𝑋 =
𝐹
=
𝐹
2 and Stress on Y is , 𝜎𝑌 =
𝐹
=
𝐹 modulus (Y) is, 𝜂= 2(1+𝜎)
𝐴 𝜋 𝑟𝑋 𝐴 𝜋 𝑟𝑌2
𝑌
𝑟𝑋 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹  Given that, 𝜂 = , then
 Since, 𝑟𝑋 = 3 𝑟𝑌 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑟𝑌 = then, 𝜎𝑌 = 2 = 𝑟2
=9 = 9 𝜎𝑋 3
3 𝑟
𝜋 ( 𝑋) 𝜋 𝑟2𝑋 𝑌 𝑌 1 1 3 3 1
𝜋 ( 9𝑋) (𝑜𝑟) = (𝑜𝑟) 1 + 𝜎 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜎 = − 1 =
3 =
3 2(1 + 𝜎) 3 2(1 + 𝜎) 2 2 2
Answer (c) nine times that on X Answer (d) 0.5
2. If a wire is stretched to double of its original length, then the strain in the wire is 5. A small sphere of radius 2cm falls from rest in a viscous liquid. Heat is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 produced due to viscous force. The rate of production of heat when the sphere
.Solution :- attains its terminal velocity is proportional
∆𝑙 𝑙−𝑙𝑜
 Strain is given by, 𝜀 = = (a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25
𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜
2𝑙𝑜 −𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜 .Solution :-
 If 𝑙 → 2𝑙𝑜 , then 𝜀 = = =1
𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜  Rate of doing work = power = force × velocity
Answer (a) 1  Here, Rate of production of heat = viscous force (F) × terminal velocity (𝑣𝑇 )
3. The load – elongation graph of three wires of the  By Stoke’s law, viscous force is given by, 𝐹 = 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 𝑣𝑇
same material are shown in figure. Which of the  Hence, Rate of production of heat = 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 𝑣𝑇 × 𝑣𝑇 = 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 𝑣𝑇2
following wire is the thickest? 2 𝑟 2 (𝜌−𝜎)
(a) wire 1  But terminal velocity is given by, 𝑣𝑇 =
9𝜂
(b) wire 2 2
2 𝑟2 (𝜌 − 𝜎) 2 𝜌 − 𝜎) 2 5
(c) wire 3 Rate of production of heat = 6 𝜋 𝑟 𝜂 [ ] = 6𝜋𝜂 [ ] 𝑟
9𝜂 9𝜂
(d) all of them have same thickness
5
.Solution :- Rate of production of heat ∝ 𝑟5 ∝ 2 [Since 𝑟 = 2 𝑐𝑚]
𝟓
 Young’s modulus of the wire ; 𝑌 =
𝜎𝑙
=
𝐹/𝐴
=
𝐹 𝑙𝑜
=
𝐹 𝑙𝑜 Answer (d) 𝟐
𝜀𝑙 ∆𝑙/𝑙𝑜 𝐴 ∆𝑙 𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑙 6. Two wires are made of the same material and have the same volume. The area
𝐹 𝑙𝑜 1
 Hence, elongation ; ∆𝑙 = (i.e.) ∆𝑙 ∝ of cross sections of the first and the second wires are A and 2A respectively. If
𝜋 𝑟2 𝑌 𝑟2
 Thus for particular load (F) , elongation (∆𝑙) is the length of the first wire is increased by Δl on applying a force F, how much
inversely proportional to the radius of the wire, force is needed to stretch the second wire by the same amount?
(i.e.,) thickest wire will show minimum (a) 2 F (b) 4 F (c) 8 F (d) 16 F
elongation and thinnest wire will show .Solution :-
𝑙𝑜
maximum elongation.  Since volume is same, 𝐴 𝑙𝑜 = 2 𝐴 𝑙0 (or) 𝑙0 = 2
 In the given graph, the elongation (∆𝑙) of wire 1 𝐹/𝐴 𝐹 𝑙𝑜
 Young’s modulus of wire 1 of area A ; 𝑌 = =
will be minimum and hence wire 1 will be ∆𝑙/𝑙𝑜 𝐴 ∆𝑙
𝐹 /2𝐴 𝐹 1 𝐹 𝑙𝑜

thickest, 𝐹 𝑙 𝑙𝑜
 Young’s modulus of wire 2 of area 2A ; 𝑌  =  = 2𝐴 ∆𝑙0 = 2𝐴 𝑙 =
∆𝑙/𝑙0 𝑜 2 ∆𝑙 4 𝐴 𝑙𝑜 ∆𝑙
Answer (a) wire 1

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Since they are same material. their Young’s modulus will be the same. (i.e.) 10. If the temperature of the wire is increased, then the Young’s modulus will
  (a) remain the same (b) decrease
𝐹 𝑙𝑜 1 𝐹 𝑙𝑜 𝐹
𝑌 = 𝑌 (𝑜𝑟) = (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹= (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 = 4 𝐹 (c) increase rapidly (d) increase by very a small amount
𝐴 ∆𝑙 4 𝐴 𝑙𝑜 ∆𝑙 4
.Solution :-
Answer (b) 𝟒𝑭
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹/𝐴 𝐹𝑙
7. With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of liquid and gas, respectively  Young’s modulus of wire ; 𝑌 =
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
= ∆𝑙/𝑙 = 𝐴 ∆𝑙𝑜
𝑜
will ∆𝑙
 Coefficient of linear expansion is ; 𝛼 = (𝑜𝑟) ∆𝑙 = 𝛼 𝑙𝑜 ∆𝑇
(a) increase and increase (b) increase and decrease 𝑙𝑜 ∆𝑇
𝐹 𝑙𝑜 1
(c) decrease and increase (d) decrease and decrease  Therefore, 𝑌 = (i.e.) 𝑌 ∝ ∆𝑇
𝐴 𝛼 𝑙𝑜 ∆𝑇
.Solution :-  Hence, as temperature increases, Young’s modulus will be decreases.
 The viscosity of liquid is inversely proportional to the square of the temperature,
Answer (b) 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
therefore as we increase the temperature. the viscosity of the liquid will
11. Copper of fixed volume V is drawn into a wire of length l. When this wire is
decrease.
subjected to a constant force F, the extension produced in the wire is Δl. If Y
 Similarly the viscosity of gases is directly proportional to the temperature. Hence
represents the Young’s modulus, then which of the following graphs is a
as the temperature increases. the viscosity will increase.
straight line?
Answer (b) 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 (a) Δl versus V (b) Δl versus Y
8. The Young’s modulus for a perfect rigid body is 1
(c) Δl versus F (d) Δl versus
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) infinity 𝑙

.Solution :- .Solution :-
𝐹/𝐴 𝐹𝑙 𝐹 𝑙𝑜
 For perfectly rigid bodies, strain ( 𝜀𝑙 ) will be zero for any value of stress..  Young’s modulus, 𝑌 =
∆𝑙/𝑙𝑜
= 𝐴 ∆𝑙𝑜 (𝑜𝑟) ∆𝑙 = 𝐴𝑌
(𝑜𝑟) ∆𝑙 ∝ 𝐹
𝜎𝑙 𝜎𝑙
 So Young’s modulus of it will be, 𝑌 = = = ∞ Answer (c) ∆𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝑭
𝜀𝑙 0
12. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of radius r coalesce to form a
Answer (d) 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲
single drop of radius R and volume V. If T is the surface tension of the liquid,
9. Which of the following is not a scalar?
then
(a) viscosity (b) surface tension
1 1
(c) pressure (d) stress (a) energy = 4 𝑉 𝑇 [ − ] is released
𝑟 𝑅
.Solution :- 1 1
(b) energy = 3 𝑉 𝑇 [𝑟 + 𝑅 ] is absorbed
 Scalar quantity have only magnitude whereas vector quantity have both
1 1
magnitude as well as direction. (c) energy = 3 𝑉 𝑇 [𝑟 − 𝑅 ] is released
 The viscosity is the measure of internal friction between the layer of the fluid (d) energy is neither released nor absorbed
which is the property of fluid and it is a scalar quantity. .Solution :-
 The surface tension is the measure of force per unit length which is numerically  Volume(V) of ‘n’ small drops = Volume (V) of a big drop
equal to surface energy and hence it is a scalar quantity. 4 4 𝑅3
(i.e.) 𝑛 (3 𝜋𝑟3 ) = 3 𝜋𝑅3 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑛 𝑟3 = 𝑅3 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑛=
 Pressure is the measure of the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an 𝑟3

object per unit area and is a scalar quantity. 𝑅3 4 𝜋 𝑅3

 Initial surface area of ‘n’ drops ; 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑛 (4𝜋𝑟 2 ) =
𝑟3
(4𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 𝑟
 But stress is defined as the restoring force per unit area. Here force is the vector
 Final surface area of a big drop ; 𝐴𝑓 = 4𝜋𝑅2
quantity because it has both magnitudes as well as direction and area is a scalar
 Hence decrease in surface area ;
quantity because it has only magnitude, not direction. Hence stress is not a scalar
4 𝜋 𝑅3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
quantity. ∆𝐴 = 𝐴𝑖 − 𝐴𝑓 =
𝑟
− 4𝜋𝑅2 = 4𝜋𝑅3 [𝑟 − 𝑅] = 3 × 3 𝜋𝑅3 [𝑟 − 𝑅] = 3 𝑉 [𝑟 − 𝑅]
Answer (d) 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Surface tension (T) is defined as surface energy per unit area 15. In a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross section, water flows with a velocity of
 Hence,𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 1 m s-1 at a point where the diameter of the pipe is 20 cm. The velocity of water
1 1 1.5 m s-1 at a point where the diameter of the pipe is (in cm)
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) ∆𝑈 = 𝑇 × ∆𝐴 = 𝑇 × 3 𝑉 [ − ]
𝑟 𝑅 (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32
 When ‘n’ drops coalesce to form a single drop, the surface area will decreased .Solution :-
and hence energy will be released.  By the equation of continuity ; 𝑎 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝟏 𝟏 (𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2
Answer (c) 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝟑 𝑽 𝑻 [ − ] 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝒓 𝑹 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜋𝑟12 𝑣1 = 𝜋𝑟22 𝑣2
13. The following four wires are made of the same material. Which of these will 𝑑12 𝑑22
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜋 𝑣1 = 𝜋 𝑣2
have the largest extension when the same tension is applied? 4 4
(a) length = 200 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm ∴ 𝑑12 𝑣1 = 𝑑22 𝑣2
(b) length= 200 cm, diameter = 1 mm 𝑣1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑22 = 𝑑12
(c) length = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm 𝑣2
(d) length= 200 cm, diameter = 3 m 𝑣1 1
.Solution :- ∴ 𝑑2 = 𝑑1 √ = 20 × √ = 20 × √0.666
𝑣2 1.5
𝜎𝑙 𝐹/𝐴 𝐹 𝑙𝑜 𝐹 𝑙𝑜
 Young’s modulus of the wire ; 𝑌 = = = =
𝜀𝑙 ∆𝑙/𝑙𝑜 𝐴 ∆𝑙 𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑙 𝑑2 = 20 × 0.8160 = 16. 32 𝑐𝑚
𝐹 𝑙𝑜 4 𝐹 𝑙𝑜
 Hence, extention ; ∆𝑙 = = 2
Answer (b) 𝟏𝟔 𝐜𝐦
𝜋 𝑟2 𝑌 𝜋𝑑 𝑌
1
 Since 𝐹, 𝑙𝑜 𝑎nd 𝑌 are constants, we have ∆𝑙 ∝
𝑑2
(i.e.) thinnest wire will show largest extension.
Answer (a) length = 200 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm
14. The wettability of a surface by a liquid depends primarily on
(a) viscosity
(b) surface tension
(c) density
(d) angle of contact between the surface and the liquid
.Solution :-
 The contact angle determines whether a liquid will spread on the surface of a
solid or form droplets on it.
If the Angle of contact is obtuse: then a droplet will be formed.
If the Angle of contact is acute: then the water will spread.
(i.e.) If the angle of contact (θ) formed by the liquid at a solid surface decreases,
then wettability of the surface by the liquid will increase, because liquid will tend
to spread more at the solid surface.
angle of contact between the surface and the
Answer (d)
liquid

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
9. Define bulk stress.
PART – II & III 2 AND 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS  When a body is acted by a normal force everywhere, then the force per unit area
1. Explain various states of matter. is called bulk stress or volume stress and it is denoted by “𝜎𝑣 ”
Solids :  It is same as the pressure.
 In solids, atoms or molecules are tightly fixed. In the solid formation, atoms get 10. Define strain.
bound together through various types of bonding.  Strain is defined as the ratio of change in size to the original size and it is
 Due to the interaction between the atoms, they position themselves at a denoted by “𝜀”
particular interatomic distance. Thus solid possesses definite shape and volume.  Strain measures the degree of deformation.
Liquids :  It has no unit and it is dimensionless quantity
 When the solid is heated above its melting point, the heat energy will break the 11. Define longitudinal strain. Give its types.
bonding between atoms and eventually the atoms receive enough energy and  It is defined as the ratio of increase in length to the original length and it is
wander around. denoted by “𝜀𝑙 ”
 Here also the intermolecular (or interatomic) forces are important, but the  It divided in to two types namely, (1) Tensile strain (2) Compressive strain
molecules will have enough energy to move around, which makes the structure 12. Define shearing strain.
mobile. Thus liquid possesses definite volume but not have definite shape  When a tangential force is applied to a body which is in translational and
Gases : rotational equilibrium, it undergoes a shearing angle.
 When a liquid is heated at constant pressure to its boiling point or when the  The angle of shear is measured as shearing strain and it is denoted by “𝜀𝑠 ”
pressure is reduced at a constant temperature it will convert to a gas. 13. Define bulk strain.
 This process of a liquid changing to a gas is called evaporation.  It is defined as the ratio of change in volume to the original volume and it is
 The gas molecules have either very weak bonds or no bonds at all. This enables denoted as “𝜀𝑣 ”
them to move freely and quickly. Hence, the gas will conform to the shape of its 14. Define elastic limit.
container and also will expand to fill the container..  The maximum stress within which the body regains its original size and shape
2. What is called deforming force? after the removal of deforming force is called the elastic limit.
 The force which changes the shape or size of a body is called deforming force 15. State Hooke’s law.
3. What is called restoring force?  Hooke’s law states that, within elastic limit the stress is directly proportional to
 When a body is subjected to a deforming force, an internal force is developed the strain. (i.e.) stress ∝ strain
which tends to restore the body to its initial condition. That force is called 16. Write a note on Stress – Strain profile curve.
restoring force. Stress – Strain profile curve:
4. Define elasticity.  The stress versus strain profile is
 If a body regain it shape and size after the removal of deforming force, it is said a graph in which stress and strain
to be elastic and the property is called elasticity. (e.g.) Rubber, metals, steel ropes are noted for each load by taking
5. Define plasticity. strain along the X-axis and stress
 If a body does not regain its shape and size after removal of deforming force, it is along the Y-axis.
said to be plastic body and the property is called plasticity. (e.g.) Glass (a) Portion OA:
6. Define stress.  In this region, stress is
 The restoring force per unit area is called stress and it is denoted by “𝜎” proportional to strain, which
 Its S.I unit is N m-2 (or) pascal and its dimension is [ML-1 T-2] means Hooke’s law is valid. The
7. Define longitudinal stress. point A is called limit of proportionality
 The normal restoring force per unit area is called longitudinal stress (or) normal  The slope of the line OA gives the Young’s modulus of the wire.
stress and it is denoted by “𝜎𝑛 ” (b) Portion AB:
 It is divided in to two types, namely (1) Tensile stress (2) Compressive stress  In this region, stress is not proportional to the strain.
8. Define shearing stress.  But once the stretching force is removed, the wire will regain its original length.
 The tangential restoring force per unit area is called shearing stress (or)  This behaviour ends at point B and hence, the point B is known as yield point
tangential stress and it is denoted by “𝜎𝑡 ” (elastic limit).
 The curve is OAB indicates the elastic behaviour.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
(c) Portion BC:  Hence Poisson’s ratio,
 If the wire is stretched beyond the point B (elastic limit), stress increases and the 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
wire will not regain its original length after the removal of stretching force. 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
(d) Portion CD: 𝑑
[ ] 𝑑 𝐿
 If the wire stretched beyond the point C, the strain increases rapidly and reaches 𝜇=− 𝐷 = −[ ][ ]
the point D. Beyond D, the strain increases even when the load is removed and 𝑙 𝐷 𝑙
[ ]
𝐿
breaks at the point E. Therefore, the maximum stress (here D) beyond which the
 Poisson’s ration has no unit and hence it is dimension less quantity.
wire breaks is called breaking stress or tensile strength. The corresponding point
26. A spring balance shows wrong readings after using for a long time. Why?
D is known as fracture point.
 When a spring balance is used for long time, the spring in that balance
 The region BCDE represents the plastic behaviour of the material of the wire.
undergoes elastic fatigue and begins to loses its elastic property.
17. Define modulus of elasticity.
 So it does not regains its original dimension (length). Because of this, it shows
 When deformation is very small, the ratio of stress to the strain is a constant
wrong readings.
which is called modulus of elasticity.
27. What is the effect of temperature on elastic property?
 Its S.I unit is N m-2 (or) pascal and its dimension is [ML-1 T-2]
 If temperature of the body increases, it elastic property (i.e.) modulus of
18. Define Young’s modulus.
elasticity decreases.
 It is defined as the ratio of tensile stress (or) compressive stress to the tensile 28. Give the applications of elasticity.
strain (or) compressive strain and it is denoted by “Y”
 The elastic behavior of material decides the structural design of the column and
19. Define Bulk modulus.
beams of a building.
 It is defined as the ratio of volume stress (pressure) to the volume strain and it is
 By knowing the modulus of elasticity, we can select a suitable materials for
denoted by “K”
designing heavy duty machines and construction of buildings.
20. Define Rigidity modulus.
29. Which one is more elastic? Rubber or Steel?
 It is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to the shearing strain and it is denoted
 The object which has higher Young’s modulus is more elastic.
by “𝜂𝑅”
 If equal stress is applied to both steel and rubber, the steel produces less strain.
21. Define compressibility.
So Young’s modulus is higher for steel than rubber.
 The reciprocal of bulk modulus is called compressibility. It is defined as the
 Thus Steel is more elastic than rubber.
fractional change in volume per unit increase in pressure and it is denoted as “C”
30. What are called fluids?
22. What is the importance of Young’s modulus.
 Fluid is a substance which begins to flow when an external force is applied on it.
 Lesser the strain, larger the Young’s modulus.
 Liquids and gasses are generally called as fluids.
 So Young’s modulus measures the resistance of solid to a change in its length.
31. Define Pressure.
23. What is the importance of Bulk modulus. 𝑭
 Bulk modulus measures the resistance of solids to change in their volume.  The pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area. [ 𝑷 = ]
𝑨
 That is if bulk modulus is small, then the body is easily compressed.  Its unit is N m-2 (or) pascal and its dimension is [ML-1 T-2]
24. What is the importance of Rigidity modulus.  Pressure is a scalar quantity
 Rigidity modulus is inversely proportional to the angle of shear, which implies 32. What is mean by atmospheric pressure?
that a material can be easily twisted if it has small value of rigidity modulus.  The atmospheric pressure at a place is the gravitational force exerted by air
25. Define Poisson’s ratio. above that place per unit surface area.
 When we stretch a rubber band in one direction (elongation). it becomes thinner  Its value on the surface of the Earth at sea level is 1atm.
in perpendicular direction (contraction) 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑵 𝒎−𝟐 (𝒐𝒓) 𝒑𝒂
 The ratio of relative contraction (lateral strain) to the relative elongation (lateral 33. Define density of a fluid.
stress) is called Poisson’s ratio and it is denoted by “𝜇” 𝒎
 The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit volume. [𝝆 = ]
𝑽
Explanation :
 Its unit is kg m-3 and its dimension is [ M L-3 ]
 Length of the wire =𝐿
Diametre of the wire =𝐷  Its is a positive scalar quantity.
Increase in length =𝑙
Decrease in diametre =𝑑
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11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
34. Define Relative density or specific gravity . 36. Write a not on Hydrostatic Paradox.
 The relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of a Hydrostatic Paradox :
substance to the density of water at 4 °C.  When liquid is at rest, the liquid pressure is the
 It is a dimensionless positive scalar quantity. same at all points at the same horizontal level
35. Obtain an expression for the pressure at a depth ‘h’ from the surface of the (or same depth).
liquid?  Let us consider three vessels of different
Pressure at a depth ‘h’ shapes A, B, and C and these vessels are
 Consider a water sample of connected at the bottom by a horizontal pipe.
cross sectional area A in the  When they are filled with a liquid (say water), it occupies the same level even
form of a cylinder though the vessels hold different amounts of water.
 Let h1 and h2 be the depths  It is true because the liquid at the bottom of each section of the vessel
from the air-water interface to experiences the same pressure. This is called ‘hydrostatic paradox’.
level 1 and level 2 of the 37. State Pascal law.
cylinder respectively  Pascal’s law states that if the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular
 Let 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 be the pressures at depth ℎ1 and ℎ2 respectively. point, the change is transmitted to the entire liquid without being diminished in
 Let F1 be the force acting downwards on level 1 and F 2 be the force acting magnitude.
upwards on level 2, such that 38. Explain the application of Pascal law.
𝐹1 = 𝑃1 𝐴 Hydraulic lift
𝐹2 = 𝑃2 𝐴  A practical application of Pascal’s law is the hydraulic lift which is used to lift a
 Let the mass of the sample be ‘m’ then its weight ; 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚 𝑔 heavy load with a small force. It is a force multiplier.
 Under equilibrium condition, 𝐹2 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹𝑔  It consists of two cylinders A
𝑃2 𝐴 = 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝑚𝑔 − − − − − − − (1) and B connected to each other
 Let 𝜌 be the density of water, then, 𝑚 = 𝜌 𝑉 = 𝜌 𝐴 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) by a horizontal pipe, filled with
 Put this in equation (1) a liquid.
𝑃2 𝐴 = 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝜌 𝐴 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑔  They are fitted with frictionless
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑔 − − − − − − − (2) pistons of cross sectional areas
 If we choose the level 1 at the surface of the liquid (i.e., air-water interface) and A1 and A2 (A2 > A1).
the level 2 at a depth ‘h’ below the surface, then ℎ1 = 0 and ℎ2 = ℎ  Suppose a downward force 𝐹1 is
 Also assume that, 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎 (𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) and 𝑃2 = 𝑃 applied on the smaller piston,
 So equation (2) becomes, 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝜌 (0 − ℎ)𝑔 the pressure of the liquid under
𝑷 = 𝑷𝒂 + 𝝆 𝒉 𝒈 − − − − − − (𝟑) this piston is
𝐹1
Here , 𝑃𝑎 = 1.013 𝑋 105 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 − −→ atmospheric pressure 𝑃= − − − − − − − − (1)
 Therefore, the pressure at a depth h is greater than the pressure on the surface 𝐴1
of the liquid. If the atmospheric pressure is neglected or ignored, then the  . According to Pascal’s law, this increased pressure P is transmitted
pressure at a depth h is undiminished in all directions. Therefore, a pressure is exerted on piston B.
𝑷 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉 − − − − − − − (𝟒) Upward force on piston B is
𝐹1
 For a given liquid, ρ is fixed and g is also constant, then the pressure due to the 𝐹2 = 𝑃 𝐴2 = 𝐴
fluid column is directly proportional to vertical distance or height of the fluid 𝐴1 2
column 𝑨𝟐
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑭 − − − − − − − − (𝟐)
 That is pressure is not decided by the cross sectional area or base area or even 𝑨𝟏 𝟏
shape of the container  Since 𝐴1 < 𝐴2 we have 𝐹1 < 𝐹2
 Thus by changing the force on the smaller piston A, the force on the piston B can
𝑨
be increased by the factor[ 𝟐 ] and this factor is called the mechanical advantage
𝑨𝟏
of the lift.
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11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
39. Write a note on Buoyancy? 45. Define coefficient of viscosity.
 When a body is partially or fully immersed in a fluid, it displaces a certain  Coefficient of viscosity is defined as the viscous force acting tangentially
amount of fluid. The displaced fluid exerts an upward force on the body. The between two layers of unit area of cross section which has unit velocity
upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object in gradient. It is denoted by “𝜂” Its S.I unit is 𝑵 𝒔 𝒎−𝟐 and its dimension is 𝑴𝑳−𝟏𝑻−𝟏
a fluid is called up thrust or buoyant force and the phenomenon is called 46. Define streamline flow.
buoyancy.  When a liquid flows such that each particle of the liquid passing through a point
40. State Archimedes principle. moves along the same path with the same velocity as its predecessor then the
 It states that when a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it flow of liquid is said to be streamline flow or steady flow or laminar flow.
experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it and 47. Define turbulent flow.
its upthrust acts through the centre of gravity of the liquid displaced. (i.e.)  When the speed of the moving fluid exceeds the critical speed, the motion
Upthrust or buoyant force =weight of liquid displaced. becomes turbulent.
41. State the laws of floatation.  In this case, the velocity changes both in magnitude and direction from particle
 Floatation can be defined as the tendency of an object to rise up to the upper to particle and hence the individual particle do not move in a streamline path.
levels of the fluid or to stay on the surface of the fluid. Hence the path taken by the particle in turbulent flow becomes erratic and
 The law of floatation states that a body will float in a liquid if the weight of the whirlpool - like circles called eddy current or eddies.
liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body equals the weight of the body. 48. Define Reynolds number. Give its importance.
42. Define viscosity.  Osborne Reynolds formulated an equation to find out the nature of flow of fluid,
 It is defined as the property of a fluid to oppose the relative motion between its That is called Reynolds number and denoted by “RC”
layers. 𝝆𝒗𝑫
𝑹𝒄 = 𝜼
43. What is the Cause of viscosity?
 Consider a liquid flowing over a horizontal surface with two neighboring layers. where, 𝝆 −→ density of fluid 𝑫 −→ diameter of the pipe
The upper layer tends to accelerate the lower layer and in turn, the lower layer 𝒗 −→ velocity of the fluid 𝜼 −→ coefficient of viscosity of the fluid
tends to retard the upper layer.  Reynolds number is a dimensionless number which decides whether the flow of
 As a result, a backward tangential force is set-up. This tends to destroy the a fluid through a cylindrical pipe is streamlined or turbulent.
relative motion. This accounts for the viscous behaviour of fluids. S.No Reynolds number Nature of flow
44. State the Newton’s formula for viscous force. 1 𝑹𝒄<1000 streamline
Newton’s viscous force : 2 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎< 𝑹𝒄<2000 Unsteady
 Consider a liquid flowing steadily over a 3 𝑹𝒄 > 2000 turbulent
horizontal fixed layer. 49. Define terminal velocity.
 The velocities of the layers increase uniformly  The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling freely through
as we move away from the fixed layer. a viscous medium is called the terminal velocity (𝑣𝑡)
 Consider any two parallel layers A and B. Let 𝑣 50. State and Stoke’s law and give the expression for viscous force by Stokes law.
and 𝑣 + 𝑑𝑣 be the velocities of the neighboring Stoke’s law :
layers at distances 𝑥 and 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 respectively  When a body falls through a viscous medium, the viscous force F acting on a
from the fixed layer. spherical body of radius r depends directly on
 The force of viscosity F acting tangentially between two layers is given by i) radius (r) of the sphere
Newton’s First law and this force is proportional to ii) velocity (v) of the sphere and
(i) area (A) of the liquid and iii) coefficient of viscosity η of the liquid
𝒅𝒗  Therefore 𝐹 ∝ 𝑟 𝑥 𝑣 𝑦 η𝑧 (or) 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑟 𝑥 𝑣 𝑦 η𝑧 where k is a dimensionless
(ii) the velocity gradient ( )
𝒅𝒙 constant.
𝒅𝒗
𝑭= −𝜼 𝑨  By dimensional method we have, 𝑭 = 𝟔 𝝅 𝜼 𝒓 𝒗
𝒅𝒙  This relation is known as Stoke’s law
 Where the constant of proportionality η is called the coefficient of viscosity of the
liquid and the negative sign implies that the force is frictional and it opposes the
relative motion.

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11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
51. What are the practical applications of Stoke’s law?
Practical application of Stoke’s law :
 Since the raindrops are smaller in size and their terminal velocities are small,
remain suspended in air in the form of clouds. As they grow up in size, their
terminal velocities increase and they start falling in the form of rain.
 This law explains the following:
a) Floatation of clouds
b) Larger raindrops hurt us more than the smaller ones
c) A man coming down with the help of a parachute acquires constant terminal velocity.
52. Give the applications of viscosity.
 To select suitable lubricant for heavy machinery parts.
 Highly viscous oils are used as brake oil in hydraulic brakes.
 Blood circulation through arteries and veins depends upon the viscosity of fluids.
 Millikan used the knowledge of viscosity of oil to determine charge of electron.
53. Distinguish between cohesive force and adhesive force.
Cohesive force Adhesive force
The force between the like molecules When the liquid is in contact with a solid,
which holds the liquid together is called the molecules of these solid and liquid
‘cohesive force’. will experience an attractive force which
is called ‘adhesive force’.
(e.g.) force between water molecules (e.g.) water stick on the glass rod
54. Define sphere of influence.
 The molecular forces are effective only when the distance between the molecules
is very small about 10–9 m (i.e., 10 Å).
 The distance through which the influence of these molecular forces can be felt in
all directions constitute a range and is called sphere of influence.
 The forces outside this range are rather negligible.
55. Explain surface tension on the basis of molecular theory.
Molecular theory :
 Consider three different molecules A, B, and C in a
given liquid
 Let a molecule ‘A’ be considered well inside the liquid
within the sphere of influence. Since this molecule
interacts with all other molecules in all directions, the
net force experienced by A is zero.
 Now consider a molecule ‘B’ in which three-fourth lies below the liquid surface
and one–fourth on the air. Since B has more molecules towards its lower side
than the upper side, it experiences a net force in the downward direction.
 In a similar way, if another molecule ‘C’ is chosen on the liquid surface (i.e, upper
half in air and lower half in liquid),it experiences a maximum downward force
due to the availability of more number of liquid molecules on the lower part.
 Hence it is obvious that all molecules of the liquid that falls within the molecular
range inside the liquid interact with the molecule and hence experience a
downward force.
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COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 When any molecule is brought towards the surface from the interior of the
liquid, work is done against the cohesive force among the molecules of the
surface.
 This work is stored as potential energy in molecules.
 So the molecules on the surface will have greater potential energy than that of
molecules in the interior of the liquid.
 Therefore, the liquid tends to occupy a minimum surface area. This behaviour
of the liquid gives rise to surface tension.
56. Give some examples for surface tension.
 Water bugs and water striders walk on the surface of water due to the surface
tension of water.
 The hairs of the painting brush cling together when taken out of water because
of surface tension of water.
 When a greased steel needle is gently place over the water surface, it will float
due to the surface tension of water.
57. Explain the various factors affecting the surface tension of a liquid.
Factors affecting the surface tension :
1) The presence of any contamination or impurities considerably affects the force
of surface tension depending upon the degree of contamination.
2) The presence of dissolved substances can also affect the value of surface
tension. For example, a highly soluble NaCl dissolved in water increases the
surface tension of water. But the sparingly soluble substance like phenol or soap
solution mixed in water decreases the surface tension of water.
3) Electrification affects the surface tension. When a liquid is electrified, surface
tension decreases.
4) The surface tension decreases linearly with the rise of temperature.
58. Explain surface energy.
Surface Energy :
 Consider a sample of liquid in a container. A molecule inside the liquid is being
pulled in all direction by other molecules that surround it.
 However, near the surface, a molecule is pulled down only by the molecules
below it and there is a net downward force.
 As a result, the entire surface of the liquid is being pulled inward. The liquid
surface thus tends to have the least surface area.
 To increase the surface area, some molecules are brought from the interior to
the surface. For this reason, work has to be done against the forces of attraction.
The amount of work done is stored as potential energy.
 Thus, the molecules lying on the surface possess greater potential energy than
other molecules.
 This excess energy per unit area of the free surface of the liquid is called ‘surface
energy’. In other words, the work done in increasing the surface area per unit
area of the liquid against the surface tension force is called the surface energy of
𝑾
the liquid. 𝑼 = Its unit is 𝑱 𝒎−𝟐 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏
∆𝑨
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11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
59. Define surface tension. 63. Explain capillarity.
 The surface tension (T) of a liquid is defined as the energy per unit area of the Capillarity :
surface of a liquid. [ T = 𝐹/𝑙 ]  The tube having a very small
 Its S.I unit is 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏 and its dimension is 𝑀 𝑇−2 diameter (hair thin) is called a
60. Define angle of contact. ‘capillary tube’.
 The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and  When a glass capillary tube open at
both ends is dipped vertically in
61. Give the practical application of angle of contact. water, the water in the tube will rise
 Soaps and detergents are wetting agents. When the added to water, they try to above the level of water in the vessel.
minimize the angle of contact and penetrate well in the cloths and remove the  In case of mercury, the liquid is
dirt. depressed in the tube below the level of mercury in the vessel .
 When water proof paints are coated on the outer side of the building, it will  In a liquid whose angle of contact with solid is less than 90°, suffers capillary
enhance the angle of contact between the water and the painted surface during rise. On the other hand, in a liquid whose angle of contact is greater than 90°,
rainfall. suffers capillary fall.
62. Explain the excess pressure above the free surface of liquid.  The rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tube is called capillarity or capillary action
Excess pressure on the free surface of liquid : 64. Give the practical applications of capillarity.
 Oil rises in the cotton within the earthen lamp
 Sap rises from the roots of a plant to its leaves and branches.
 Absorption of ink by a blotting paper.
 Draining of tear fluid constantly from eye
 Cotton dresses are preferred in summer, because it has fine pores which act as
capillaries for sweat.
65. Give the applications of surface tension.
For plane surface :  Mosquitoes lay their eggs on the surface of stagnant water. When oil is poured
 When the liquid surface is plane, the forces due to surface tension (T, T) act on the surface, the surface tension of water reduces which breaks the elastic
tangentially to the liquid surface in opposite directions. Hence, the resultant film and eggs are killed by drowning.
force on the molecule is zero.  When detergents are added to hot water while washing clothes, the surface
 Therefore, in the case of a plane liquid surface, the pressure on the liquid side is tension of water reduces and the dirt get removed.
equal to the pressure on the vapour side.  A fabric can be made water proof, by adding suitable water proof material
For curved surface : (wax). This increases angle of contact.
 When the liquid surface is curved, every molecule on the liquid surface 66. Obtain an equation of continuity for a flow of fluid on the basis of conservation
experiences forces due to surface tension (T,T) along the tangent to the surface. of mass
 Resolving these forces into rectangular components, we find that horizontal Equation of continuity :
components cancel out each other while vertical components get added up.  Consider a pipe AB of varying cross sectional area.
 Therefore, the resultant force (R) normal to the surface acts on the curved  Let a non-viscous and incompressible liquid flows steadily through the pipe.
surface of the liquid.  Cross sectional area of “A” = 𝑎1
1) For concave surface, the resultant force (R) is directed outward towards the Velocity at “A” = 𝑣1
centre of curvature Cross sectional area of “B” = 𝑎2
2) For a convex surface, the resultant force is directed inwards towards the Velocity at “B” = 𝑣2
centre of curvature, Density of the fluid =𝜌
 Thus, for a curved liquid surface in equilibrium, the pressure on its concave side  Assume that 𝑎1 > 𝑎2
is greater than the pressure on its convex side.  Let 𝑚1 be the mass of fluid flowing through section “A” in time Δ𝑡
𝑚1 = 𝜌 𝑉1 = 𝜌 𝑎1 𝑣1 ∆𝑡
 Let 𝑚2 be the mass of fluid flowing through section “B” in time Δ𝑡
𝑚2 = 𝜌 𝑉2 = 𝜌 𝑎2 𝑣2 ∆𝑡
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11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 For an incompressible liquid, mass is conserved. so 74. We can cut vegetables easily with a sharp knife as compared to a blunt knife.
𝑚1 = 𝑚2 Why?
𝜌 𝑎1 𝑣1 ∆𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑎2 𝑣2 ∆𝑡  The contact area of vegetable with sharp knife is less than the blunt knife.
𝒂 𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒂 𝟐 𝒗𝟐  So the stress produced on the vegetables by the sharp knife is higher than the
(𝒐𝒓) 𝒂 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 blunt knife. Thus the vegetables can be cut easily with sharp knife.
 (i.e.) the volume flux or flow rate remains constant throughout the pipe. This is 75. Why the passengers are advised to remove the ink from their pens while going
called equation of continuity up in an aeroplane?
1
 Since 𝑣 ∝ the smaller the cross section, greater will be the velocity of the fluid.  We know that atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.
𝑎
67. State Bernoulli’s theorem.  When an aeroplane ascends, due to the decrease of pressure the ink from the
 According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and pen will leak out.
potential energy per unit mass of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in a  So the passengers are adviced to remove the ink from their pens while going up
streamlined flow remains a constant. in the aeroplane.
𝑷 𝟏 76. We use straw to suck soft drinks. Why?
+ 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒈 𝒉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕  When we suck the soft drinks through the straw, the pressure inside the straw
𝝆 𝟐
68. What is called Venturimeter? becomes less than the atmospheric pressure.
 The device used to measure the rate of flow (volume flow per second) of the  Due to the pressure difference, the soft drink rises in the straw.
incompressible fluid through a pipe is called venturimeter. 77. Why the roof of hut or house is blown off during wind storm?
 It works on the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem.  In olden days, the roofs of huts or houses were designed with a slope.
69. Two streamlines cannot cross each other. Why?  During cyclonic condition, the roof is blown off without damaging the other
 If two streamlines cross each other, the particles of liquid at the point of parts of the house.
intersection will have two different directions of flow, which will destroy the  According to Bernoulli’s principle the high wind blowing over the roof creates a
steady nature of the liquid flow. low pressure and under the roof the pressure is greater.
70. What happens to the pressure inside a soap bubble when air is blown into it?  This pressure difference creates an up thrust and hence the roof alone blown
 When air is blown in to the soap bubble, the radius of the bubble is increased. off.
 So that the excess pressure inside it decreases. 78. What is the principle involved in the Aero foil lift.
71. A drop of oil placed on the surface of water spreads out. But a drop of water  The wings of an airplane are so designed that its upper surface is more curved
place on oil contracts to a spherical shape. Why? than the lower surface and the front edge is broader than the real edge.
 A drop of oil placed on the surface of water spreads because the force of  As the aircraft moves, the air moves faster above the aero foil than at the
adhesion between water and oil molecules dominates the cohesive force of oil bottom.
molecules.  According to Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure of air below is greater than
 But drop of water placed on the surface of oil contracts to a spherical shape above, which creates an up thrust called the dynamic lift to the aircraft.
because, the cohesive force of water molecules dominates the adhesive force 79. Write a note on Bunsen burner.
between water and oil molecules.  In this device, the gas comes out of the nozzle with high velocity, hence the
72. Why coffee runs up into a sugar lump (a small cube of sugar) when one corner pressure in the stem decreases.
of the sugar lump is held in the liquid?  So outside air reaches into the burner through an air vent and the mixture of air
 Due to capillarity action of the liquid, the coffee runs up into the pores of sugar and gas gives a blue flame
lump.
73. Why two holes are made to empty an oil tin?
 When oil comes out from a hole of an oil tin, pressure inside it decreased than
the atmospheric pressure.
 So the surrounding air rushes in to the oil tin through the same hole which
prevents the oil to come out.
 Hence two holes are made to empty the oil tin.

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11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
(1) Young’s modulus (Y) :
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS  When a wire is stretched (or compressed) the ratio of Tensile stress (or
1. State Hooke’s Law and verify it with help of an experiment Compressive stress) to the Tensile strain (or Compressive strain) is defined
Hooke’s law : Young’s modulus.
𝑭
 Within elastic limit, stress and strain are directly proportional to each other.  Tensile stress (or Compressive stress); 𝝈𝒕 = 𝝈𝒕 =
𝑨
Experimental verification: ∆𝑳
 A fine spring is suspended at one end and a  Tensile strain (or Compressive strain); 𝜺𝒕 = 𝜺𝒕 =
𝑳
pan with a pointer is connected at other end.  By definition Young’s modulus is given by,
 The extension produced on the spring is 𝑭
𝝈𝒕 (𝒐𝒓) 𝝈𝒄 [ ] 𝑭𝑳
measured using vernier scale arrangement. 𝒀= = 𝑨 =
 Loads are added in equal steps and the 𝜺𝒕 (𝒐𝒓) 𝜺𝒄 ∆𝑳 𝑨 ∆𝑳
[ ]
𝑳
corresponding extensions are measured. (2) Bulk modulus (K) :
 Let initial length of spring = L  The ratio of volume stress (pressure) to the volume strain is defined as Bulk
Area of cross section = A modulus.
Volume = V = A L 𝑭
Extension for a load “F” = ΔL  Volume stress (pressure) ; 𝝈𝒏 = 𝒏 = ∆𝑷
∆𝑨
∆𝑽
 A graph is plotted by taking “F” along X-axis  Volume strain ; 𝜺𝒏 =
𝑽
and “ΔL” along Y-axis
 By definition, Bulk modulus is given by,,
 This graph is a straight line passing through 𝝈𝒄 ∆𝑷
the origin (O). 𝑲=− = −
𝜺𝒄 ∆𝑽
 From the graph, the slope (m) is [ ]
𝑽
𝐴𝐵 ∆𝐿
𝑚= =  Here negative sign indicates as pressure increases, the volume decreases.
𝐵𝐶 𝐹 (3) Rigidity modulus ( 𝜼𝑹) :
∆𝐿 𝐴 𝐿
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚= .  The ratio of shearing stress to the shearing strain (angle of shear) is known
𝐹 𝐴𝐿 as Rigidity modulus.
𝐹 𝐿 ∆𝐿 𝑭
(𝑜𝑟) = ( )  Shearing stress ; 𝝈𝒔 = 𝒕
𝐴 𝐴𝑚 𝐿 ∆𝑨
𝒙
𝐹 ∆𝐿  Shearing strain ; 𝜺𝒔 = = 𝜽
(𝑜𝑟) = 𝑘 𝒉
𝐴 𝐿  By definition, Rigidity modulus is given by,
𝐹 ∆𝐿 𝑭 𝑭
(𝑜𝑟) ∝ 𝝈𝒔 [ 𝒕] [ 𝒕]
𝐴 𝐿 𝜼𝑹 = ∆𝑨
= 𝒙 = ∆𝑨
(i.e.) stress ∝ strain 𝜺𝒔 [ ] 𝜽
 Hence stress is directly proportional to strain within elastic limit. This is Hooke’s 𝒉
3. Derive an expression for the elastic energy stored per unit volume of a wire.
law
Elastic energy:
2. Explain different types of modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of Elasticity :  When a wire is stretched, work is done against the restoring force. This work
done is stored in the wire in the form of elastic energy.
 Within elastic limit, the ratio between stress and strain is a constant and it is
called modulus of elasticity.  Initial length of wire =L
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 Area of cross section =A
= 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 Volume of the wire =V=AL
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
 Its unit is N m-2 (or) pascal Stretching force =F
 There are three types of elastic modulus. Extension produced =𝑙
(a) Young’s modulus Young’s modulus of the wire =Y
(b) Rigidity modulus (or Shear modulus)  The work done in stretching the wire by "𝑑𝑙 " is,
(c) Bulk modulus 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑙
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Then the total work done in stretching the wire from 0 to 𝑙 is,  At terminal stage, the viscous force on the sphere in upward direction,
𝑙 𝑙 𝑭 = 𝟔 𝝅 𝜼 𝒓 𝒗𝒕
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑙 − − − − − − − − (1)  At equilibrium,
0 0
 By definition, Young’s modulus is given by, 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑈 + 𝐹
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐹𝑔 − 𝑈 = 𝐹
[𝐹⁄𝐴] 𝐹 𝐿
𝑌= = − − − − − − − − (2) 4 4
𝑙
[ ⁄𝐿] 𝐴 𝑙 𝜌 𝜋 𝑟3 𝑔 − 𝜎 𝜋 𝑟 3 𝑔 = 6 𝜋 𝜂 𝑟 𝑣𝑡
3 3
4
𝑌𝐴𝑙 𝜋 𝑟 3 (𝜌 − 𝜎) 𝑔 = 6 𝜋 𝜂 𝑟 𝑣𝑡
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 = − − − − − − − − (3) 3
𝐿
 Put equation (3) in (1), 4 𝜋 𝑟 3 (𝜌 − 𝜎) 𝑔
𝑣𝑡 =
𝑙
𝑌𝐴𝑙 𝑌𝐴 𝑙 3 6𝜋𝜂𝑟
𝑊=∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝑙 𝑑𝑙 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐 (𝝆
− 𝝈) 𝒈
0 𝐿 𝐿 0 𝒗𝒕 =
𝑌 𝐴 𝑙2
𝑙
𝑌𝐴 𝑌 𝐴 𝑙2 𝟗 𝜼
𝑊= [ ] = [𝑙 2 − 0] =  Hence, 𝒗𝒕 ∝ 𝒓𝟐
𝐿 2 0 2𝐿 2𝐿
1 𝑌𝐴𝑙 1  If σ > ρ, then the term (ρ - σ) becomes negative leading to a negative terminal
𝑊= [ ]𝑙 = 𝐹𝑙 velocity. That is why air bubbles rise up through water or any fluid. This is also
2 𝐿 2 the reason for the clouds in the sky to move in the upward direction.
 This work done is called elastic potential energy (U).
𝟏 5. Derive Poiseuille’s formula for the volume of a liquid flowing per second
𝑼 = 𝑭𝒍 − − − − − − − (4) through a pipe under streamlined flow.
𝟐 Poiseuille’s formula:
 Energy per unit volume is called Energy density (u)
𝟏  Poiseuille derived an expression for the volume of the liquid flowing per second
𝑼 𝑭𝒍 𝟏 𝑭 𝒍 through the capillary tube.
𝒖= = 𝟐 = [ ][ ]
𝑨𝑳 𝑨𝑳 𝟐 𝑨 𝑳  We can derive Poiseuille’s equation using dimensional analysis.
𝟏  Consider a liquid flowing steadily through a horizontal capillary tube.
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = [ 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑿𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏]
𝟐  Let v= 𝑉/𝑡 be the volume of liquid flowing out per second (i.e.) rate of flow
4. Derive the expression for the terminal velocity of a sphere moving in a high which depends on
viscous fluid using stokes force. 1) Coefficient of viscosity (𝜂) of liquid
Terminal velocity : 2) Radius (𝑟) of the tube
 The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling freely through a 3) The pressure gradient (𝑃/𝑙)
viscous medium is called the terminal velocity (𝑣𝑡) 𝑷 𝒛
∴ 𝐯 ∝ 𝜼𝒙 𝒓 𝒚 ( )
Expression for Terminal velocity : 𝒍
 Consider a sphere falls freely through a highly viscous liquid. 𝑷 𝒛
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐯 = 𝒌 𝜼𝒙 𝒓 𝒚 ( ) − − − (𝟏)
 Let radius of sphere =r 𝒍
Density of sphere =𝜌 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑘 → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Density of liquid =𝜎  Dimensional formula for various factors
Coefficient of viscosity of liquid = 𝜂 𝑉
v = ⇒ [𝐿3 𝑇 −1 ]
Terminal velocity = 𝑣𝑡 𝑡
 Gravitational force (weight) acting downwards on the sphere 𝜂 ⇒ [𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]
𝟒 𝑟 ⇒ [𝐿]
𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎 𝒈 = 𝝆 𝑽 𝒈 = 𝝆 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝒈 𝑃
𝟑 ⇒ [𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇 −2 ]
 Up thrust on the sphere due to displaced liquid, 𝑙
𝟒  Put this in equation (1),
𝑈 = 𝒎 𝒈 = 𝝈 𝑽 𝒈 = 𝝈 𝝅 𝒓𝟑 𝒈 [𝐿3 𝑇 −1 ] = [𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]𝑥 [𝐿]𝑦 [𝑀𝐿−2 𝑇 −2 ]𝑧
𝟑
𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 = 𝑀 𝑥+𝑧 𝐿−𝑥+𝑦−2𝑧 𝑇 −𝑥−2𝑧
0 3 −1

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 comparing powers on both sides, we get (1) Excess pressure inside a liquid drop :
𝑥+𝑧=0 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 − 2𝑧 = − 1  Consider a liquid drop of radius “R” and surface tension “T”
𝑥 =−𝑧 − (−1) + 𝑦 − 2(1) = 3 − (−𝑧) − 2𝑧 = − 1  The various forces acting on the hemispherical liquid drop are
𝒙 = −𝟏 1+𝑦−2=3 − 𝑧 = −1 1) Force due to surface tension towards right ; 𝐹𝑇 = 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
𝒚=𝟒 𝒛= 𝟏 2) Force due to outside pressure towards right ; 𝐹𝑃1 = 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2
 Put 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑦 = 4, 𝑧 = 1 in equation (1), 3) Force due to inside pressure towards left ; 𝐹𝑃2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2
𝑃 1  As the drop is in equilibrium,
v = 𝑘 𝜂 −1 𝑟 4 ( )
𝑙 𝐹𝑇 + 𝐹𝑃1 = 𝐹𝑃2
𝑟4𝑃 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇 + 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2
v=𝑘
𝜂𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2 − 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 = 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
𝜋
 Experimentally the value of k is shown to be , we have (𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝜋𝑅2 = 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
8
2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
𝝅 𝒓𝟒 𝑷 (𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) =
𝐯= 𝜋𝑅2
𝟖𝜼𝒍 2𝑇
6. Obtain the relation between surface tension and surface energy. (𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) =
Relation between surface tension (T) and surface energy (U) : 𝑅
 Here ( 𝑃2− 𝑃1)= Δ𝑃 →𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, Therefore,
 Consider a rectangular frame of wire ABCD in a soap solution. Here AB be the
𝟐𝑻
movable wire. ∆𝑷 =
 Here a soap film is formed which pulls the wire 𝑹
(2) Excess pressure inside a liquid bubble (soap bubble) :
AB inwards due to surface tension.
 Consider a liquid (soap) bubble of radius “R” and surface tension “T”
 Let, Length of wire AB = 𝑙
Surface tension = T  A soap bubble has two liquid surfaces in contact with air, one inside the
Force due to surface tension = F bubble and other outside the bubble.
 Since soap film has two free surfaces, 𝐹=(2 𝑇) 𝑙  The various forces acting on the hemispherical liquid bubble are
 Suppose AB is moved to new position AB through a small distance Δ𝑥. 1) Force due to surface tension towards right ; 𝐹𝑇 = 2 (2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇)
 Since the area increases, some work has to be done against the inward force due 2) Force due to outside pressure towards right ; 𝐹𝑃1 = 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2
to surface tension. So 3) Force due to inside pressure towards left ; 𝐹𝑃2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2
Work done = Force X Distance  As the bubble is in equilibrium,
𝑊 = 𝐹 × Δ𝑥 𝐹𝑇 + 𝐹𝑃1 = 𝐹𝑃2
𝑊 = (2 𝑇) 𝑙 × Δ𝑥 2( 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇) + 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2
 Increase in area of the film, (𝑜𝑟) 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2 − 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 = 4 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
Δ𝐴 = 2 𝑙 𝑋 Δ𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝜋𝑅2 = 4 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
 Therefore surface energy,, 4 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
(𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) =
𝑊 (2 𝑇) 𝑙 𝑋 Δ𝑥 𝜋𝑅2
𝑈= = =𝑻 4𝑇
∆𝐴 2 𝑙 𝑋 Δ𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) =
 Hence the surface energy per unit area of a surface is numerically equal to the 𝑅
surface tension.  Here ( 2− 𝑃1)= Δ𝑃→𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 . Therefore,
7. Obtain an expression for the excess of pressure inside a 𝟒𝑻
∆𝑷 =
(1) liquid drop 𝑹
(2) liquid(soap) bubble and (3) Excess pressure inside an air bubble :
(3) air bubble.  Consider an air bubble of radius “R” and surface tension “T”
Excess of pressure inside a bubble and a liquid drop:  The various forces acting on the hemispherical air bubble are
 The small bubbles and liquid drops are spherical because of the forces of surface 1) Force due to surface tension towards right ; 𝐹𝑇 = 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇
tension. 2) Force due to outside pressure towards right ; 𝐹𝑃1 = 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2
 Here the pressure inside a bubble or a drop is greater than that outside it. 3) Force due to inside pressure towards left ; 𝐹𝑃2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 As the drop is in equilibrium, 1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝜋 𝑟3
𝐹𝑇 + 𝐹𝑃1 = 𝐹𝑃2 3
𝑟
2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇 + 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + )
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2 − 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 = 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇 3
(𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 𝜋𝑅2 = 2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇  Weight of the liquid column in the tube
𝑟
2 𝜋𝑅 𝑇 𝑊 = 𝑚 𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑉 𝑔 = 𝜌 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + ) 𝑔
(𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) = 3
𝜋𝑅2  The upward force, balance the weight of the liquid column, then we have
2𝑇 𝑟
(𝑜𝑟) ( 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) = 2 𝜋 𝑟 𝑋 𝑇 cos 𝜃 = 𝜌 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + ) 𝑔
𝑅 3
 Here ( 𝑃2− 𝑃1)= Δ𝑃 →𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, Therefore, 𝑟
𝜌 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + ) 𝑔
𝟐𝑻 𝑇= 3
∆𝑷 = 2 𝜋 𝑟 × cos 𝜃
𝑹 𝒓
8. Obtain an expression for the surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise 𝝆 𝒓 (𝒉 + ) 𝒈
𝑻= 𝟑 − − − − − − (𝟏)
method. 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒓
Surface tension by capillary rise method :  If 𝒓< <𝒉 , then neglecting
𝟑
 The rise or fall of liquid inside the narrow 𝝆𝒓𝒉𝒈
tube is called capillarity. 𝑻= − − − − − − (𝟐)
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
 It is due surface tension of the liquid. 1
 Since, ℎ ∝ , smaller the radius of the tube, greater the capillarity.
𝑟
 Consider a capillary tube which is held
9. What are the energies possessed by the liquid in steady flow. Explain?
vertically in a beaker containing water.
Energy possessed by the liquid :
 Let, radius of capillary tube = r 1) Kinetic energy
Height of liquid rises in the tube = h
 The kinetic energy of a liquid of mass “m” moving with a velocity “𝑣” is
Surface tension of liquid =T 1
Angle of contact =𝜃 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣 2
2
Density of liquid =𝜌  Kinetic energy per unit mass
Acceleration due to gravity =g 1
 The surface tension “T” acts along the 𝐾𝐸 𝑚 𝑣2 1
= 2 = 𝑣2
tangent at the point of contact downwards 𝑚 𝑚 2
and its reaction force “N” upwards  Kinetic energy unit volume,
 Here “T” can be resolved in to two 1
𝐾𝐸 𝑚 𝑣2 1 𝑚
components viz., 𝑇cos𝜃 & 𝑇sin𝜃 = 2 = 𝜌 𝑣2 [∵ = 𝜌]
(i) Horizontal component T sinθ and 𝑉 𝑉 2 𝑉
2) Potential energy :
(ii) Vertical component T cosθ acting upwards, all along the whole circumference
of the meniscus.  The potential energy of a liquid of mass “m” at a height “h” above the ground
level is given by,
 Total upward force along the circumference = 2 𝜋 𝑟 × 𝑇cos 𝜃
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ
 Potential energy per unit mass,
𝑃𝐸 𝑚𝑔ℎ
= =𝑔ℎ
2 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑟 − 𝜋 𝑟3  Potential energy per unit volume
3 𝑃𝐸 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑚
2 = = 𝜌𝑔ℎ [∵ = 𝜌]
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 𝜋 𝑟 3 − 𝜋 𝑟3 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
3
2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + (1 − ) 𝜋 𝑟 3
3

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
3) Pressure energy :  Therefore the total energy due to the flow of liquid at “A”.,
 The energy acquired by a fluid by applying pressure on the fluid. 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸𝑃𝐴 + 𝐾𝐸𝐴 + 𝑃𝐸𝐴
𝐹 𝒎 𝑷𝑨 𝟏
𝑃= (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑬𝑨 = + 𝒎 𝒗𝑨𝟐 + 𝒎 𝒈 𝒉𝑨 − − − − − (4)
𝐴 𝝆 𝟐
 Hence pressure energy is,,
 Similarly the total energy due to the flow of liquid at “B”.,
𝐸𝑃 = 𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑑 = 𝑃 𝑉 [∵ 𝐴 𝑑 = 𝑉]
𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝑃𝐵 + 𝐾𝐸𝐵 + 𝑃𝐸𝐵
 Pressure energy per unit mass,
𝒎 𝑷𝑩 𝟏
𝐸𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑃 𝑃 𝑬𝑩 = + 𝒎 𝒗𝑩𝟐 + 𝒎 𝒈 𝒉𝑩 − − − − − (5)
= = 𝑚 = 𝝆 𝟐
𝑚 𝑚 ( ) 𝜌
𝑉  From law of conservation of energy,, 𝑬𝑨 = 𝑬𝑩
 Pressure energy per unit volume, 𝑚 𝑃𝐴 1 𝑚 𝑃𝐵 1
+ 𝑚 𝑣𝐴2 + 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ𝐴 = + 𝑚 𝑣𝐵2 + 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ𝐵
𝐸𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝜌 2 𝜌 2
= = 𝑃 𝑃𝐴 1 2 𝑃𝐵 1 2
𝑉 𝑉 (𝒐𝒓) + 𝑣𝐴 + 𝑔 ℎ𝐴 = + 𝑣𝐵 + 𝑔 ℎ𝐵
10. State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem for a flow of incompressible, non - viscous 𝜌 2 𝜌 2
and streamlined flow of fluid 𝑷 𝟏 𝟐
Bernoulli’s theorem : (𝒐𝒓) + 𝒗 + 𝒈 𝒉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝝆 𝟐
 According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and  This is known as Bernoulli’s theorem. Its another form
potential energy per unit mass of an incompressible, non - viscous fluid in a 𝑷 𝟏 𝒗𝟐
streamlined flow remains a constant. + + 𝒉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 − − − − − − (𝟔)
𝑷 𝟏 𝝆𝒈 𝟐 𝒈
+ 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒈 𝒉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕  When the liquid flows through a horizontal pipe, then h = 0,
𝝆 𝟐
Proof : 𝑷 𝟏 𝒗𝟐
+ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 − − − − − − (𝟕)
 Consider a flow of liquid through 𝝆𝒈 𝟐 𝒈
a pipe AB. (i.e) Pressure head + Velocity head = Constant
 Let “V” be the volume of the  It implies, that when velocity increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa.
liquid when it enters “A” in a time 11. Describe the construction and working of venturimeter and obtain an
“t” which is equal to the volume equation for the volume of liquid flowing per second through a wider entry of
of the liquid leaving “B” in the the tube.
same time. Venturimeter :
 Area of cross section of the tube at A = 𝑎𝐴  This device is used to find the rate of flow of the incompressible fluid flowing
Velocity of the liquid at A = 𝑣𝐴 through a pipe.
Pressure at A = 𝑃𝐴  It works on the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem.
Height of end A from the ground = ℎ𝐴  It consists of two wider tubes A and A' (with cross sectional area A) connected
 Let the force exerted by the liquid at A is ; 𝐹𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑎𝐴 by a narrow tube B (with cross sectional area a).
 Distance travelled by the liquid in time t is; 𝑑 = 𝑣𝐴 𝑡  A manometer in the form of U-tube is also attached between the wide and
 The work done on the liquid at “A ; 𝑊 = 𝐹𝐴 𝑑 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑎𝐴 𝑣𝐴 𝑡 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑎𝐴 𝑑 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑉 narrow tubes The manometer contains a liquid of density ‘ρm’.
 This work done is the pressure energy. Hence pressure energy of liquid at “A”  From equation of continuity,
𝑚 𝑚 𝑃𝐴 𝑚 𝑃𝐴 velocity of fluid is smaller in wider
𝐸𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑉 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑉 = 𝑚 = − − − − − (1) area than in narrow area. (i.e.) A > a,
𝑚 ( ) 𝜌
𝑉 then 𝑣1 < 𝑣2
 Potential energy of liquid at “A”,  According to Bernoulli’s equation,
𝑃𝐸𝐴 = 𝑚 𝑔 ℎ𝐴 − − − − − − − − − − − (2) increase in speed is accompanied by
 Kinetic energy of liquid at “A”, a decrease in the fluid pressure at
1 narrow tube. (i.e.) 𝑃1> 𝑃2
𝐾𝐸𝐴 = 𝑚 𝑣𝐴2 − − − − − − − − − − − (3)
2
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Therefore this pressure difference is measured from the height difference
between the surface of the manometer liquid.
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
 From the equation of continuity, 1. Within the elastic limit, the stretching strain
𝐴 produced in wires A, B, and C due to stress is shown
𝐴 𝑣1 = 𝑎 𝑣2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣2 = 𝑣 − − − − − − − (1) in the figure. Assume the load applied are the same
𝑎 1
 Using Bernoulli’s equation for horizontal tube,, and discuss the elastic property of the material.
𝑃1 1 𝑃2 1 Write down the elastic modulus in ascending order.
+ 𝑣12 = + 𝑣22 Solution :-
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
1 2 1  Here, the elastic modulus is Young modulus and due
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌 𝑣2 − 𝜌 𝑣12 to stretching, stress is tensile stress and strain is
2 2
 Put equation (1), tensile strain.
1 𝐴 2
1  Within the elastic limit, stress is proportional to strain (obey Hooke’s law).
∆𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌 ( 𝑣1 ) − 𝜌 𝑣12 Therefore, it shows a straight line behaviour. So, Young modulus can be
2 𝑎 2
1 2 𝐴2 1 2 (𝐴2 − 𝑎2 ) computed by taking slope of these straight lines. Hence, calculating the slope for
∆𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑣1 ( 2 − 1) = 𝜌 𝑣1 the straight line, we get Slope of A > Slope of B > Slope of C
2 𝑎 2 𝑎2
2
 Which implies, Young modulus of C < Young modulus of B < Young modulus of A
2 ∆𝑃 𝑎  Hence, the elasticity of wire A is greater than wire B which is greater than
∴ 𝑣12 =
𝜌 (𝐴2 − 𝑎2 ) C.
2 ∆𝑃  Thus Young’s modulus measures the resistance of solid to a change in its length.
𝑣1 = 𝑎√ 2. A wire 10 m long has a cross-sectional are 1.25 × 10–4 m2. It is subjected to a
𝜌 (𝐴2 − 𝑎2 )
load of 5 kg. If Young’s modulus of the material is 4 × 10 10 N m–2, calculate the
 The above equation gives the speed of flow of fluid at the wide end of the tube, elongation produced in the wire. Take g = 10 ms–2.
 Hence the volume of the liquid flowing out per second is,, Solution :-
 Young’s modulus of the wire,
𝟐 ∆𝑷 𝐹
𝑽 = 𝑨 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨 𝒂√ [ ] 𝐹 𝐿
𝝆 (𝑨𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )
𝑌= 𝐴 = 𝑋
∆𝐿 𝐴 ∆𝐿
[ ]
𝐿
𝐹 𝐿 𝑚𝑔 𝐿
∴ ∆𝐿 = 𝑋 = 𝑋
𝐴 𝑌 𝐴 𝑌
5 𝑋 10 10 500
∆𝐿 = −4
𝑋 10
=
1.25 𝑋 10 4 𝑋 10 5 𝑋 106
−𝟔 −𝟔
∆𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
3. A metallic cube of side 100 cm is subjected to a uniform force acting normal to
the whole surface of the cube. The pressure is 106 pascal. If the volume changes
by 1.5 × 10–5 m3, calculate the bulk modulus of the material.
Solution :-
 Bulk Modulus,
𝐹
[ ] 𝑃 𝑃𝑉
𝐾= 𝐴 = =
∆𝑉 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
[ ] [ ]
𝑉 𝑉
106 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−2 106 𝑋 105 1011
𝐾= −5
= =
1.5 𝑋 10 1.5 1.5
𝑲 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝑵 𝒎−𝟐

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
4. A metal cube of side 0.20 m is subjected to a shearing force of 4000 N. The top  Density of the sphere,
surface is displaced through 0.50 cm with respect to the bottom. Calculate the 𝑚 0.038
shear modulus of elasticity of the metal. 𝜌= =
𝑉 4
Solution :- 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 (1.5 𝑋 10−2 )3
3
 Rigidity modulus is,, 3 𝑋 0.038
𝜌=
𝐹 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 10−6
[ 𝑡] 𝐹𝑡 𝑥 𝐹𝑡 𝐿 𝐹𝑡
𝜂𝑅 = 𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑋 𝐿 = 𝐿2 𝑋 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝜌=
0.114 𝑋 106
= 2.689 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 106
[ ] 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 1.5
𝐿
4000 4000 4000 𝝆 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝒈 𝒎−𝟑
𝜂𝑅 = −2
= −2
=  Hence,
0.20 𝑋 0.50 𝑋 10 0.1 𝑋 10 10−3
𝟑
𝜼𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 𝒎 𝟔 −𝟐 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
5. A wire of length 2 m with the area of cross-section 10–6 m2 is used to suspend a 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
load of 980 N. Calculate (i) the stress developed in the wire (ii) the strain and 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟗
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟗 (𝒏𝒐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕)
(iii) the energy stored. Given: Y=12 × 1010N m−2. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Solution :- 7. Two pistons of a hydraulic lift have diameters of 60 cm and 5 cm. What is the
(i) Stress : force exerted by the larger piston when 50 N is placed on the smaller piston?
𝐹 980 Solution :-
= = 𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵𝒎−𝟐 𝐷2 25 𝑋 10−4
𝐴 10−6  Area of small piston, 𝐴1 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 = 𝜋 [ ] = 𝜋 [ ]
4 4
(ii) Strain : 𝐷2 3600 𝑋 10−4
𝐹 Area of larger piston , 𝐴2 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 = 𝜋 [ ] = 𝜋 [ ]
( ) 4 4
𝑌= 𝐴 Hence,
∆𝐿 3600 𝑋 10−4
( ) 𝜋 [ ]
𝐿 𝐴2 4
𝐹 𝐹2 = 𝐹1 = 𝑋 50
∆𝐿 ( ) 980 𝑋 106 𝐴1 25 𝑋 10−4
∴ ( )= 𝐴 = = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 (𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡) 𝜋 [
4
]
𝐿 𝑌 12 𝑋 1010
(iii) Energy stored : 3600
𝐹2 = 𝑋 50 = 3600 𝑋 2
𝟏 25
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = [𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 × 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏] × 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝟐
1 𝐹 ∆𝐿 1 𝐹 ∆𝐿  This means that with the force of 50 N, the force of 7200 N can be lifted.
𝑈= 𝑋 [ 𝑋 ] 𝑋𝑉 = 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋𝐴𝐿
2 𝐴 𝐿 2 𝐴 𝐿 8. A cube of wood floating in water supports a 300 g mass at the centre of its top
1 face. When the mass is removed, the cube rises by 3 cm. Determine the
𝑈 = 𝑋 980 𝑋 106 𝑋 81.66 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−6
2 volume of the cube.
𝑈 = 980 𝑋 81.66 𝑋 10−4 Solution :-
𝑈 = 8.002 𝑋 104 𝑋 10−4  Let ′𝑙 ′ 𝑏𝑒 each side of the cube, then its volume 𝑉 = 𝑙 3
𝑼 = 𝟖 joule  The volume occupied by 3 cm depth of cube, 𝑉 = ℎ 𝑋 𝑙 2 = 3 𝑋 10−2 𝑙 2 𝑚3
6. A solid sphere has a radius of 1.5 cm and a mass of 0.038 kg. Calculate the  According to the principle of floatation, we have
specific gravity or relative density of the sphere. 𝜌 𝑉 𝑔 = 𝑚 𝑔
Solution :- (𝑜𝑟) 𝜌 𝑉 = 𝑚
 Volume of the sphere, 1000 𝑋 3 𝑋 10−2 𝑙 2 = 300 𝑋 10−3
4 4
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑅3 = 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 (1.5 𝑋 10−2 )3 300 𝑋 10−3
3 3 𝑙2 = = 100 𝑋 10−4
1000 𝑋 3 𝑋 10−2
𝑙 = 10 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 = 10 𝑐𝑚
 Then the volume of the cube ; 𝑽 = 𝒍𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
9. A metal plate of area 2.5×10–4 m2 is placed on a
0.25×10–3 m thick layer of 13. Mercury has an angle of contact equal to 140° with soda lime glass. A narrow
castor oil. If a force of 2.5 N is needed to move the plate with a velocity 3×10–2 tube of radius 2 mm, made of this glass is dipped in a trough containing
m s–1, calculate the coefficient of viscosity of castor oil. mercury. By what amount does the mercury dip down in the tube relative to
Solution :- the liquid surface outside? Surface tension of mercury T=0.456 N m–1; Density
 The magnitude of viscous force be, of mercury ρ = 13.6 × 103 kg m–3
𝑑𝑣 Solution :-
𝐹= 𝜂 𝐴
𝑑𝑥  By capillary descent, we have,
𝐹 𝑑𝑥 2.5 𝑋 0.25 𝑋 10−3 0.25 2 𝑇 cos 𝜃
∴ 𝜂 = = = 𝑋 103 ℎ =
𝐴 𝑑𝑣 2.5 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 3 𝑋 10−2 3 𝜌𝑟𝑔
𝜼 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵 𝒎−𝟐 𝒔 2 𝑋 0.456 𝑋 cos 140°
ℎ =
10. Let 2.4×10−4 J of work is done to increase the area of a film of soap bubble from 13.6 𝑋 103 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 9.8
50 cm2 to 100 cm2. Calculate the value of surface tension of soap solution. 2 𝑋 0.456 𝑋 (− 0.7660)
ℎ =
Solution :- 13.6 𝑋 103 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 9.8
 Soap bubble has two free surfaces. Hence increase in area will be, 0.456 𝑋 0.7660
ℎ = −
∆𝐴 = 2 [𝐴2 − 𝐴1 ] = 2 [100 − 50] 𝑋 10−4 = 100 𝑋 10−4 = 10−2 𝑚2 13.6 𝑋 9.8
 Since energy per unit area is equal to surface energy which is numerically equal ℎ = −2.671 𝑋 10−3 𝑚
to tension, we have  where, negative sign indicates that there is fall of mercury (mercury is
𝑊 2.4 𝑋 10−4 depressed) in glass tube.
𝑇 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = = = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏
∆𝐴 10−2 14. In a normal adult, the average speed of the blood through the aorta
11. If excess pressure is balanced by a column of oil (with specific gravity 0.8) 4 (radius r = 0.8 cm) is 0.33 ms–1. From the aorta, the blood goes into major
mm high, where R = 2.0 cm, find the surface tension of the soap bubble. arteries, which are 30 in number, each of radius 0.4 cm. Calculate the speed of
Solution :- the blood through the arteries.
 The excess pressure inside the soap bubble, Solution :-
4𝑇 4𝑇  From equation of continuity, we have ; 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 30 𝑎2 𝑣2
∆𝑃 = (𝑜𝑟) ℎ𝜌𝑔=
𝑅 𝑅 1 𝑎1 𝑣1 1 𝜋 𝑟12 𝑣1 1 𝑟12 𝑣1 1 𝑟1 2
ℎ𝜌𝑔𝑅 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 (0.8 𝑋 1000)𝑋 9.8 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2 ∴ 𝑣2 = = 2 = 2 = [ ] 𝑣1
∴ 𝑇= = 30 𝑎2 30 𝜋 𝑟2 30 𝑟2 30 𝑟2
4 4 1 0.8 𝑋 10−2
2
1 1. 32
𝑇 = 800 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−5 = 15680 𝑋 10−5 𝑁 𝑚−1 𝑣2 = [ ] 0.33 = 𝑋 [4] 𝑋0.33 =
30 0.4 𝑋 10−2 30 30
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏
12. Water rises in a capillary tube to a height of 2.0cm. How much will the water 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
rise through another capillary tube whose radius is one-third of the first tube?
Solution :-
 Surface tension by capillary rise method,
𝜌𝑟ℎ𝑔
𝑇=
2 cos 𝜃
2 𝑇 cos 𝜃
∴ ℎ=
𝜌𝑟𝑔
1
(𝑜𝑟) ℎ ∝ (𝑜𝑟) ℎ 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑟
∴ ℎ1 𝑟1 = ℎ2 𝑟2
ℎ1 𝑟1 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 𝑟
ℎ2 = = 𝑟
𝑟2 ( )
3
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 𝐼𝑓, 𝑅 = 2 𝑐𝑚 then excess pressure becomes,,
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
4𝑇
1. A capillary of diameter d mm is dipped in water such that the water rises to a ∆𝑃𝐴 = = 200 𝑇
2 𝑋 10−2
height of 30mm. If the radius of the capillary is made 2/3 of its previous value,  Hence the total excess pressure inside big and small soap bubble,
then compute the height up to which water will rise in the new capillary? ∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝐴 + ∆𝑃𝐵 = 200 + 100 = 300 𝑇
Solution :-  This is equal to the pressure difference between outside of big bubble and
 Surface tension by capillary rise method is, inside of small soap bubble. Hence for this excess pressure, the radius of single
𝜌𝑟ℎ𝑔 soap bubble is,
𝑇=
2 cos 𝜃 4𝑇
2 𝑇 cos 𝜃 ∆𝑃 = 300 𝑇 =
∴ ℎ= 𝑅
𝜌𝑟𝑔 4 4
∴ 𝑅= = 𝑋 10−2 = 1.333 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
1 300 3
(𝑜𝑟) ℎ ∝ (𝑜𝑟) ℎ 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝒎
𝑟
∴ ℎ1 𝑟1 = ℎ2 𝑟2  Thus this radius of single soap bubble will be smaller than radius of both A and
ℎ1 𝑟1 30 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 𝑟 B
ℎ2 = = 4. A block of Ag of mass 𝒙 kg hanging from a string is immersed in a liquid of
𝑟2 2𝑟
( ) relative density 0.72. If the relative density of Ag is 10 and tension in the string
3
3 𝑋 30 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 𝑟 is 37.12 N then compute the mass of Ag block.
ℎ2 = Solution :-
2𝑟
𝒉𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎  Density of silver (Ag) ; 𝜌 = 10 𝑋 1000 = 10000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
2. A cylinder of length 1.5 m and diameter 4 cm is fixed at one end. A tangential Density of liquid ; 𝜎 = 0.72 𝑋 1000 = 720 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
force of 4 × 105 N is applied at the other end. If the rigidity modulus of the  The apparent weight of silver immersed in liquid,,
cylinder is 6 × 1010 N m-2 then, calculate the twist produced in the cylinder. 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = weight of Ag -weight of displaced liquid by Ag
Solution :- 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = 𝑀𝑆 𝑔 − 𝑀𝑙 𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑉 𝑔 − 𝜎 𝑉 𝑔 = (𝜌 − 𝜎) 𝑉 𝑔
 Rigidity modulus is given by, 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = (10000 − 720)𝑉 𝑔 = 9280 𝑉 𝑔
𝐹 𝐹  It is equal to tension in the string. Hence
[ 𝑡] [ 𝑡2 ]
𝜂𝑅 = 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟 𝑙 𝑊𝑆𝐿 = 𝑇
𝜃 𝜃 9280 𝑉 𝑔 = 37.12
𝐹𝑡 37.12
𝜃= ∴ 𝑉 = − − − − − − (1)
𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑙 𝜂𝑅 9280 𝑔
4 𝑋 105
𝜃=  Let mass of silver be 𝑥 𝑘𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
3.14 𝑋 2 𝑋 10 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 15.2 𝑋 6 𝑋 1010
−2
37.12
10−1 𝑥 = 𝜌𝑉=𝜌
𝜽= = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅 9280 𝑔
3.14 𝑋 1.5 𝑋 6  Put 𝑔 = 10 𝑚 𝑠 −2 and 𝜌 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
3. A spherical soap bubble A of radius 2 cm is formed inside another bubble B of 37.12 3712
radius 4 cm. Show that the radius of a single soap bubble which maintains the 𝑥 = 10000 𝑋 =
9280 𝑋 10 928
same pressure difference as inside the smaller and outside the larger soap 𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒌𝒈
bubble is lesser than radius of both soap bubbles A and B.
Solution :-
 Excess pressure inside the soap bubble is
4𝑇
∆𝑃 = − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝑅
 𝐼𝑓, 𝑅 = 4 𝑐𝑚 then excess pressure becomes,
4𝑇
∆𝑃𝐵 = = 100 𝑇
4 𝑋 10−2
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
5. The reading of pressure meter attached with a closed pipe is 5 × 10 5 N
m-2.
On opening the valve of the pipe, the reading of the pressure meter is
4.5 × 105 Nm-2. Calculate the speed of the water flowing in the pipe.
Solution :-
 Under closed state, velocity of water ; 𝑣1 = 0
Under open state, velocity of water ; 𝑣2 = 𝑣
Density of water ; 𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
 According to Bernoulli’s theorem, for horizontal pipe
𝑃1 1 2 𝑃2 1 2
+ 𝑣1 = + 𝑣2
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
𝑃1 𝑃2 1 2 1 2
− = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝜌 𝜌 2 2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 1
= (𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
𝜌 2
2 2
2
(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) = (𝑃 − 𝑃2 )
𝜌 1
 By substituting known values, ,
2
𝑣2 − 0 = (5 𝑋 105 − 4.5 𝑋 105 )
1000
2
𝑣2 = (5 − 4.5) 𝑋 105
1000
2 105
𝑣2 = 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 105 = = 102
1000 103
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
EXAM NO 10. If the temperature of the wire is increased, then the Young’s modulus will
NAME : (a) remain the same (b) decrease
UNIT – 7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER (c) increase rapidly (d) increase by very a small amount
11. Copper of fixed volume V is drawn into a wire of length l. When this wire is
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks subjected to a constant force F, the extension produced in the wire is Δl. If Y
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 represents the Young’s modulus, then which of the following graphs is a
Note : (i) Answer all the questions straight line?
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and (a) Δl versus V (b) Δl versus Y
1
corresponding answer (c) Δl versus F (d) Δl versus
𝑙
1. Consider two wires X and Y. Th e radius of wire X is 3 times the radius of Y. If 12. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid of radius R coalesce to form a
they are stretched by the same load then the stress on Y is single drop of radius R and volume V. If T is the surface tension of the liquid,
(a) equal to that on X (b) thrice that on X then
(c) nine times that on X (d) Half that on X 1 1
(a) energy = 4 𝑉 𝑇 [ − ] is released
1 1
(b)ener𝑦 = 3 𝑉 𝑇 [ + ] is absorbed
2. If a wire is stretched to double of its original length, then the strain in the wire is 𝑟 𝑅 𝑟 𝑅
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) energy = 3 𝑉 𝑇 [𝑟 − ] is released (d)energy is neither released nor absorbed
𝑅
3. Th e load – elongation graph of three wires of the 13. The following four wires are made of the same material. Which of these will
same material are shown in figure. Which of the have the largest extension when the same tension is applied?
following wire is the thickest? (a) length = 200 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm
(a) wire 1 (b) length= 200 cm, diameter = 1 mm
(b) wire 2 (c) length = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm
(c) wire 3 (d) length= 200 cm, diameter = 3 m
(d) all of them have same thickness 14. The wettability of a surface by a liquid depends primarily on
𝟏 𝒓𝒅
4. For a given material, the rigidity modulus is [ ] of (a) viscosity
𝟑
Young’s modulus. Its Poisson’ ratio is (b) surface tension
(a) 0 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.5 (c) density
5. A small sphere of radius 2cm falls from rest in a viscous liquid. Heat is (d) angle of contact between the surface and the liquid
produced due to viscous force. The rate of production of heat when the sphere 15. In a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross section, water flows with a velocity
attains its terminal velocity is proportional of 1 m s-1 at a point where the diameter of the pipe is 20 cm. The velocity of
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25 water (1.5 m s-1) at a point where the diameter of the pipe is (in cm)
6. Two wires are made of the same material and have the same volume. Th e area (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32
of cross sections of the fi rst and the second wires are A and 2A respectively. If PART - II 6 X 2 = 12
the length of the fi rst wire is increased by Δl on applying a force F, how much Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
force is needed to stretch the second wire by the same amount? (ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory
(a) 2 F (b) 4 F (c) 8 F (d) 16 F 16. Define elasticity.
7. With an increase in temperature, the viscosity of liquid and gas, respectively 17. State Hooke’s law.
will 18. Which one is more elastic? Rubber or Steel?
(a) increase and increase (b) increase and decrease 19. Define Relative density or specific gravity .
(c) decrease and increase (d) decrease and decrease 20. Define coefficient of viscosity.
8. The Young’s modulus for a perfect rigid body is 21. State Pascal law.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) infinity 22. Define surface tension.
9. Which of the following is not a scalar? 23. A wire of length 2 m with the area of cross-section 10–6 m2 is used to suspend a load
(a) viscosity (b) surface tension of 980 N. Calculate (i) the stress developed (ii) the strain ( Y=12 × 1010N m−2)
(c) pressure (d) stress

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS UNIT –7 PROPERTIES OF MATTER COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
24. Explain three types of modulus of elasticity.
25. Define Poisson’s ratio.
26. State the Newton’s formula for viscous force.
27. Define Reynolds number. Give its importance.
28. State Stoke’s law and give the expression for viscous force by Stokes law.
29. Obtain an equation of continuity for a flow of fluid on the basis of conservation of அறம் செய்ய விரும்பு – தருமத்தத செய்ய விருப்பம் ச ொள்
mass
ஆறுவது சினம் – அடக் வவண்டியது வ ொபவம ஆகும்ஃ
30. Water rises in a capillary tube to a height of 2.0cm. How much will the water rise
இயல்வது ரவவல் – ச ொடுக் முடிந்த சபொருதை யொசிப்பவர்க்கு
through another capillary tube whose radius is one-third of the first tube?
ச ொடு
ஈவது விலக்வ ல் – பிறருக்கு ச ொடுப்பதத தடுக் க்கூடொது
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15 உதடயது விைம்வபல் – உள்ை சபொருதை (அ) இர சியங் தை
Note : (i) Answer all the questions பிறரிடம் செொல்லொவத
31. Derive an expression for the elastic energy stored per unit volume of a wire. ஊக் மது த விவடல் – எப்வபொதும் முயற்சிதய த விடொவத
(OR) எண் எழுத்து இ வேல் – ணிதம், இலக் ணம் நூல் தை அலட்சியம்
Derive Poiseuille’s formula for the volume of a liquid flowing per second through a செய்யொவத
pipe under streamlined flow. ஏற்பது இ ழ்ச்சி – இரந்து (யொசித்து) வொழ்வது இழிவொனது
32. Obtain an expression for the excess of pressure inside a ஐயம் இட்டு உண் – வததவபடுவவொருக்கு உணவிட்டு பின் உண்
(1) liquid drop ஒப்புரவு ஒழுகு – உல நதடமுதற அறிந்து அதன்படி நடந்து
(2) liquid bubble ச ொள்
(OR) ஓதுவது ஒழிவயல் – நல்ல தூல் தை படிப்பதத விட்டுவிடொவத
Obtain an expression for the surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise method. ஓைவியம் வபவெல் – யொரிடமும் சபொறொதம ச ொண்டு வபெொவத
33. State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem for a flow of incompressible, non - viscous and அஃ ஞ் சுருக்வ ல் – தொனியங் தை குதறத்து அைந்து விற் ொவத
streamlined flow of fluid
(OR) ஆத்திச்சூடி - ஔதவயொர்
Obtain the relation between surface tension and surface energy.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502