BU 3 MOD 3 LECTURE 1 LIGHT MEASUREMENT

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How bright

- Inverse Square Law - double the distance, one-fourth of intensity

Intensity as before

- Relative intensity of light can emphasize objects while deem-

phasizing others
- Hard: bold shadows, crisp textures, edge definition, contrast
Quality
- Soft: gentle contrast, diffused, soft or no shadow
- Refers to the path of the light from the source to the object - Front
Direction
light, side light, back light, under light, top light, etc.
Relative mix of wavelengths - Often motivated by light source (sun,
Color interior lights, candles, etc.) - Used to set a mood, establish time
of day, location, etc.
In ___________ a number of technical terms and units are used
lighting technology to describe the properties of light sources and the effects that are
produced.
describes the total amount of light emitted by a light source in all
LUMINOUS FLUX directions over a period of time. Luminous flux is often a criterion
of light bulb comparison and is measured in LUMEN (lm ).
____________ equals the amount of light emitted by a light
ONE LUMEN, 1 candela. source (radiating an equal amount of light in all directions) through
a solid angle of one steradian with an intensity of ___________
Generally, it is not necessary to determine the luminous
flux. Luminous flux (in lumens) is usually indicated on the
packaging of a light bulb ______________ and is used as an objective measurement of
the light output of a light source to better compare various types
of light bulbs.
In laboratories, this is usually measured using an instrument
known as an _______________.
'ULBRICHT SPHERE'
- a hollow sphere painted matt white on the inside to make it
perfectly diffusing with the light source located at its center.
The illuminance on any part of the sphere's inside is proportional
luminous flux to the __________ and a small window in the sphere allows this
illuminance to be measured.
(1)________is the luminous power or the quantity of visible light
emitted by a light source in a given direction per unit solid angle.

LUMINOUS INTENSITY , CANDELA (cd). Luminous intensity is measured in _________(2)

Basically, it measures the quantity of visible light emitted in one

specific angle from the light source.
A light source with 1 candela intensity produces 1 lumen of lumi-
1 square meter surface area of a sphere.
nous flux on a __________
Because lumens are measured at a specific distance in all direc-
tions from the light source, IT IS NOT the best measurement to
describe how bright a light is going to be on a specific area.
ILLUMINANCE (unit: lux, Foot candle)
To describe this, a term called ______ and units called lux or
foot-candle are used
______________ measures luminous flux per unit area or how
much light is falling on a given surface. Lux will determine how
LUX, one lumen per square meter of surface area bright the surface illuminated is going to be.

One lux equals ___________

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 BU 3 MOD 3 LECTURE 1 LIGHT MEASUREMENT
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also measures the amount of light falling on a surface. Lumens per
square foot is used to measure foot-candle.
FOOT-CANDLE (fc), 10.76 lux.
One footcandle equals approximately_____________
It is the means of evaluating the density of luminous flux.
ILLUMINANCE
ª It indicates the amount of luminous flux from a light source falling
on a given area.
Illuminance can be determined from the __________ of the light
luminous intensity
source.
Illuminance decreases with the ____________from the light
square of the distance
source (inverse square law).
Illuminance is measured in ____ (lumens per square meter) or
lux, footcandles
______ (lumens per square foot).
________ is independent of type of the surface it illuminates on
Illuminance
and only depends on the amount of light that falls on that surface.
Various instruments known as _________ have been in existence
for several hundred years for measuring illuminance usually in-
visual photometers
volving a visual comparison of the luminance created by two light
sources on a screen.
All these have now largely been replaced by what are known
as ______________ that use electrical techniques to measure
physical photometers the electric current or voltage generated when light falls on a
light-sensitive cell (photoemissive, photovoltaic or photoconduc-
tive).
Whereas illuminance indicates the amount of luminous flux falling
on a given surface,______describes the brightness of an illumi-
nated or luminous surface.

ª __________ is defined as the ratio of luminous intensity of a

luminance
surface (cd) to the projected area of this surface (m 2 ) or cd /
m 2.

ª ______________ is the basis for describing perceived bright-

ness.
The human eye does not see illuminance; it sees __________.
luminance
ª Therefore, the amount of light delivered into the space and the
reflectance of the surfaces in the space affects one's ability to see.
The __________ has developed a procedure for determining the
appropriate average light level for a particular space.

This procedure, used extensively by designers and engineers,

recommends a target light level by considering the following:

ª the task/s being performed (contrast, size, etc.) ª the ages of the
occupants
ª the importance of speed and accuracy
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)
Then, the appropriate type and quantity of lamps and light fixtures
may be selected based on the following:

ª fixture efficiency
ª lamp lumen output
ª the reflectance of surrounding surfaces
ª the effects of light losses from lamp lumen depreciation and dirt
accumulation
ª room size and shape
ª availability of natural light (daylight)
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BU 3 MOD 3 LECTURE 1 LIGHT MEASUREMENT
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50 lx (5 fc) simple orientation for short visits
30 lx (3 fc) public spaces
100 lx (10 fc) working spaces where simple visual tasks are performed
1000 lx (100fc) Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and small size
300 lx (30 fc) Performance of visual tasks of high contrast and large size
Performance of visual tasks of high contrast and small size, or
500 lx (50 fc)
visual tasks of low contrast and large size
3000 to 10,000 lx (300 to 1000 fc) Performance of visual tasks near threshold

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