1 ‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحیم‬

In the name of God

Electrical machinery 3
Session 3
(Vector groups)

Mohammad Ali Shafiezadeh

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 2
Introduction
In different transformer connections, the corresponding high
voltage line voltage and the related low voltage line voltage may
have a phase difference (or vector difference).
For a two-phase two-winding transformer, the first sign indicates
the connection of high voltage coil, the second sign indicates the
connection of low voltage coil, and the third sign indicates the
phase difference between the high voltage line voltage and the low
voltage.
Example:
Yy0 , Dd6 , Yd1 , Dy11

The phase difference is expressed in terms of a multiple of 30 in

degrees.

0*30= 0° , 6*30=180 ° , 1*30=30 ° , 11*30= 330 °

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 3 Determine
vector grouping
Group vector refers to the amount of phase difference (phase delay) of
low voltage line voltage compared to high voltage line voltage.
To determine the grouping of transformers, we consider the following
assumptions:
1- Always consider the high voltage side of the transformer as primary
and the low voltage side as secondary.
2- Consider the position of the three ends A2, B2 and C2 at the three
ends of a fixed triangle.
A2

C2 B2
3- Draw the vector of each low voltage phase voltage parallel to the
vector of the high voltage phase voltage.

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 4 Group one
(zero degrees)
Yy0 connection:
1- Selecting the primary winding
cap as optional.
2- Drawing the voltage vectors of
the primary.
3- Drawing the voltage vector of
the secondary phases, parallel to
the voltage vectors of the primary
phase.
4- Selecting the voltage output
heads at secondary based on the
considered group
5- Drawing line voltages in
primary and secondary and
comparing phase differences
between them V B2C2

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vb2c2
 5 Group one
(zero degrees)
Dd0 connection:
1- Selecting the primary winding
cap as optional.
2- Drawing the voltage vectors of
the primary.
3- Drawing the voltage vector of
the secondary phases, parallel to
the voltage vectors of the primary
phase.
4- Selecting the voltage output
heads at secondary based on the
considered group
5- Drawing line voltages in
primary and secondary and
comparing phase differences
between them
VB2C2
vb2c2
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 6 Group one
(zero degrees)
Dz0 connection:

VB2C2
vb4c4
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 7 Group Two
(180 degrees)
Yy6 connection:

VB2C2
vb1c1

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 8 Group Two
(180 degrees)
Dd6 connection:

VB2C2
vb1c1

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 9 Groups three and four
(Phase difference
other than zero and 180 degrees)
Yd1 connection:

Left triangle

VB2C2

Yd11 connection:

right triangle
VB2C2

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 10 Groups three and four
(Phase difference
other than zero and 180 degrees)
Dy1 connection:

VB2C2

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 11 Groups three and four
(Phase difference
other than zero and 180 degrees)
Dy11 connection:

VB2C2

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 12
Effect of correct polarity
In the formation of three
phase transformer
connections must pay
special attention to the
direction of the polarities.

The correct polarity

a1a2 coil in the secondary

has been reversed

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 13
Effect of correct polarity

Primary and secondary

voltages in connection with
correct polarity

Primary and secondary

voltages in connection with
reverse polarity

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 14
Effect of phase sequence

Secondary line voltages

compared to the correct
state will find 120
degrees difference.

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 15 Parallelization of
two transformers
Necessary conditions:
1- The same conversion ratio
2- Dispersion impedance (pu) equal
3- equal ratio of leakage reactance to equivalent resistance
4- Same polarity
The above four conditions are for parallelization of all
transformers, including single-phase and three-phase
The following two conditions are required only for parallelization
of three-phase transformers.
5- Equal phase difference
6- Equal sequence of phases
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 16 Parallelization of
two transformers
(Equal phase sequence)
Equal phase sequence:
The potential
difference(voltage) between
the heads of the same name
is zero.
Reverse phase sequence:
The potential
difference(voltage) between
the heads of the same name
is maximum and equal to
the line voltage.
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 17 Parallelization of two transformers
(Equal phase difference)

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 18
Example 1
We want to parallel two 11000/400 V triangle- star transformers
together.
The primary side is triangular, powered by an 11 kV source.
Consider the secondary terminals for one transformer a 2, b2, c2 and
for another a'2, b'2, c'2.
A) If heads a2 and a'2 are connected together; then a voltmeter is
connected between b2b'2 and c2c'2 and b2c'2 and c2b'2, the following
values ​are measured:
Vb2b’2 = Vc2c’2 = 800 V , Vb2c’2 = Vc2b’2 = 693 V
The zero points of the seconds are not connected. Use a diagram to
describe how these values are.
B) Now disconnect a2 and a'2, but connect the zeros. Calculate the
voltages Va2a’2, Vb2b’2 and Vc2c’2.
C) Explain how these transformers can be paralleled together.

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 19
Solution Example 1

)A
800 V = 2*400 V
√3
693 V = 2 * (400 * 2 )

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 20
Solution Example 1

)B
Va2a’2 = 2 * 231 = 462 V

Vb2b’2 = 2 * 231 = 462 V

Vc2c’2 = 2 * 231 = 462 V

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 21
Solution Example 1
C) It is enough to invert one of the stars.

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 22
Example 2
Two three-phase transformers with nominal capacities
of 450 KVA and 500 KVA are fed in parallel for a single
1000 KVA load at a power factor of 0.8 lagging phase.
The resistance and dispersion reactance of each phase
in the first transformer are 2.5% and 6% respectively,
and for the second transformer are 1.6% and 7%,
respectively. Find the kilovolt ampere and the power
factor at each transformer.
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 23
Solution Example 2
S1= 500 KVA S2= 450 KVA S= 1000 KVA
ze1= (2.5+j6)% ze2= (1.6+j7)% cos  = 0.8 lag
We consider 500 KVA as the basis.
500
ze1= 500 ( 2.5+j6)% = 6.5 < 67.38°%
500
z’e2= 450 ( 1.6+j 7)% = (1.78+j7.78)% = 7.98 < 77.11°%
z’e2
S1= S z +z’ = 553.01< -37.54 ° KVA
e1 e2
ze𝟏
S2= S z +z’ = 450.45< -42.27 ° KVA
e1 e2
Control:
PT = 553.01* 0.843 + 450.45*0.74=799.52 kw ~ 800 kw
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 24
Example 3
Two three-phase transformers with phase parameters
referred to secondary are as follows:
re1 = 0.004 Ω xe1 = 0.018 Ω

re2 = 0.002 Ω xe2 = 0.012 Ω

Indices 1 and 2 are for 1000 KVA and 500 KVA

transformers.
How to divide the load of 1500 KVA with a power factor
of 0.8 lagging phase on two transformers?
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 25
Solution Example 3
S1= 500 KVA S2= 1000 KVA S= 1500 KVA
ze1= (0.004+j0.018) ze2= (0.002+j0.012) cos = 0.8
ze1= (0.004+j0.018) = 0.01844 < 77.47 °
ze2 = (0.002+j0.012) = 0.01216 < 80.54 °
ze2
S1= S z +ze = 596.27 < -35.05 ° KVA
e1 2
ze𝟏
S2= S z +ze = 905.4 < -38.12 ° KVA
e1 2
control:
PT = 596.27*0.8186+905.4*0.787=1200.66 kw ~ 1200 kw

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 26
The end

The end of
rd
3 session

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