1

Making Difference in People's Life

by [Name]

Course

Professor

[Name of Institution]

City

Date
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Table of Contents

Task 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

LO 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Socioeconomic Factor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

Influence of Age, Gender, and Culture on Health in the UK --------------------------------------- 6

Influence of External Factors on Health --------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Physical and Mental Disability and Communication Barriers to Accessing Healthcare -------- 8

Factors Affecting Communication between Service Users and Healthcare Practitioners -----10

Emotions and attitudes--------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

Language -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

Health conditions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

Physical barriers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

Environment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

LO 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

Impact of Health Beliefs on Wellbeing and Illness -------------------------------------------------12

Attribution Theory ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

Locus of Control ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

Internal Locus of Control -------------------------------------------------------------------------14

External Locus of Control-------------------------------------------------------------------------14

Task 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

LO 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

Comparison between Health Promotion and Health Education -----------------------------------14

Strategies Used in Health Education and Promotion ------------------------------------------------17

Different Theoretical Models for Health Education Campaign -----------------------------------17

The Health Belief Model (HBM) -------------------------------------------------------------------18

Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) --------------------------------------------------------18

LO 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
 3

Local Demographic Data and a Relevant Theoretical Model --------------------------------------19

Health Education Initiative in Local Demography --------------------------------------------------20

Phase 1: Priorities before lockdown can be eased ------------------------------------------------21

Phase 2: Suppressing the virus as we exit lockdown ---------------------------------------------21

Phase 3: Planning and effective delivery of a vaccination programme ------------------------22

References -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
 4

Making Difference in People's Life

Task 1

LO 1

Socioeconomic Factor

The disparity in health between persons is commonly referred to as "health

inequities." Health disparities between groups based on their socioeconomic status are more

often known as "health disparities" than "health disparities" (Song et al., 2020). Shorthand for

socioeconomic health disparities is a common usage of the word. Understanding one's

socioeconomic standing is essential to making informed decisions about one's career and

financial well-being. These three aspects of socioeconomic status strongly influence a

person's prospects and style of living.

However, in the UK, one's profession is an essential indicator of socioeconomic

status. The term "most recent profession" is often used among the jobless and retired (Kim et

al., 2018). Children are categorized according to their parents' occupations, and although this

tradition is fading out, women living with men are typically classed according to their

partners' occupations. Health inequities may be seen before the beginning of life. For

instance, birth weight significantly impacts future mental and physical abilities and various

adult disorders. A child's socioeconomic background influences physical development and

ability to communicate or regulate emotions. Figure 1 depicts the socioeconomic patterns of

mental illness in children aged 5 to 15 as an illustration of this continuous trend.

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Fig 1: Prevalence of mental disorder in children aged 5-15 by gross weekly household income

Adults are not exempt from health disparities. Self-rated health is a critical component

of overall health and a predictor of mortality risk, as seen in Figure 2. People in the census

were asked to rate their health during the previous year as "good," "fair," or "not good." It is

the basis for the survey. Current employment shows the percentage of 'not good' health

among the various socioeconomic groups.

Fig 2: Among British men and women ages 25 to 64, the percentage of those who report having "not

excellent" health is based on their socioeconomic status

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Influence of Age, Gender, and Culture on Health in the UK

Various socioeconomic circumstances influence health and well-being, but gender is

significant. Even though female death rates tend to be lower than males, they also have a

higher incidence of morbidity and are over-represented in healthcare systems (Barreto et al.,

2020). As a result, the myth that "men die faster, but women are sicker" was born.

Health and wellness concerns in one gender tend to be more commonplace. For

instance, dementia, anxiety, and arthritis are more common in women, but lung cancer, heart

disease, and suicide are more common in men. Biological differences may explain male-

female inequalities in health and longevity, the most common biomedical explanation would

say (Barreto et al., 2020). It has caused gender-specific medication, which practices the

scientific study to elucidate the changes in the physiology of the genders.

While gender-specific roles may have serious health repercussions, gender does not

work on its own but interacts with other variables. An example of this is the effect on women

of differences in socioeconomic position and inequality. The socioeconomic disparity has

been studied more extensively in males than in women, but this does not mean women are

less affected (Armstrong et al., 2020). People of diverse origins within the same gender may

have health disparities, which might compound the gap in health between men and women.

An individual's mental and physical health may be affected by many factors, which

frequently have a long-term impact. Fig. 3 depicts Dahlgren and Whitehead's model of the

most important health determinants. For example, age, genetics, and other 'constitutional

elements' like these are crucial to this approach.

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Fig 3: Model of the primary health determinants developed by Dahlgren and Whitehead

Influence of External Factors on Health

Human-made or modified surroundings are where most individuals in England spend

a significant portion of their time. The Public Health England (PHE) paper and Spatial

Planning for Health describes in detail how factors such as community development,

accommodation, the food environment, transportation, and natural and sustainable settings

are all considered lifestyle factors for health (Sanghera et al., 2020).

The quality of the air is a fundamental aspect of the environment. A variety of

pollutants in the atmosphere have detrimental health consequences (Kontis et al., 2020). It

has been shown that delicate particulate matter significantly impacts human health (PM2.5).

The risk of death from cardiovascular and respiratory illness is heightened when people are

exposed to PM2.5.

Figure 2 shows England's yearly variation in human-made acceptable particulate

material concentrations. Generally, concentrations are higher in metropolitan regions with

many emissions sources. Weather patterns also have a significant impact on their behaviour.
 8

Due to long-distance travel from Europe, England's mid-and southeast is home to large

concentrations of contaminants (Kontis et al., 2020). Because of their engagement in and

proximity to polluted areas, low-income neighbourhoods are more vulnerable to the adverse

health effects of poor air quality.

Fig 4: Human-made Pollution as an External Environment

Physical and Mental Disability and Communication Barriers to Accessing Healthcare

Human beings have long relied on communication as an essential requirement.

Providing practical mental health nursing and psychological treatment relies heavily on it.

Contact may be hindered by several factors, including those on the part of the patient or the

healthcare professional. A health care professional should also be able to analyze each client's

unique requirements and empower the client to do the same (Rodgers et al., 2018). People
 9

with schizophrenia are the subject of the following case study. It will draw attention to the

obstacles that might get in the way of effective communication.

In our health care facility named Digby Manor Residential Care Home, Birmingham,

a 23-year-old patient was admitted who complained of feeling socially marginalized.

Additional information indicated that the individual had been abusing drugs and alcohol for

the last four years. During the interview, the patient seemed tired and uninterested in

speaking. As a healthcare practitioner, I noted his tendency to talk slowly and without

establishing eye contact and that he answered four to five questions only after underlining

them repeatedly. It is common for the patient to speak the exact phrase as the interviewer.

Because the patient took up so much of my time, I could not get an accurate history of the

patient's condition, and several pieces of that information were missing. Reviewing his words

and body language made it clear that the patient's drug misuse had left him uninspired and

discouraged. Repeatedly, the same conduct was seen the next day. Reassurance of remorse

and an admission that his family would not accept him again were given when the

interviewer inquired about the patient's chance of conduct.

The crucial challenge is an inability to communicate effectively between patient and

physician due to a lack of understanding of each other's viewpoints. Patients with

schizophrenia tend to speak in a whisper, which may be one of the causes of their delayed

replies and low-volume communication. A Schizophrenic syndrome is characterized by

linguistic abnormalities (Whittle et al., 2017). In addition to Echolalia, another linked

condition that contributed to the longer response time, Echolalia (repeating what someone

else just said) may be found in persons with schizophrenia, a psychotic disease.
 10

To summarise, successful patient care relies on good communication. Communication

barriers may arise from the patient's illness process, perceptions, or a lack of healthcare

practitioner resources.

Factors Affecting Communication between Service Users and Healthcare Practitioners

Despite the apparent importance of communication, several obstacles may prevent

you and the patients you care about and back from interacting correctly. Some examples are

as follows:

 Emotions and attitudes

These may have a crucial effect on the way people communicate. If a

healthcare provider rushes a discussion with a patient because they are overworked or

come off as rude, they might make them irritated and unwilling to cooperate (Ali and

Watson, 2018). The same may be said for those who are emotionally disturbed and

unable to interact effectively with a healthcare provider because of their feelings.

 Language

Communication may be challenging if healthcare providers and the service

consumer speak various languages. A speech impediment or accent connected with

the area where the practitioner resides might also make it challenging for the service

user to understand them (Kisely et al., 2020).

 Health conditions

Some patients under the care of practitioners may be suffering from a health

problem that makes it challenging for them to speak (Kisely et al., 2020). As an

example, someone with a stroke or dementia may not be able to think logically or
 11

coherently because of these conditions. A mental health issue like depression may

make it difficult for someone to communicate their feelings.

 Physical barriers

For example, someone who is exhausted or in distress may be unable to

express themselves verbally. Covid has also made it difficult for specific individuals

to communicate, such as those who are deaf and depend on lip-reading, those who

need facial gestures to help them comprehend, or those who cannot hear others

properly through the face coverings because of their hearing issues (Mold et al.,

2019).

 Environment

Certain situations might make communication difficult, for instance, if the

workplace is loud and health providers fail to listen to the patient. In addition, if the

service user's surroundings are unpleasant, such as darkness or too hot or cold, they

would be less inclined to speak.

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LO 2

Impact of Health Beliefs on Wellbeing and Illness

Simply put, health beliefs are people's conceptions of what motivates their own and

other people's actions and decisions. For example, it might include how confident you are in

your abilities, how driven or uninspired you are, or if you put yourself up for failure by

setting outrageously ambitious goals and objectives. The patient's health beliefs may also

assist healthcare practitioners in uncovering inconsistencies within their own and the patient's

understanding of their health state (Geirdal et al., 2021). Treatment options may be more

suited to the patient's requirements.

 Attribution Theory

The attribution theory states that when something unexpected and personally relevant

happens in one's life, individuals tend to look for a causal explanation; therefore, it should

come as no surprise that people look for a causal reason for their disease, especially if it is
 13

significant (Caruana et al., 2020). For example, Digby Manor Residential Care Home, a

healthcare service facility in Birmingham, has treated multiple ladies who had breast cancer

and discovered that 95% of the patients had a causative explanation for their disease from

their treatment. Stress (45%), a particular carcinogen (32%), genetics (26%), food (17%), a

blow to the breast (10%), and others were all listed as possible reasons (28 percent).

Moreover, they inquired as to whether or not the ladies felt guilty for the condition or who

they thought was responsible for it. Forty-one percent of the women faulted themselves, 10

percent blamed another else, 28 percent blamed the environment, and 49 percent put it down

to chance. In a survey, 56 percent of cancer patients claimed they felt some degree of control

over their disease when questioned.

Fig 6: Attribution Theory

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 Locus of Control

Two categories are used to divide the area of control (Shin and Lee, 2021),

1. Internal Locus of Control

According to this viewpoint, negative or good consequences or dangers are

attributed to your actions.

2. External Locus of Control

It is a notion that events or risks are within the power of other individuals,

destiny, or good fortune.

Because of this, those who work in the health and social services field want to

give people the confidence that success is within their grasp by helping them build

higher levels of self-efficacy (Shin and Lee, 2021).

Task 2

LO 3

Comparison between Health Promotion and Health Education

Differences exist in the aims and priorities of health promotion activities. Health

education aims to disseminate knowledge and show people and groups how to improve their

health. Health education is to influence people's values, beliefs, and attitudes such that they

embrace a procedure of changing behaviour (Pascoe et al., 2020). Health education is a

scholarly endeavour instead of health promotion, including marketing. Health promotion is

increasingly being used in schools to raise awareness about the significance of healthy habits

and viewpoints. When promoting good health, social, economic, and political changes are
 15

necessary to create a healthy atmosphere (Pascoe et al., 2020). We refer to both ideas as

"symbolic tactics," which implies that they are interconnected and mutually beneficial.

To put it another way, health promotion is a strategy for helping individuals take

charge of their health.

The person or society must identify and realize

 Aspirations for it to work.

 the satisfaction of demands,

 Adapt to changing conditions.

People's health can be improved by increasing their power over the factors

influencing it (Dickerson et al., 2018). Any combined effect of experiential learning meant to

assist individuals and societies to improve their health, through expanding knowledge or

altering attitudes," says the World Health Organization (WHO) (Dickerson et al., 2018). For

those who are healthy, fit, or disabled, health may be improved by a wide range of activities.

The goal of health activists is to help individuals achieve their full potential. It aims to

transfer the emphasis of responsibilities from physicians and healthcare experts to

organizations and individuals by promoting awareness of the illness and poor health and

control of these via healthy perceptions and actions.

There are three levels of health promotion: primary, secondary, and tertiary (Van den

Broucke, 2020).

 Primary health promotion

Our health promotion programme aims to keep people healthy by doing all in our

power to keep them that way.

 Secondary health promotion

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It is the process of identifying and correcting any abnormalities in the body via

screening or medical examinations.

 Tertiary health promotion

It is about avoiding current problems from becoming worse.

Fig 1: Comparison between Health Promotion and Health Education

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Strategies Used in Health Education and Promotion

Healthy lifestyle applications and social media platforms such as Facebook and

Instagram are among the many tools utilized in health promotion. Presently, a promotion in

Birmingham promotes the psychological and emotional well-being of residents across the

city. The 'Functioning Together to Encourage Psychological Wellbeing' social media strategy

has been established by the Public Health Agency (PHA), four H&SC Trusts, and

Birmingham Emergency Services (BES) to promote good psychological and emotional well-

being for individuals in Birmingham. With the slogan "Take initiatives to well-being," the

initiative invites people to tweet about their experiences with mental health issues using the

hashtag #MentalWellbeingBHAM2022. During the COVID-19 epidemic, more resources and

efforts are being utilized to raise awareness of mental health issues (O'Reilly et al., 2018).

We may look at a few of Birmingham's numerous programs and initiatives that

concentrate on mental health education for communities and individuals. Additionally, they

have a Youth Development Division wherein youngsters present and design seminars

depending on their own stories for other young adults. Counselling, support staff, and

individualized programmes, such as training sessions, quitting smoking and nutrition

planning, may also be employed in health education.

Different Theoretical Models for Health Education Campaign

Various ideas and methodologies support health promotion and illness prevention.

These tools are often consulted when developing treatments and training programmes to

improve people's health. Theoretical frameworks and models are often used in health

education and health promotion programmes.

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 The Health Belief Model (HBM)

Behaviourists apply the Health Belief Model in healthcare practice. As an

intrapersonal approach, it may be used for health promotion and disease prevention

efforts and the development of intervention strategies when the former has failed to

achieve the latter's goals (Macnamara, 2018). The Birmingham Health Safety &

Environment Association (BHSEA) provides a wide range of services to the general

public and educational workshops for local schools and organizations. In addition,

BHSEA lays out an exit plan and thinks it can contribute to the near-eradication of

COVID-19, allowing the general public to handle the virus after the lockdown ceases and

preventing the need for it a subsequent local or national lockdown. The Health Belief

Model suggests that persons who use the BHSEA technique are likely through perceived

vulnerability and severity phases (Ocloo et al., 2021). They may turn to the BHSEA for

support when they have concerns or issues.

 Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)

According to Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), the acceptance,

commencement, and sustain healthy activities must be seen as a process that includes at

least two distinct stages: motivation and willpower (Hamilton et al., 2020). The latter may

be separated into three phases: preparation, implementation, and follow-up. It is argued

that self-efficacy and other cognitions are essential at all stages (Yu et al., 2022). While

risk perceptions are primarily used to set the setting for a thinking process in the

motivation phase, they do not continue beyond. People need to weigh the benefits and

drawbacks of various behaviours during the motivation phase, but after a choice has been

taken, result expectations lose predictive effectiveness (Yu et al., 2022). A lack of

confidence in one's capacity to do the desired activity will lead to a lack of commitment.
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LO 4

Local Demographic Data and a Relevant Theoretical Model

According to data from Covid-19 lockdowns, psychological problems were present at

a 25% higher incidence in Birmingham than in the rest of Britain.

 By the middle of March, 49% of individuals said the epidemic had caused them

anxiety or worry in the preceding two weeks. These numbers rose to 53% by the end

of May and then to 62% at the end of May and June (Thomeer, Yahirun and Colón‐

López, 2020).

 Almost one in four adults (27%) reported feeling lonely, a gain of 9% from Wave 4

 The percentage of those feeling anxious has decreased marginally to 12 percent.

 However, the percentage of those contemplating suicide in the preceding two weeks

remained at around 10%.

Many individuals have a significantly harder time than is reflected by examining the

UK's elderly population (Hou et al., 2020), notwithstanding this overall image. According to

our results, the epidemic has affected people throughout the nation. Young adults, the jobless,

single parents, and persons with chronic health issues are among the most at risk of feeling

hopeless, lonely, and suicidal in their thoughts and behaviours.

Because of this, the Health Belief Model (HBM) is appropriate for both extended- and

short-term programmes aimed at promoting good health. Health promotion campaigns that

use needs assessments to collect data and identify the campaign's target audience are more

likely to succeed if they identify potential risk factors related to mental health concerns,

communicate suggested actions to the audience, and emphasize the benefits of such activities.
 20

A person's self-efficacy and ability to modify their behaviour during a lockdown may be

boosted by demonstrating proper behaviours and providing support (Seboka et al., 2021).

Fig 3: Percentage of Adults showing Symptoms of Depression by Age Group in England

Health Education Initiative in Local Demography

COVID-19 remained a threat in the UK even after the lockdown was lifted in June. It

was preceded by a rise in virus rates, regional lockdowns, following graded response to local

infection rates, and culminating in the country's second lockdown (Khorram-Manesh,

Dulebenets and Goniewicz, 2021). As the country prepares to emerge from its second

lockdown, it cannot repeat the same error and risk a rebound rise in illnesses and the need for

other national lockdowns in the future. As a result, the Birmingham Health Safety &

Environment Association (BHSEA), a local healthcare institution in Birmingham, has chosen

to take necessary actions that are now necessary to manage COVID-19, which may be broken

down into three stages, from ceasing lockdown to widespread vaccination, to prevent local

and national lockdowns.

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Phase 1: Priorities before lockdown can be eased

Two things must happen before we can leave lockdown. Screening and contact

tracking must be updated to be functional, proactive, fast, and successful in tracing affected

patients and contacts. As a second step, the public must be aware of a national strategy to

keep the infection distant before the lockdown is lifted. There will be a greater emphasis on

preventative control measures, assistance for vulnerable groups, and changes to the present

graded network of local lockdowns if required (Saunders et al., 2021).

Phase 2: Suppressing the virus as we exit lockdown

As the country emerges from lockdown, it must have implemented national infection

control mechanisms that can successfully ward off the virus. Among the many possibilities

are:

 To limit the time people spend together, the "rule of two homes" should be

implemented in place of the "rule of six."

 Securing public spaces such as schools, hospitals, airports, and workplaces with

COVID-compliant surroundings

 Insisting on the continued use of work-from-home options and requiring everyone to

wear masks when they are within two metres of one another

 Infection control must be strictly adhered to prevent the spread of the virus.

 Only one-stop for the NHS COVID-19 application that logs contacts primarily offers

regional infection level statistics and public health data

That is why BHSEA has chosen to increase its support for those who are most in need

and to take action against health inequities, including a specific focus on the needs of BAME

populations, economic and practical assistance for those in need, and initiatives aimed at

reducing the adverse effects of social isolation on mental health.

 22

Phase 3: Planning and effective delivery of a vaccination programme

English general practitioners have already agreed with NHSEI on improved service to

lead the implementation of the COVID-19 immunization campaign and be ready for the

vaccine's release (Burn and Mudholkar, 2020). Their knowledge and assistance from the

government are essential, but so are evident national efforts as well as local and public

initiatives aimed at dispelling myths and misconceptions regarding the vaccination.

A more thorough and rigorous strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19 has been

advocated repeatedly by the BHSEA, with the aid of the NHS. The local government's

decision to implement new national limitations in England was required because of the

escalating number of cases and hospitalizations.

A future lockdown must now be utilized to implement effective and robust procedures

that can sustainably prevent virus transmission to avoid infections increasing swiftly again

with the concomitant danger of overloading the NHS and other lockdowns (Burn and

Mudholkar, 2020). The precautionary precautions outlined by BHSEA at the local level must

be implemented and maintained until an effective and safe booster dosage vaccination is

made widely accessible to the public. In the long run, this strategy will improve healthcare

and the economic crisis by relieving pressure on the NHS and preventing further costly

lockdowns. Therefore, we have decided that COVID-19 control may now be broken down

into these three stages, each with its own set of procedures.
 23

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