NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes

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Anatomy of Flowering plants

Tissues
Stem Protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith) and Endarch
the metaxylem lies towards the periphery
A tissue is a group of cells having a common origin and usually Roots Protoxylem lies towards periphery and Exarch
performing a common function. metaxylem lies towards the centre
Meristematic and permanent tissues
ProPexoR
Meristematic tissue
Meristematic tissue are made up of actively diving cells

Types of meristem (depending on location) Phloem

• Apical meristem • Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements,
 Root apical meristem (occupies the tip of a root) companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
 Shoot apical meristem (occupies the end of stem) Sieve tube elements
➢ Some cells of shoot apical meristem constitute the  Tube-like structures, associated with the companion cells.
axillary bud which can form a branch or a flower  end walls are perforated – sieve plates
• Intercalary meristem  peripheral cytoplasm & large vacuole but lacks a nucleus
 Occurs between mature tissues  functions of sieve tubes are controlled by companion cells
 Occur in grasses and regenerate parts removed by the Companion cells
grazing herbivores  specialised parenchymatous cells
 Connected by pit fields to sieve tube cells
Types of meristem (depending on origin)  maintain the pressure gradient in the sieve tubes
• Primary meristems Phloem parenchyma
 Appear early in life of a plant → form primary plant body  They have dense cytoplasm → Store food
 Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are  Absent in most of the monocotyledons
primary meristems Phloem fibres (bast fibres)
• Secondary meristem  Made up of sclerenchymatous cells.
 Meristem that is not present in early life but appear later  Absent in primary phloem but found in secondary phloem
than primary meristem is k/a Secondary / lateral meristem  Phloem fibres of jute, flax and hemp are used commercially.
 E.g. Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells. They lack
cambium and cork-cambium sieve tubes and companion cells
Meristematic cell undergoes differentiation to form permanent cell The Tissue System
Permanent tissue
Epidermal Tissue System
Simple Tissues
The epidermal tissue system forms the outer-most covering of the
Made up of only one type of cells
whole plant body
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma It consists of epidermal cells, stomata and the epidermal
Shape : spherical, oval, oval, spherical or polygonal They are usually dead and
round Present only in dicots without protoplasts
appendages – the Trichomes and hairs.
Cell wall is thin, made deposition of cellulose, Types : Fibre & Sclerids • Epidermis
up of cellulose hemicellulose, pectin Fibres are thick walled cells.  Made up of single layered parenchymatous cell
Closely packed or small Intercellular spaces are Sclerids are spherical ,oval  small amount of cytoplasm, large vacuole
intercellular spaces absent cells, Found in nuts; guava etc.  Covered with a waxy layer called the cuticle, absent in roots
photosynthesis, storage, provide mechanical support Sclerenchyma provides • Stomata
secretion to young stem and petiole of mechanical support to organs
a leaf  Made up of Guard cells and subsidiary cell
• Root hairs :
 They are unicellular elongations of the epidermal cells and
help absorb water and minerals from the soil
• Trichomes
 Multicellular elongation present on shoot
Complex Tissues
 Help in preventing water loss due to transpiration
The complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells
The Ground Tissue System
Xylem
All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the
Tracheids Vessels Xylem fibres Xylem parenchyma ground tissue. It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma,
elongated tube like Cylindrical cells, Elongated Thin cell wall with collenchyma and sclerenchyma
cells, lignified walls lignified walls thick lignified Cellulose
cell
The Vascular Tissue System
dead and are Dead cells without Dead cells no Living cell Types of vascular bundle (on basis of cambium)
without protoplasm protoplasm protoplasm
Type Cambium Secondary growth location
Made of Single cells Made of many cell ---- ---
Open vascular bundle Cambium is present Present Dicot stem
No perforations Interconnected No lumen
between xylem and phloem
through perforations Closed vascular bundle Cambium absent Absent monocots
Conduct water Conduct water Provide support Store food
The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms,
gymnosperms lack vessels

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Types of vascular bundle (on basis of arrangement of xylem
phloem)
Radial vascular bundle Conjoint vascular bundle
xylem and phloem are arranged xylem and phloem are jointly
in an alternate manner along situated along the same radius
the different radii of vascular bundles Secondary growth
Found in roots in stems and leaves.
The growth of the roots and stems in length with the help of apical
meristem is called the primary growth. Apart from primary growth
most dicotyledonous plants exhibit an increase in girth. This
increase is called the secondary growth

Anatomy of Root Vascular Cambium

Anatomy of Dicot root
Epidermis: outermost layer, compactly arranged parenchymatous
cell without intercellular spaces. Unicellular outgrowth → root hair
Cortex: Thin walled loosely arranged parenchymatous cell
Endodermis: Innermost layer of cortex having single layer of
parenchymatous cell, suberin deposition → casparian strips
Pericycle: Inner to endodermis, thick walled parenchymatous cell
Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during the
secondary growth takes place in these cells
Vascular bundle: 2 – 4 radial vascular bundle
Conjunctive tissue: The parenchymatous cells which lie between
the xylem and the phloem are called conjuctive tissue.
Stele: All tissues on the innerside of the endodermis such as
pericycle, vascular bundles and pith constitute the stele.
Anatomy of Monocot root
Similar to dicot root, but have : more than six (polyarch) xylem
bundles, large pith, secondary growth absent
Present between xylem and Phloem : Inrafascicular cambium
The cells of medullary rays dedifferentiate to form interfascicular
cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of cambium is formed
Activity of the cambial ring
The cambium is generally more active on the inner side than on
the outer. As a result, the amount of secondary xylem produced is
more than secondary phloem and soon forms a compact mass. The
primary and secondary phloem get gradually crushed.
At some places, the cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma
called as secondary medullary rays
Spring wood and autumn wood
Spring wood or early wood Autumn wood or late wood
In spring cambium is very In winter cambium is less active
active
Produce xylem with wide vessel Produce xylem is narrow vessel
Spring wood is lighter in color Autumn wood is darker in color with
with low density high density
Spring and autumn woods appear as alternate
concentric rings, constitute an annual ring.
Annual rings give an estimate of the age of the tree.

Dicot root Monocot root Dicot Stem Monocot Stem Heartwood and sapwood
Anatomy of stem In old trees, greater part of secondary xylem is dark brown due to
Anatomy of Dicot stem deposition of organic compounds like tannins, resins, oils, gums,
Epidermis: have with cuticle and trichomes aromatic substances and essential oils in the central or innermost
Hypodermis: made up of collenchyma cell layers of the stem, this central region constitutes heart wood.
Cortex: made up of Parenchyma cell Heart wood Sap wood
Endodermis: without casparian strip, have starch sheath
Centrally located with lignified wall Peripheral in location
Pericycle: semilunar patches of sclerenchyma cell
Vascular bundle: conjoint, open vascular bundle, arranged in ring Dark in color Lighter in color
Pith: Large central portion having parenchymatous cell Resistant to microbes Not resistant to microbes
Do not conduct water Conduct water
Anatomy of monocot stem
Differ from dicot stem in having Cork Cambium
Sclerenchymatous hypodermis, scattered vascular bundles, each
surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath, conjoins closed • Secondary growth breaks epidermis and cortex.
vascular bundle; have water containing cavities in xylem • Cortical parenchymatous cell de differentiate to form cork
cambium or phellogen.
Anatomy of leaf • Outer cells of phellogen forms: cork or phellem
• The cork is impervious to water due to suberin deposition in the
Dicot leaf Monocot leaf cell wall.
Dorsiventral leaf Isobilateral leaf • inner cells of phellogen forms: secondary cortex or phelloderm
Upper (adaxial) surface have Equal stomata on upper and lower • Phellogen + phellem + phelloderm = Periderm
less number of stomata surface • Periderm + secondary phloem = Bark
Mesophyll tissue has Palisade The mesophyll is not differentiated • Activity of phellogen ruptures epidermis at certain places
and spongy parenchymal cell into palisade and spongy forming a lens shaped openings called lenticels.
parenchyma • Lenticels permit the exchange of gases
Reticulate venation Parallel venation
Bulliform cells absent Bulliform cells present

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Secondary Growth in Roots

In dicot root, vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin.

It originates from the tissue located below the phloem
Bundles and from a portion of pericycle tissue
Secondary growth also occurs in stems and roots of gymnosperms.
However, secondary growth does not occur in monocotyledons

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