PEH 3 Lesson 1: Individual, Dual, and
Sports and games are laboratories
Team Sports
What is sport?
• Sports is a part of human civilization.
• In the past, people or whole armies
would do battle with each other,
causing hundreds of death. Later, it
evolved into a fight between or
among representatives. People would
send the champion or the strongest
one of the army to represent and
compete with the champions of the
other groups.
• Eventually, sports became a form of
entertainment, as well as an avenue
to practice and show physical
prowess and skill.
What are the benefits of sports?
• There are several benefits of engaging
in sports.
o One is learning how to set goals, as well
as collaborating with others in order to
attain such goals.
o Another advantage of sports is learning
to follow and respect rules.
o The value of persistence and
perseverance is also developed in
practices, motivated with the desire to
improve technique and the self.
o While the desire to win is encouraged,
dealing with loss and failure is also
learned.
o The values learned in sports or games
are also lessons anyone can apply in
life.
of life.
Why are rules important?
• Sports, by nature, is made up of rules.
These rules are put in place for several
reasons.
o First, rules are put up in sport to
secure safety.
▪ Skill, strength, speed, power, strength,
agility, competitive acumen, and
swiftness of reaction time are
characteristics developed as
competitors try to best each other given
a set of parameters that will totally
eliminate, if not, minimize harm to each
other and to everyone.
o Second, rules are set up for a sport
or game to be playable.
▪ For example, boundary lines are usual
y put in place to eliminate players from
running away. This might sound too
simplistic unless we think of a specific
situation. Imagine playing basketball
without an outside line. Once a team
scores, the next time they have ball
possession, they can just dribble the
ball away and wait it out. The same
logic goes for time. If there are no time
constraints, then a basketball team will
not have the need to drive the ball to
the other side of the court and shoot the
ball. In boxing or in most martial arts, a
player needs to attack given an allowed
amount of time. In weight lifting, the
participant needs to lift the weight within
a given time after his or her name is
called by the officials. Time and
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 boundary lines are examples of rules to
make a sport playable.
o Third, rules exist so that the sport is
marketable.
▪ A sport that is not understood by the
audience alienates that audience. If a
spectator is watching and knows the
rules, then the spectator is drawn into
the game. The reasons that a player
acts in a certain way may be due to the
excitement induced as the game is
played, the thrill of winning or the agony
of losing shared by the spectator. When
the audience knows the rules, the
demonstrations of skill, technique,
prowess, strength, and all the other
traits are a lot more appreciated. The
audience will then become a part of a
fan base for the sport who will want to
watch more, or who will want to engage
in it, and the sport will gain popularity.
What is the difference between
individual and dual sports?
• In the individual sports, the student can
engage in the sport without the direct
need of a counter player.
o For example, in athletics, a student can
perform the sprints without having to rely
on another player in order to play.
• In contrast, dual sports are sports that
need two players or sides.
o For example, one cannot play table
tennis alone. You need a direct counter
player in order to run the game.
What is “Citius, Altius, Fortius”?
• “Citius, Altius, Fortius” is the motto of
Olympic Games, an event that
symbolizes unity and exuberance of
the human spirit.
• The three Latin words mean “Faster,
Higher, Stronger”
Why do we play sports?
• To build sportsmanship and
camaraderie
Lesson 2: Track and Field: Athletics
What is athletics?
• Athletics is composed of sports
involving walking, running, jumping,
and throwing.
o It is actually a group of sports, or
events, divided mainly in what is known
as "track and field."
o Running, jumping, and throwing are all
military and hunting skills.
o As these skills became identified as
games, related and varied skills such
as the long jump, javelin throw, hammer
throw, hurdles, and triple jumps were
invented.
• Eventually, the rules were refined
from the original Olympic Games,
through the Dark Ages, then during
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
With the increase in competition
came the improvement of technique
and training.
o Improvement of equipment and facilities
also played a hand in the evolution of
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the sport, such as the development of
synthetic tracks, rubber shoes, poles for
the pole vault, and so on.
What are Track Events?
• Track events are different kinds of
races, from the 50-meter sprint to the
distance races that require
endurance.
• Events that are variations of running
races include jumping over barriers
such as hurdles and steeplechases
(water).
• There is an event involving group
running called the relay, while there
are also walking races, where the
racer must not elevate off the ground,
and the leg touching the ground in
front must not be bent for a moment.
What are Field Events?
• Field events are comprised of
jumping and throwing events. These
are usually held inside or beside the
track oval, or in areas specially
designed for it.
What are the types of jumps?
• The jumps consist of the long jump,
the triple jump, the high jump, and the
pole vault.
o The long jump is performed with a
single jump, landing on a pit of sand
that is designed for that purpose.
▪ The distance is measured at the
nearest mark where the athlete
landed.
o The triple jump also makes use of the
pit of sand for landing.
▪ The combination for the triple jump is
the hop-step-jump. The athlete lands
on both feet.
o For the high jump and the pole vault,
the landing surface is a pad
cushioned with rubber foam. For both
events, a crossbar held up on either
side by posts (uprights) must be
cleared. The jumpers must not knock
off the crossbar, and knocking off the
crossbar eliminates the jumper. The
contest involves jumping at higher
heights than the crossbar.
What are the types of throws?
• The throws consist of throwing the
hammer, discus, javelin, and shot
put.
o The object of the game is to throw as
far as the athletes can.
• The discus and hammer throw
involves a spinning move that might
be dangerous to spectators; thus, it is
performed in a cage to protect
spectators.
o All three throws (hammer, shot put,
and discus) are thrown from inside a
circle. The javelin is thrown from a
run prior to a foul line.
• The discus is usually made of a
wooden disc with a metal rim. The
hammer is a steel wire with a metal
ball and a handle.
•
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What is the IAAF?
• The governing body of the athletics is
“International Association of Athletics
Federation.”
• Former International Amateur
Athletics Federation

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