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Composite Materials
Composite Materials
Composite Materials
Shivan I. Abdullah
Mechanical Eng. Dep.
University of Zakho
October 2022
Outline
Introduction to composite Materials
Types of composites
Fibrous Reinforcements
Strength of Composites
Laminar Composites
Introduction to composite Materials
Historical background:
Old civilizations over 5000 years ago started using composites made from
mud and horse hair for making bricks.
Babylons in 1750 BC were using bitumen reinforced plated straw for making
way.
Japanese samurai swords were made from tough ductile steel layers
alternatively with oxides.
Definition of composites:
They do not dissolve or combine into each other, although they act in concert.
Normally, the components can be physically identified and exhibit an
interface between each other.
Why Composites?
Transportation
Construction
Marine
Corrosion-resistant
Electrical/Electronic
Appliances/Business
Aircraft/Defense
Use of Composites in Military Aircraft.
The Boeing 787 has 50% of its primary
structure made of composites.
All composite skin and much of other structure Commercial Transport Aircraft
The Matrix Composition of Composites
A matrix composites is made by spread a reinforced material into a matrix.
What is FRP?
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites are defined as“A matrix of
polymeric material that is reinforced by fibers or other reinforcing
material which enhances their mechanical strength and reduces the
shrinkage”.
There are two types of reinforcement used in plastics.
Fibrous materials like cotton, nylon, polyester, rayon, glass,
carbon/graphite etc and.
Non-fibrous metal fillers like solid glass micro-spheres. These fillers are
known as particulate fillers.
Reinforced Plastics
They have very good shear modulus combined with a high ultimate
strength.
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
The properties of the composites are based on the type of filler material
used.
The properties of the composites also depends on the processing
parameters.
For higher performance requirements, such as in aerospace applications,
epoxies are most commonly used.
Epoxies have reasonably high modulus and strength.
Epoxy service temperature to 125-175ºC.
Epoxies indicate low shrinkage (good for adhesives).
Fibrous Reinforcements
Anisotropic or unidirectional
Isotropic or bidirectional
Bias - tailored direction
0º - flexural strengthening
90º - column wraps
+ /- 45º - shear strengthening
Density (g/cc)
Tensile strength (N/mm2 or MPa)
Modulus (GPa)
Strain to failure
Co-efficient of thermal expansion in longitudinal direction
Thermal conductivity (BTU-in/hr-ft² - 0F)
Strength of Composites
The interface region between the fiber and matrix:-
Bonding Mechanism
If the surface of two bodies come into contact when they are brought close to
each other (commonly one of the bodies in liquid form).
References
Rajender Singh, Textbook "Introduction to Basic Manufacturing
Processes and Workshop Technology" Daryaganj, New Delhi –
110002.