What is MOTHER TONGUE?

A first language, native tongue, native language, or mother/father/parent tongue, is a

language that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period. In some
countries, the term native language or mother tongue refers to the language of one's ethnic
group rather than one's first language.

Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB –MLE)

Many multilingual countries are now attempting to address these issues through mother
tongue- based multilingual education (MTB MLE) programs. MTB MLE uses the learner’s first
language (termed the L1) to teach basic literacy (reading and writing) and beginning academic
content. The second language (L2) is taught systematically and gradually, so that students are
able to transfer their knowledge from L1 to L2 (Benson, 2006; Heugh, 2006). MTB MLE
programs generally follow one of two models.

Sec. 4 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. 10533(Enhance Basic

Education Act of 2013) – “the language/ languages first learned by a child, w/c he/she
identifies with, identified as a native language user by others, w/c he/she knows best, or uses
most.” Lifelong learning- learning that is pursue throughout life… Communicative competence –
the other end goal and it means the ability of the learner to understand and used language
appropriately to communicate in authentic situations. In MTB- MLE , it includes two or more than
two languages.

 MTB-MLE - An education program for children who do not understand or speak the
official school language when they begin school. MTB MLE students learn to read and
write first in their mother tongue. They use their MT for learning as they learn to
understand, speak, read and write the official school language (and additional languages
according to the curriculum). They use both their MT and the official language for
learning in later grades. The goal of strong MTB MLE program is that students will
become fully bilingual, bi-literate and bicultural and achieve a quality education.
  MLE - The use of two or more languages in the educational system. Often used
interchangeably with MTB MLE. However, a program that uses two or more languages
but not the mother tongue of the students is “MLE” but it is not “MTB MLE”.

The United Nation Educational Scientific Organization (UNESCO)

 The United Nation Educational Scientific Organization (UNESCO) – supports mother

tongue instruction as a means of improving educational quality by building upon the
knowledge and experience of the learners and teachers.
 UNESCO advocates the used of mother tongue and celebrate the Mother Tongue Day
every February 21 each year.

Implementation of MTB-MLE in the Philippines

There is what we called Salient Features of the K-12 program or curriculum, and
MTBMLE is one of them.

 Piloting of MTBMLE was constitutionalized in 2009.

 Piloting was done as early as 2010 in selected schools, very few schools.
 Piloting started in 920 plus schools in all over the country in 2011- 2012.
 S.Y 2012-2013 the nationwide implementation of MTBMLE has started, so the program
has been implemented from kindergarten to grade 3. TAGALOG (Metro Manila)

A. Local languages used in Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education

 YBANAG

The Ibanag language (also Ybanag or Ibanak) is an Austronesian language spoken by up to

500,000 speakers, most particularly by the Ibanag people, in the Philippines, in the northeastern
provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao, Solana, Abulug, Cabagan, and
Ilagan and with overseas immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, United Kingdom
and the United States. Most of the speakers can also speak Ilocano, the lingua franca of
northern Luzon island. The name Ibanag comes from the prefix "I" which means "people of",
and "bannag", meaning river. It is closely related to Gaddang, Itawis, Agta, Atta, Yogad, Isneg,
and Malaweg.

Similar to more known languages in the Philippines such as Cebuano and Tagalog, Ibanag is a
Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. On the other hand, it belongs to
the Northern Philippine languages subgroup where related yet larger Ilokano and Pangasinan
also fall under.

 IVATAN

The Ivatan (Ibatan) language, also known as Chirin nu Ibatan ("language of the Ivatan people"),
is a Philippine language of Austronesian origins spoken in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines.
It is spoken by up to 33,000 speakers. Ivatan is one of the Batanic languages, which are perhaps
a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian family of Austronesian languages.

The language of Babuyan Island is sometimes classified as a dialect. Most of the Babuyan
population moved to Batan Island and the Luzon mainland during the Spanish colonial period.
The island became repopulated at the end of the 19th century with families from Batan, most
of them speakers of one of the Ivatan dialects.

 Ivasay
Dialects
 Isamurung
 Babuyan

 SAMBAL

Sambal or Sambali is a Sambalic language spoken primarily in the Zambal municipalities of

Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, and Iba, and in the Pangasinense municipality of
Infanta in the Philippines; speakers can also be found in Panitian, Quezon, Palawan and
Barangay Mandaragat or Buncag of Puerto Princesa. Sambal is spoken by up to 70,000
speakers. The speakers of the language are decreasing due to the fact that many of the
speakers are shifting to Tagalog.

The first European-produced reference grammar of any indigenous language of the Philippines
was that of Zambal, published circa 1601.

Ethnologue reports Santa Cruz, Masinloc and Iba as dialects of the language.
  KINARAY-A

Kinaray-a is one of the Visayan languages and is spoken mainly in Antique province in the

Philippines. It has 600,000 speakers. Some native speakers are also found in southern Iloilo
province.

The Karay-a language (Kinaray-a, Binisayâ nga Kinaray-a or Hinaraya; English: Harayan) is an
Austronesian regional language in the Philippines spoken by the Karay-a people, mainly in
Antique, Iloilo, Guimaras, and other provinces on the island of Panay, as well as portions of the
Soccsksargen region in Mindanao and Palawan.

It is one of the Bisayan languages, mainly along with Aklanon/Malaynon, Capiznon, Cebuano,
and Hiligaynon.

 Pandan
Dialects
 Hamtik
 Anini-y
 Pototan
 Lambunao
 Miag-ao
 Guimaras Island

 YAKAN

Yakan is an Austronesian language primarily spoken on Basilan Island in the Philippines. It is

the native language of the Yakan people, the indigenous as well as the largest ethnic group on
the island. It has a total of 110,000 native speakers. Despite being located in the Philippines, it
is not closely related to other languages of the country. It is a member of the Sama-Bajaw
languages, which in turn are related to the Barito languages spoken in southern Borneo,
Madagascar and Mayotte.

 SURIGAONON

Surigaonon is an Austronesian language spoken by Surigaonon people. Surigaonon has

500,000 native speakers. As a regional Philippine language, it is spoken in the province of
Surigao del Norte, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Sur, and some portions of Agusan del Norte,
especially the towns near the Mainit Lake, Agusan del Sur and Davao Oriental.

Surigaonon is a member of the Bisayan languages.It has been heavily influenced by Cebuano
due to the influx of many Cebuanos in the region. However, most Cebuano speakers can hardly
understand Surigaonon speakers, except for Cebuanos who have been living in the region for
years. Surigaonon is very closely related to the Tausug language of Sulu and the Butuanon
language of Butuan.

 AKLANON
 Aklanon, also known as Aklan, is an Austronesian language of the Bisayan
subgroup spoken by the Aklanon people in the province of Aklan on the island of
Panay in the Philippines.

Aklanon (Akeanon), also known as Bisaya/Binisaya nga Aklanon/Inaklanon or simply

Aklan, is an Austronesian language of the Bisayan subgroup spoken by the Aklanon people in
the province of Aklan on the island of Panay in the Philippines. Its unique feature among other
Bisayan languages is the close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] occurring as part of diphthongs
and traditionally written with the letter ⟨Ee⟩ such as in the autonyms Akean and Akeanon.
However, this phoneme is also present in other but geographically scattered and distant
Philippine languages, namely Itbayat, Isneg, Manobo, Samal and Sagada. The Malaynon
dialect is 93% lexically similar to Aklanon and retained the "l" sounds, which elsewhere are often
pronounced as "r". Ibayjanon (Ibajaynon) dialect has shortened versions of Aklanon words. (en)

 TAGALOG
 Was originally native to the southern part of Luzon, prior to spreading of a second
language over all the island of Philippine. Tagalog was spoken in the Philippine
capital, Manila.

Tagalog is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. It functions as
its lingua franca and de fcto national working language of the country. It is used as the basis for
the development of Filipino, the national language of the Philippines, a country with 181
documented languages. It is spoken in central and southern Luzon, in Manila, the capital of the
Philippines, and on some of the other islands. According to the Philippine Census of 2000, 21.5
million people claim Tagalog as their first language. In addition, it is estimated that 50 million
Filipinos speak Tagalog as a second language. English is the language of higher education and
a lingua franca in the Philippines, second only to Filipino. Many Filipinos who are fluent in
English frequently switch between Tagalog and English for a variety of reasons. This mixed
language is called Taglish. It is more common among educated city dwellers than in rural areas.
Frequent contact between Tagalog-speaking and Spanish-speaking people during the Spanish
occupation of the Philippines has resulted in Philippine Creole Spanish known as Chabacano.
Since 1940, Filipino has been taught in schools throughout the Philippines. Tagalog is also the
language of major literary works, of films, and of the media.

 KAPAMPANGAN

Kapampangan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the
Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and
southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom
belong to the Kapampangan ethnic group. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern
Bataan, as well as in the municipalities of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border
Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part
of Central Luzon. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ("breastfed, or
nurtured, language").

 PANGASINAN
 (Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Zambales that border
Pangasinan and few Aeta groups in Central Luzon)- The Pangasinan people was
referred as Pangasinense.
 The term Pangasinan can refer to the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan
language or people of Pangasinan heritage.
 Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight
major languages of the Philippines.

Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major

languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province
of Pangasinan and northern Tarlac, on the northern part of Luzon's central plains geographic
region, most of whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in
southwestern La Union, as well as in the municipalities of Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva
Ecija, and Zambales that border Pangasinan. A few Aeta groups in Central Luzon's northern
part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.

Austronesian language- formerly Malayo-Polynesian languages, family of

languages spoken in most of the Indonesian archipelago; all of the
Philippines, Madagascar, and the island groups of the Central and South Pacific (except for
Australia and much of New Guinea); much of Malaysia; and scattered areas of Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos, and Taiwan. In terms of the number of its languages and of their
geographic spread, the Austronesian language family is among the world’s largest.

 ILOKO (La Union, Ilocos, Pangasinan)

 The name Ilocano come from i– ‘from’ +looc ‘bay’ + –ano Spanish
‘native of,’ thus ‘people of the

bay’.Ilocano (also Ilokano; Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Ilokano) is an

 Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines, primarily by Ilocano people.

 Ilocano is spoken in northwest Luzon, The Babuyan Islands, Cordillera Administrative
Region, Cagayan Valley, northern parts of Central
 Luzon, Mindoro and scattered areas in Mindanao (the Soccsksargen region in
particular).The language is also spoken in the United States, with Hawaii and
California having the largest number of speakers.

Ilocano is spoken as a first language by some 7 million people, primarily in Northern

Luzon, La Union and Ilocos provinces, Cagayan Valley, Babuyan, Mindoro, and Mindanao. It is
also spoken as a second language by possibly another 2 million speakers in the northern areas
of Luzon as a lingua franca in trade, commerce, and everyday communication. Many ethnic
groups from the northern regions of the country are more proficient in Ilocano than in Tagalog,
the national language. Nevertheless, at present, Ilocano remains a regional language with no
official status. Its use in education is limited to the early elementary grades.

 BIKOL
  The Bikol languages or Bicolano languages are a group of
Central Philippine languages spoken mostly in the Bicol Peninsula in the island of
Luzon, the neighboring island province of Catanduanes and the island of Burias in
Masbate.
 The people of the Bicol Region, called Bicolanos, speak any of the several
languages of the Bikol language family, called Bikol macrolanguages.
 The four major groups of language in Bikol are Coastal Bikol, Inland Bikol, Pandan
Bikol and Bisakol. The majority of Bicolanos understand and
 speak Central Bikol language.

Central Bikol commonly called Bikol Naga, also known simply as Bikol, is an
Austronesian language spoken by the Bicolanos, primarily in the Bicol Region of southern
Luzon, Philippines. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second
congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon,
San Pascual town in Masbate, and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bikol speakers
can be found in all provinces of Bicol and it is a majority language in Camarines Sur. The
standard sprachraum form is based on the Canaman dialect. Central Bikol features some
vocabularies that are not found in other Bikol languages nor to other members of the Central
Philippine language family like Tagalog and Cebuano. Examples of these are words the matua
and bitis which are the same with Kapampangan words that means older and foot/feet
respectively. The word banggi (night) is another example of this as it is different from the usual
Bikol word "gab-i" but closer to the word bengi of Kapampangan. There's no formal study about
the relationship of the Central Luzon languages to Central Bikol but the latter has several words
that are also found in the archaic form of Tagalog spoken in the Rizal and Quezon provinces
that are believed to be the home of Central Luzon languages such as Kapampangan in
Pampanga and southern Tarlac, and Sambalic languages in Zambales province.

 CEBUANO

Cebuano, also referred to by most of its speakers simply and generically as Binisaya
(translated into English as Visayan, though this should not be confused with other Bisayan
languages), is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines. It originated on
the island of Cebu, which is the source of Standard Cebuano, and now is spoken primarily by
various Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, the
eastern half of Negros, the western half of Leyte (primary language), and the northern coastal
areas of Northern Mindanao and the Zamboanga Peninsula. In modern times, it has also spread
to the Davao Region, Cotabato, Camiguin, parts of the Dinagat Islands, and the lowland regions
of Caraga; often displacing native languages in those areas (most of which are closely related to
Cebuano).

It is the second most spoken language in the Philippines after Tagalog.

Cebuano is used as the medium of instruction in Grades I and II.  Cebuano is a member of the
Visayan language family. While Tagalog has the largest number of native speakers among the
languages of the Philippines today, Cebuano had the largest native-language-speaking
population in the Philippines from the 1950s until about the 1980s. It is by far the most widely
spoken of the Bisayan languages. Cebuano is the lingua franca of the Central Visayas, western
parts of Eastern Visayas, some western parts of Palawan and most parts of Mindanao.

 HILIGAYNON

Hiligaynon, also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisaya nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo, is an

Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people,
predominantly in Western Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN, most of whom belong to the
Hiligaynon people. It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to
the Bisayan languages, and is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.

It also has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines,
despite it not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. Hiligaynon
is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, Guimaras, and Negros
Occidental), as well as in South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato in
SOCCSKSARGEN. It is also spoken in other neighboring provinces, such as Antique and Aklan
(also in Western Visayas), Negros Oriental in Central Visayas, Masbate in Bicol Region,
Romblon and Palawan in MIMAROPA. It is also spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a
speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz and
Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental. There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of
the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of
speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.
 Hiligaynon’s closest relatives are Capiznon, Masbatenyo, and Porohanon. Hiligaynon is
the fourth largest of the 175 languages spoken in the Philippines. It is distinctive from most
Filipino languages for its sing-song intonation, much like Italian, particularly in the Bacolodnon
dialect.

Ethnologue lists 3 varieties of Hiligaynon:

 Hiligaynon
 Kawayan (spoken on the island of Biliran)
 Kari

 WARAY

Waray (also known as Waray-Waray or Bisaya/Binisaya nga Winaray/Waray) is an

Austronesian language and the fifth-most-spoken native regional language of the Philippines,
native to Eastern Visayas. It is one of the ten officially recognized regional languages in the
Philippines and used in the local government. It is spoken throughout the Visayas islands. It is
the native language of the Waray people and second language of the Abaknon people of Capul,
Northern Samar, and some Cebuano-speaking peoples of western and southern parts of Leyte
island. it is also spoken in some parts of Mindanao, Masbate, Sorsogon and Metro Manila
where Warays went to. There is also a very small number of Filipinos abroad, especially in the
United States, that speaks this language. It is the third most spoken language among the
Bisayan languages, only behind Cebuano and Hiligaynon. 

The Waraynon group of languages consists of Waray, Waray Sorsogon and Masbate

Sorsogon. All the Warayan languages belong to the Visayan language family and are related
to Cebuano and more closely to Hiligaynon and Masbatenyo.

 TAUSUG

Tausug (Bahasa Sūg; Malay: Bahasa Suluk) is an Austronesian language spoken by

about 1 million people particularly on the Sulu Archipelago (Sulu, Tawi- Tawi, Basilan), the
Zamboanga Peninsula(Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur
and Zamboanga City), Southern Palawan in the Philippines, in Sabah in Malaysia, and in
Kalimantan in Indonesia by Tausug people.
 The Tausug language belongs to the East Mindanao Subgroup of Central Philippine
languages. Its closest affiliation is with Butuanun, spoken at the mouth of the Agusan River
(northeast Mindanao), from which it is believed to have separated some 900 years ago. It also
exhibits extensive linguistic convergence with Sama-Bajau, indicating a long and close
association. Tausug shows little dialectal variation and served historically as the lingua
franca of the Sulu sultanate. A Malay-Arabic script is used for religious and other writings.

These days Tausūg is written with the Latin alphabet. From the 7th century it is written with
a version of the Arabic alphabet based on the Malaysian Jawi script. Tausūg was also written
with a version of the Baybayin script known as Luntar Sug from the 7th century until the 16th
century.

 MAGUINDANAOAN

Maguindanao is also known as Maguindanaon, Magindanao, Magindanaon, Magindanaw,

Maguindanao or Maguindanaw is an Austronesian language spoken by a majority of the
population of Maguindanao province in the Philippines. It is a member of the Greater Central
Philippine branch of the Philippine language family. It is spoken by 1.1 million people, mainly in
Maguindanao provinces (Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur) in the south of
Mindanao island in the Philippines, and is also spoken by sizable minorities in different parts of
Mindanao such as the cities of Zamboanga, Davao, and General Santos, and the provinces of
North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur,
Zamboanga Sibugay, as well as Metro Manila. This was the language of the
historic Sultanate of Maguindanao (1520–1905), which existed before and during the Spanish
colonial period from 1521 to 1898. There are three main dialects: Taw sa ilud, Taw sa laya and
Biwangen. It is closely related to Iranun, which is spoken in the same area.

 MARANAO

Maranao people are known for their artwork, weaving, wood, plastic and metal crafts and epic
literature, the Darangen. They are ethnically and culturally closely related to the Iranun
(was once considered a dialect of Maranao), and Maguindanao which are spoken in Sabah,
Malaysia, and in parts of the Philippines. All three groups being denoted as speaking Danao
languages and giving name to the island of Mindanao.
 Maranao (Mëranaw) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the
provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur provinces in the Philippines, and in
Sabah, Malaysia. There are thought to be between 800,000 and a million speakers. Maranao is
written with the Latin alphabet, though in the past it was written with a version of the Arabic
script, like Malay.

Unique among other Danao languages, Maranao is spoken with a distinct downstep accent,

as opposed to stress accent]. Additionally, Maranao features aspirated "hard consonants",
which also raise the quality of following vowels.

 CHABACANO

Chavacano or Chabacano is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties

spoken in the Philippines. The variety spoken in Zamboanga City, located in the
southern Philippine island group of Mindanao, has the highest concentration of speakers and
Christian-majority towns of Basilan. Other currently existing varieties are found in Cavite City
and Ternate, located in the Cavite province and previously in Ermita, Cotabato City, and Davao.
The languages derives most of its vocabulary from Spanish, but the word order and grammar
derives from the native languages such as Tagalog and Hiligaynon.
Chabacano, stands out as Asia's only Spanish-based creole language and the only
non-Austronesian language to have developed in the Philippines. As a creole language,
Chabanaco is a mixture of Spanish and indigenous languages that evolved from a history of
colonial interactions between Spain and the Philippines. It is estimated that there are more
than 600,000 Chabacano speakers in the country today. There are two main varities of
Chavacano in Zamboanga - a formal variety that contains more Spanish vocabulary, and an
informal variety containing more vocabulary from Tagalog, Cebuano and other Philippine
languages.

Chavacano is used primarily as a spoken language which dates back to 1635, when
Zamboanga became a permanent Spanish stronghold with the construction of the San José
Fortress. As a general orthographic rule, all words of Spanish/European and Mexican origin
are spelt according to their original spelling in the Spanish alphabet. Words from Philippine
languages are spelt in the native way along Spanish rules. For example: jendeh, meaning no
or not, is not spelled as hinde because h is always silent in the Spanish alphabet, thus it is not
spelled as in Tagalog.
There are six dialects of Chavacano, each with a number of different names:
 Zamboanga dialect (about 360,000 speakers): Zamboangueño,
Chavacano/Chabacano/Chabakano de Zamboanga

 Cavite dialect (about 200,000 speakers): Caviteño, Chavacano/Chabacano/Chabakano de

Cavite, Caviten, Linguaje di Niso, Tsabakano

 Ermita dialect: Ermiteño or Ermitaño (practically extinct)

 Ternate dialect (about 7,000 speakers): Ternateño Chabacano, Bahra, Linguaje di Bahra.

 Davao dialect (about 18,000 speakers): Davaoeño, Davaweño, Davawenyo, Davawenyo

Zamboangenyo, Abakay Spanish, Davao Chabacano/Chavacano/Chabakano.

Cotabato dialect (about 20,500 speakers): Cotabateño, Cotabato

Chabacano/Chavacano/Chabakano

IV. EXERCISES
1. ________ an education program for children who do not understand or speak the
official school language when they begin school. MTB MLE students learn to read
and write first in their mother tongue.
2. ________ This language is spoken in the province of Surigao del Norte, Dinagat
Islands, Surigao del Sur, and some portions of Agusan del Norte, especially the
towns near the Mainit Lake, Agusan del Sur and Davao Oriental.
3. ________ It is the native language of the Yakan people, the indigenous as
well as the largest ethnic group on the island. It has a total of 110,000 native
speakers.
4. ________ It is a Sambalic language spoken primarily in the Zambal
municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig,and Iba, and in
the Pangasinense municipality of Infanta in the Philippines
5. ________ it functions as its lingua franca and de fcto national working language of
the country. It is used as the basis for the development of Filipino, the national
language of the Philippines, a country with 181 documented languages.
6. ________ it is the native language of the Waray people and second language of the
Abaknon people of Capul, Northern Samar and some Cebuano - speaking peoples
of western and southern parts of Leyte island.
7. ________ is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the
 Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of
Pangasinan and northern Tarlac, on the northern part of Luzon's central plains
geographic region, most of whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group.
8. ________ is a language that stands out as Asia's only Spanish-based creole
language and the only non-Austronesian language to have developed in the
Philippines.
9. __________ is an Austronesian language spoken by about 1 million people
particularly on the Sulu Archipelago, the Zamboanga Peninsula, Southern
Palawan, in Sabah, and in Kalimantan in Indonesia.
10. Waray is an Austronesian language and the fifth-most-spoken native regional
language of the Philippines, native to__________.

Answer key:

1. MTB-MLE
2. SURIGAONON
3. YAKAN
4. SAMBAL
5. TAGALOG
6. KAPAMPANGAN
7. PANGASINAN
8. CHABACANO
9. TAUSOG
10. EASTERN VISAYAS

V. SUMMARY
 Ybanag also Ybanag or Ibanak is an Austronesian language spoken by
up to 500,000 speakers, most particularly by the Ibanag people in the
Philippines in the northeastern province of Isabela and Cagayan.
 "bannag", meaning river
 The name Ibanag comes from the prefix "I" which means "people of", and
“bannag", meaning river.
 Ivatan also known as Chirin nu Ibatan ("language of the Ivatan people"), is a
Philippine language of Austronesian origins spoken in the Batanes
Islands of the Philippines.
 Sambal or Sambali is a Sambalic language spoken primarily in the Zambal
municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig,and Iba, and
in the Pangasinense municipality of Infanta in the Philippines; speakers
can also be found in Panitian, Quezon, Palawan and Barangay Mandaragat or
Buncag of Puerto Princesa.
 The Karay-a language, or Kinaray-a is an Austronesian regional
language spoken by the Karay-a people, mainly in Antique in the
Philippines, Iloilo and other provinces on the island of Panay, as well as portions
of the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao.
 Yakan is an Austronesian language primarily spoken onIsland in the Philippines.
It is the native language of the Yakan people, the indigenous as well
as the largest ethnic group on the island. It has a total of 110,000 native
speakers.
 Surigaonon is an Austronesian language spoken by Surigaonon people. Asa
regional Philippine language, it is spoken in the province of Surigao del Norte,
Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Sur, and some portions of Agusan del Norte,
especially the towns near the Mainit Lake, Agusan del Sur and Davao
Oriental.
 Aklanon, also known as Aklan, is an Austronesian language of the Bisayan
subgroup spoken by the Aklanon people in the province of Aklan on the island of
Panay in the Philippines.
 TAGALOG was originally native to the southern part of Luzon, prior to spreading
of a second language over all the island of Philippine. Tagalog was spoken in the
Philippine capital, Manila.
 KAPAMPANGAN is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major
languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the
entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of
Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the
Kapampangan ethnic group.
 Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, and one of the
eight major languages of the Philippines.
 Austronesian language- formerly Malayo-Polynesian languages, family of
languages spoken in most of the Indonesian archipelago; all of the
Philippines, Madagascar, and the island groups of the Central and South Pacific
 (except for Australia and much of New Guinea); much of Malaysia; and scattered
areas of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Taiwan. In terms of the number of its
languages and of their geographic spread, the Austronesian language family is
among the world’s largest.
 Iloko is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines, primarily by
Ilocano people.
 The Bikol languages or Bicolano languages are a group of Central Philippine
languages spoken mostly in the Bicol Peninsula in the island of Luzon, the
neighboring island province of Catanduanes and the island of Burias in Masbate.
 Cebuano (aka Binisaya) originated on the island of Cebu, which is the source of
Standard Cebuano, and now is spoken primarily by various Visayan
ethnolinguistic groups. It is the second most spoken language in the
Philippines after Tagalog.

 Hiligaynon (Ilonggo or Binisaya nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo) is a language spoken

in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, predominantly in Western Visayas
and SOCCSKSARGEN, most of whom belong to the Hiligaynon people. It also
has one of the largest native language-speaking populations of the Philippines.
Ethnologue lists 3 varieties of Hiligaynon: Hiligaynon, Kawayan, Kari.
 Waray (Waray-Waray or Bisaya/Binisaya nga Winaray/Waray) is a fifth-most-
spoken native regional language of the Philippines, native to Eastern Visayas. It
is the native language of the Waray people. The Waraynon group of languages
consists of Waray, Waray Sorsogon and Masbate Sorsogon.
 Tausug is an Austronesian language spoken by about 1 million people
particularly on the Sulu Archipelago, the Zamboanga Peninsula, Southern
Palawan in the Philippines, in Sabah in Malaysia, and in Kalimantan in Indonesia
by Tausug people.
 Maguindanao is also known as Maguindanaon, Magindanao, Magindanaon,
Magindanaw, Maguindanao or Maguindanaw is a spoken by a majority of the
population (1.1 million) of Maguindanao province in the Philippines. This was the
language of the historic Sultanate of Maguindanao (1520–1905), which existed
before and during the Spanish colonial period from 1521 to 1898. There are three
main dialects: Taw sa ilud, Taw sa laya and Biwangen.
 Maranao (Mëranaw) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people
 in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur provinces in the
Philippines, and in Sabah, Malaysia. There are thought to be between 800,000
and a million speakers.
 Chavacano or Chabacano is a group of Spanish-based creole language
varieties spoken in the Philippines. The variety spoken in Zamboanga. The
languages derives most of its vocabulary from Spanish, but the word order and
grammar derives from the native languages such as Tagalog and Hiligaynon.
There are six dialects of Chavacano.

VI. REFERENCES
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 21). Ibanag language. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanag_language
Wikipedia contributors. (2022b, October 24). Ivatan language. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivatan_language
Wikipedia contributors. (2022a, June 4). Sambal language. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambal_language
Wikipedia contributors. (2022d, November 2). Karay-a language. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karay-a_language
Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 28). Yakan language. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakan_language\
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, October 19). Surigaonon language. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigaonon_languageAklanon language. (n.d.).
DBpedia. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://dbpedia.org/page/Aklanon_language
MustGo Travel Agency. (2021, July 1). Tagalog Language - Dialects & Structure - MustGo.
MustGo.com. https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/tagalog/
Kapampangan language. (n.d.). DBpedia. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://dbpedia.org/page/Kapampangan_language
Pangasinan language. (n.d.). DBpedia. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://dbpedia.org/page/Pangasinan_language
MustGo Travel Agency. (2021a, July 1). Ilocano. MustGo.com.
https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/ilokano/
Central Bikol language. (n.d.). DBpedia. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://dbpedia.org/page/Central_Bikol_language
Cebuano language. DBpedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2022, from
https://dbpedia.org/page/Cebuano_language

Chavacano. Chavacano alphabet, prounciation and language. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30,
2022, from https://omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.php

Chavacano. Omniglot. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2022, from

https://omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.php

Hiligaynon language. DBpedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2022, from

https://dbpedia.org/page/Hiligaynon_language

Maranao (Mëranaw). Maranao language and alphabet. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2022, from
https://omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm

Maranao (Mëranaw). Omniglot. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2022, from

https://omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm

Mindanao Comprised About 24 Percent of the Philippines' Total Population. Philippine Statistics
Authority. (2005, June 8). Retrieved October 30, 2022, from
https://psa.gov.ph/content/mindanao-comprised-about-24-percent-philippines-total-
population

Omniglot. (n.d.). Tausūg (Bahasa sūg / ‫س سُوگ‬

َ ‫) َب َه‬. Tausūg language, alphabets and
pronunciation. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://omniglot.com/writing/tausug.htm

Philippine local languages used in mother tongue based multilingual education . StuDocu. (n.d.).
Retrieved October 30, 2022, from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-
perpetual-help-system-jonelta/language-program-and-policies-in-multilingual-societies/
philippine-local-languages-used-in-mother-tongue-based-multilingual-education/32890936

Sather, C. (n.d.). Tausug. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved October 30, 2022, from

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/tausug

Waray language. DBpedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2022, from

https://dbpedia.org/page/Waray_language
Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, October 1). Maguindanao language. Wikipedia. Retrieved
October 30, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanao_language

Wikimedia Foundation. (2022, October 1). Maguindanao language. Wikipedia. Retrieved

October 31, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanao_language