The proving for happy(john) using Backward Resolution is shown as follows:

77
 d_2) Forward Resolution

The proving for happy(john) using Backward Resolution is shown as follows:

78
Another Example

All people that are not poor and smart are happy. Those people that read are not
stupid. John can read and wealthy. Happy people have exciting life. Can
anyone found with an exciting life.
a)

∀X(‫ך‬poor(X)∧smart(X))→happy(X)

read(Y)→‫ ך‬stupid(Y)

read(john)∧ wealthy(john)
happy(Z)→ exciting(Z,life)

∃W exciting(W,life)

Note ‫ ך‬stupid≡ smart, wealthy≡‫ך‬poor

∀X(‫ך‬poor(X)∧smart(X))→happy(X)

∀Y read(Y)→ smart (Y)

read(john)∧ ‫ך‬poor(john)

∀Z happy(Z)→ exciting(Z,life)

∃W exciting(W,life)

b)
1.

∀X ‫ך(ך‬poor(X)∧smart(X))˅ happy(X)

∀Y ‫ ך‬read(Y)˅ smart (Y)

79
read(john)∧ ‫ך‬poor(john)

∀Z ‫ ך‬happy(Z)˅ exciting(Z,life)

∃W exciting(W,life)

2.

∀X (poor(X)˅‫ך‬smart(X))˅ happy(X)

∀X ‫ך‬read(Y)˅smart(Y)

read(john)∧ ‫ך‬poor(john)

∀Z ‫ ך‬happy(Z)˅ exciting(Z,life)

∃W exciting(W,life)

3. Nothing to do here.
4. Nothing to do here.
5.

∀X (poor(X)˅‫ך‬smart(X))˅ happy(X)

∀Y ‫ך‬read(Y)˅smart(Y)

read(john)∧ ‫ך‬poor(john)

∀Z ‫ ך‬happy(Z)˅ exciting(Z,life)

exciting(W,life)
6.
(poor(X)˅‫ך‬smart(X))˅ happy(X)
‫ך‬read(Y)˅smart(Y)

read(john)∧ ‫ך‬poor(john)

80
‫ ך‬happy(Z)˅ exciting(Z,life)
exciting(W,life)
7. Nothing to do here.

8.
poor(X)˅‫ך‬smart(X)˅ happy(X)
‫ך‬read(Y)˅smart(Y)
read(john)
‫ך‬poor(john)
‫ ך‬happy(Z)˅ exciting(Z,life)
exciting(W,life)
9. Nothing to do here.
c) ‫ ך‬exciting(W,life)
d)
d-1) Proving exciting(W,life) using Backward Resolution

81
d-2) Proving exciting(W,life)using Forward Resolution

Homework

Everyone has a parent. The parent of a parent is a grandparent. Prove that Ali
has a grandparent using Backward Resolution.

Example: Given the following two statements:

(1) ∀X. [ (∀Y. s(Y) ∧ v(X, Y)) ⇒ ((∃Z. ¬ t(X, Z)) ∧ v(X, X)) ]

(2) ∀X∀Y. s(Y) ⇒ t(X,Y) ∧ v(X,Y)

(A) Convert the statements to clause forms:

Solution:

82