RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Nanoparticles and nanocrystals synthesis in different organism for

evaluation of catalytic activates and towards biological applications
For registration to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

IN THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE

By
Awais ali
Abstract:

The goal of the current study was to report the first green and environmentally
friendly production of palladium nanoparticles using plant extracts, which can
serve as a suitable alternative to chemical media to enhance potential biological
capabilities. FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, and UV/Vis spectroscopic methods were
used to completely analyse the produced palladium nanoparticles. The Mizoroki-
Heck reaction was used to study catalytic activity, and the best results were
obtained using water as a green medium without the inclusion of any extra
reagents. Antibacterial and anti-fungal tests were used to examine the biological
activity of the produced nanoparticles. This is the first complete investigation on
the catalytic and biological activities of palladium nanoparticles synthesised from,
to the best of our knowledge.Plnat , which exhibits excellent and noteworthy
results (in catalytic and biological activities) based on a straightforward and
environmentally friendly process.

1.0 Introduction:

1.1 Background of study

The development of new synthesis methods for monodispersed nanocrystals remains a challenge to the
scientific community. Most of the current methods involve known protocols which may be potentially
harmful to either environment or human health. The present work reports the green synthesis of
nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of fenugreek as reducing and protecting agent. This method is
simple, efficient, economic and nontoxic. The nanoparticles show good catalytic activity for the reduction
of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by excess NaBH4.(Aromal & Philip, 2012) In the recent work,
synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) was carried out by using whole plant extract of Catharanthus
roseus. The average particle size of CoNPs calculated by XRD studies was found to be 27.08 nm. In
assessment of antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging percentage values of 37.05 % and 79.19 %.
Best dye degradation results were observed at pH 6 with nanoparticle dosage of 10 mg.(Zaib et al., 2020)
The hazardous effects of current nanoparticle synthesis methods have led researchers to focus on
developing newer eco-friendly methods for synthesizing nanoparticles using non-toxic chemicals.
Aqueous extracts of marine brown algae contain reducing as well as capping agents required for the
formation of AuNPs. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the extracts revealed the presence of
compounds having hydroxyl groups that are largely responsible for the reduction of auric chloride at
room temperature. Nanoparticles synthesized through such environmentally benign routes can be used for
producing many other metal nanoparticles and a wide range of biomedical application(Rabiee et al.,
2020) The present work was aimed to account a green and eco-friendly synthesis of palladium
nanoparticles using Rosmarinus officinalis leaves extracts. The best results were found in water as a green
media without any additional reagents. This can be an acceptable replacement for chemical media to
improve potential biological properties. Catalytic activity was investigated by Mizoroki-Heck reaction,
and optimized based on solvent, temperature and time of the reaction. Biological activity of the
synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in terms of antibacterial and anti-fungal assessments against
various bacteria and fungi.(Zaib et al., 2020). In the recent years, synthesis of nanomaterials using
seaweeds and their diverse applications is escalating research in modern era. Among the noble metals,
platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are of great importance owing to their catalytic property and less toxicity.
Aqueous extract of Indian brown seaweed Padina gymnospora is used to produce PtNPs with a
polymer/metal nanocomposite. Crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was characterized by UV–vis
spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, and analysis of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
But no haemolytic activity was seen at their effective bactericidal concentration, whereas increase in the
haeomyltic activity was seen only in higher concentrations (600, 900 and 1200 μg mL−1).(Ramakrishna
et al., 2016) Synthesized AgNPs showed a significant inhibitory effect against both gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria. Catalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in the degradation
of a Congo Red dye in the presence of sodium borohydride. The results indicate that 16.67 μM Congolese
Red dye could be degraded in only 220 s (first-order kinetic model constant of Kapp’s−1 for only 5.39 ).
(Ramkumar et al., 2017). All of these studies explore the biosynthesis of different nanoparticles and
metals which has many medicinal properties as well as toxic, another studs on The AgPt nanoparticles
were characterized by applying the various method as ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, electron
microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Catalytic degrading methyl orange can be degraded from
water by catalytic degradation process with sodium borohydride, according to environmental chemistry
analysis. The results showed that the AgPT nanoparticles had a high antioxidant properties.(Mosaviniya
et al., 2019)

1.3 Research Problems:

 Most of organic transformations are based on acid-base catalysis findings as it has a wide range of
applications in chemical industries. The acid and base catalyzed organic transformations for the synthesis
of fine chemicals are largely carried out by chemical engineers and chemists in the industries.
Homogeneous catalysts however, have some disadvantages such as; they are required in more than
stoichiometric amount to attain maximum conversion, they are corrosive to reaction system and a very
careful handling is required. As much as these catalysts are not reusable and recoverable from reaction
mixture after reaction, they form complex molecule with product and are highly soluble in reaction
mixture resulting into hazardous waste effluent. This also leads to the formation of hazardous inorganic
acids as by-products. Solid acids and bases are found to be alternative to the homogeneous acids and
bases as they are non-corrosive, required in small. catalytic amount, easy to separate, reuse and
ecofriendly. The selectivity can be controlled by varying the acidic and basic strength, type of
acidity/basicity and texture of catalyst, which can be tuned by varying synthetic methods and parameters
during the synthesis.

1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study:

1. Choosing the initial materials

2. To develop, create, and produce solid acid and basic catalysts through loading.

3. To ascertain the impact of synthesis parameters on the structure and activity of the catalyst.

4. To identify a nanoparticle

5.To assess the impact of solid acid and base immobilisation on a few specific processes.

6. To describe the catalysts by performing catalytic activity tests for the type of acidity and basicity.

7. To research the manufacture of advanced materials and biological catalysts.

8. Catalyst regeneration and reuse when clean fuel, biochemical and advanced materials are fully
produced, no waste synthetic processes have been developed, and other industrial applications.

9.to take a green and eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles into consideration

10.The prepared catalysts' catalytic activity will be compared to that of the other solid catalysts already in
use.

a reagent that is readily available, easily handled, and moisture stable;

1.5 Significance of Study:

The design and development of a new catalytic system made up of immobilised solid acids and bases
employed in synthesis will be the main focus of this study. The protocol described here offers the
following notable benefits and characteristics:

(1) Catalyst synthesis; (2) making a catalyst that will work well in mild conditions; (3) ensuring that it
needs an inorganic solvent; and (4) medicinal as well as toxic properties (5) The catalyst will be readily
available, easily handled, low toxic, and moisture stable; (6) A straightforward workup procedure;

the manufactured goods that are employed as industrially significant intermediates and energy for human
use. Due to its simplicity, ease of product separation from the reaction media, catalyst recycling, and
cleaner alternative pathway, the organic solvent-free approach suggested here may have a wide range of
industrial applications.

2.0 Materials and Methods:

Materials and chemicals

The supplier of chloroauric acid was SRL Chemicals in India. Sigma Aldrich was used to get 4-
nitrophenol, p-nitroaniline, Rhodamine B, and Sulforhodamine 101. S. tenerrimum and T. conoides, two
species of brown algae, were found at Mandapam on the South Coast of Tamilnadu, India. To get rid of
dirt and other related biota, the algal materials were carefully cleaned with distilled water. For later usage,
the materials were powdered, shade dried, and kept at 4 °C.

extraction preparation

One gramme of T. conoides powder was combined with twenty millilitres of distilled water, heated for
five minutes, and then hot-filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The filtered extract was
centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was then utilised to make gold nanoparticles
as a stabiliser and a reducing agent. The S. tenerrimum aqueous extract was prepared using the same
method. The extracts were kept cold and stored at 4 °C when not in use.

study on characterisation

By taking periodic UV-vis spectra readings up until the absorption maxima approached saturation, the
biosynthesized nanoparticles were identified. The UV-vis spectra were recorded from 300 to 800 nm with
a resolution of 1 nm using millipore water as a blank. In order to plot the spectrum data, Origin 6.0 was
used. The gold nanoparticle solution (1 l) was deposited on Formvar-coated grids, allowed to air dry, and
then studied using transmission electron microscopy (JEOL 1010 TEM using a Megaview III camera and
iTEM software) at 100 kV to determine the particle size and form. Using ImageJ software, a distribution
of nanoparticle sizes was established, and the resulting data were presented in histograms. The powders
that have been lyophilized for both the Using a Shimadzu IRAffinity-1 spectrophotometer and the KBr
pellet technique, aqueous extracts and AuNPs dispersion were measured. The spectra were captured with
a resolution of 4 cm1 and in the 400–4000 cm–1 range. Information about potential functional groups
involved in the formation of AuNPs was revealed by the FTIR spectra. DLS and zeta potential
measurements were used to determine the stability and size distribution of AuNPs using the Zetasizer
Nano S90.

Analyzing the catalytic performance of manufactured gold nanoparticles

In accordance with the procedure described by Gangula et al. [47], the catalytic decolorization processes
were conducted in a 3-ml quartz cuvette with a route length of 1 cm. Distilled water (1.4 ml) and sodium
borohydride (1 ml of 0.03 M) were combined with an aqueous stock solution of p-nitrophenol or p-
nitroaniline (0.3 ml of 2 mM). The 0.3 ml of the biosynthesized nanoparticles dispersion solution was
then added, and the mixture was thoroughly blended. At room temperature, the time-dependent
absorption spectra in the 200–500 nm range were recorded in order to track the reaction's progress.

2.2 Conclusion:

According to the investigations, brown algae (T. conoides and S. tenerrimum) aqueous extracts can
reduce Au(III) ions to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and may even be able to stabilise them. The synthesis
process is relatively straightforward, economical, effective, non-toxic, and environmentally benign. Sizes
of the biosynthesized AuNPs range from 5 to 57 nm. The synthetic AuNPs effectively catalyse the
reduction of organic colour molecules and aromatic nitro compounds. Compared to S. tenerrimum,
AuNPs made from T. conoides had a higher catalytic potential. The current method of biosynthesis can be
improved to prepare additional metal nanoparticles that will be researched in the future for quick organic
synthesis and a variety of catalysis reactions. To the best of our knowledge.

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