3rd Periodical Examinations UCSP

LESSON 3
Evolution:
 is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generations.
(Banaag, 2012 p.31)
 It helps us identify and analyze man’s physiological development which is important in his subsistence

Homo Habilis:
 The first to make stone tools.
 species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is associated in modern humans.
Homo Rudolfensis
 Lived in 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago
Homo Erectus
 Lived 189 to 143, 000 years ago.
 “Upright man” with body proportions similar to that of modern humans.
 They were first hunters with improvised tools such as axes and knives and the first to produce fire.
Homo Heidelbergensis
 With large brow ridge and short wide bodies
 First of early humans to live in colder climates
Homo Floresiensis
 Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small stature with a height of more or less 3 ft.
Homo Sapiens
 The species name means “Wise Man”
Homo Sapiens NEANDARTHALENSIS
 Neanderthal Man
 Hunting, gathering food and sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles.
 Lived about 200, 000 to 28, 000 years ago.
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
 As Cro-Magnon
 First to produce art in cave painting and crafting decorated tools and accessories.

Man’s Cultural Evolution:

 It refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of
human culture
 Scientist study the cultural evolution of humans by analyzing the changes in the latter’s way of life

PALEOLITHIC AGE
 Unpolished Stone Tools
 Hunting and Gathering
 Nomadic Way of Living
NEOLITHIC AGE
 Polished Stone Tools
 Domestication of Plants and Animals
 Living in Permanent
 TYPES OF SOCIETIES

Hunting and Food Gathering

 Earliest form of human society.
 People survived by foraging for vegetable food and small game, fishing, hunting larger wild animals and
collecting shellfish.
 They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available.
 They used tools made of stone , woods and bones.
Horticultural Societies
 People learned to use human muscle power and hand-held tools to cultivate fields.
- Classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming.
SUBSISTENCE FARMING:
- Involves only producing enough food to feed the group.
- The settlements are small.
- Neighborhood is solid.
- Political organization is confined in the village.
- Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship system.
SURPLUS FARMING:
- Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlements.
- There was occupational specialization with prestige differences.
- Social stratification was well established.
- The community tended to be structured by kinship relations that are male dominated.
Pastoral Societies
 It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the
group.
- Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herds in a never-ending quest for pasture and water.
- It was organized along male-centered kinship groups.
- It was usually united under strong political figures. However centralized political leadership did not occur.
Agricultural Societies
 These societies were characterized by the use of the plow in farming.
 Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough surplus for the community.
 Ever-growing populations came together in broad river-valley system.
 Those who controlled access to arable land and its use became rich and powerful since they could demand the
payment of taxes and political support.
 By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political leaders could make bureaucracies implement their plans
and armies to protect their privileges.
 Social classes became entrenched and the state evolved.
Industrial Societies
 It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical means of production.
 It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled
and well-coordinated labor force.
 Creates a highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers.
 Industrial societies are divided along class lines.
 Industrialism brought about a tremendous shift of populations.
 Kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs.
 Industrial societies are highly secularized.
 The predominant form of social and political organization in industrial societies is the bureaucracy.
Post-industrial Societies
 It depends on specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology.
 It is characterized by the spread of computer industries.
 Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society.
 It resulted in the homogenization of social relations among individuals and the interaction between humans and
the natural environment.
LESSON 4
Socialization: a continuing process whereby an individual requires a personal identity and learns the norms, values,
behavior and social skills appropriate to his and her social position.

1. Family- The most and primary agents of socialization

2. Peer Group- made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests.
3. School- sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and
Gintis 1976). When children participate in a relay race or a math contest, they learn there are winners and losers
in society. When children are required to work together on a project, they practice teamwork with other people in
cooperative situations. The hidden curriculum prepares children for the adult world.
4. Church- Where socialization is related to religion material culture
5. Mass Media- impersonal information to a wide audience, via television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet.
6. Work Place- Where both material culture (such as how to operate the copy machine) and nonmaterial culture
(such as whether it’s okay to speak directly to the boss) is part of its socialization.
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
Objective Socialization- it refers to the society acting upon the child
Subjective Socialization- the process by which society transmits its culture from one generation to the next and adapts
the individual to the accepted and approved ways of organized social life.
SOCIAL ROLES IN SOCIETY
1. Personality and Role Development- it is through the process of socialization that we develop our sense of
identity and belongingness.
2. Skills Development and Training- the much needed social skills such as communication, interpersonal and
occupational are developed.
 3. Values Formation- individuals are influenced or engulfed by the prevailing values of social groups and
society
4. Social Integration and Adjustment- the socialization process allows us to fit-in an organized way of life by
being accustomed including cultural setting
5. Social Control and Stability- integration to society binds individuals to the control mechanisms set forth by
society’s norms with regard to acceptable social relationships and social behavior.
Social Norms
 Social Norms are rules that a group uses for appropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.
 Social Norms are the rules for how people should act in a given group or society. Any behavior that is outside these
norms is considered a violation of norms.
 Social norms consist of rules of conduct and models of behavior prescribed by society. They are rooted in the
customs, traditions, and value systems that gradually develop in this society.
 Social norms, or mores, are the unwritten rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or
society. Norms function to provide order and predictability in society. ... Social norms may also change or be
modified over time.

Types of Social Norms:

a) Folkway- Norm that sterns from and organizes casual interactions
b) More- Norm that structures the difference between right and wrong.
c) Law- Norm that is formally inscribed at the state or federal level
What is a SOCIAL STATUS?
 SOCIAL STATUS- it refers to the relative rank or standing that an individual has in the eyes of others.
 It is shaped by one’s background, education, reputation, perceived power, and position in an organization’s
hierarchy.
 Social Statuses – refers to the position an individual occupies in society and implies an array of rights and duties

Social Role – pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship with one or more persons occupying other statuses

Social Statuses can be classified into two:

ASCRIBED STATUSES:
 assigned to the individual from birth
 involves little personal choice like age and sex
 it carries with it certain expectations of behavior
ACHIEVED STATUSES
 acquired by choice, merit or individual effort
 It is made possible through special abilities of talents, performance or opportunities
 Choice in occupation, marriage, joining a religious organization are examples

CONFORMITY
 Action in accord with prevailing social standards, attitudes, practices, etc.
 Correspondence in form, nature or character, agreement, congruity or accordance.
 Compliance or acquiescence, obedience

TYPES OF CONFORMITY
a) Compliance-
 Is the most superficial type of conformity, it is where a person copies the behaviour of a group but
does not take it in as their own beliefs. For example, a person might start smoking because all their
friends do even if they don’t really like it. Its goal is to fit in with the crowd.
 Publicly acting in accord with social pressure while privately disagreeing. This term best describes the
behavior of a person who is motivated to gain reward or avoid punishment.
b) Identification-
  Is where a person expresses a particular behaviour and adopts the views as there own but only in
certain situations and to fit into certain groups. For example, a person may be very strict in their job but at
home they are much more relaxed with their views.
 Adopt a particular behavior because it puts us in a satisfying relationship to the person or persons with
whom we are identifying. We do come to believe in the opinions and values we adopt, though not very
strongly. We want to be like some particular person.
c) Internalisation
 Is where a person adopts the views of the group wholeheartedly and so expresses the behaviour
because they believe it to be true and not just to fit in with the group. For example, a person may be a
vegetarian because they believe in animal rights and not just because all their friends are turning
vegetarian.
 (or acceptance). Both acting and believing in accord with social pressure. This is the most permanent,
deeply rooted response to social influence. Internalization is motivated by a desire to be right. If the
person who provides the influence is perceived to be trustworthy and of good judgment, we accept the
belief he or she advocates and we integrate it into our belief system.
DEVIANCE
 deviating or departing from the norm, characterized by deviation; deviant social behavior
 Functions of Deviance:
by: Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston
1. Serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expressions.
2. Serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior.
3. May also promote in-group solidarity.
4. Can serve as a barometer of social strain.
 Sociological Theories of Deviance
Functionalist Theory (Emile Durkheim)
a. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
b. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary
c. Responding to deviance promotes social unity
d. Deviance encourages social change
a. Conformity – it involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving that
goal

b. Innovation – this response involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially accepted means of
achieving it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means

c. Ritualism – this occurs when people deemphasize or reject the importance of success once they realize they will never
achieve it and instead concentrate on following or enforcing these rules than ever was intended

d. Retreatism – this means withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working

e. Rebellion – this occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals the means approved by society

CONTROL THEORY (Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, school and other social institutions can greatly contribute
to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in every individual.)

SOCIAL CONTROL OF DEVIANCE

Social control – refers to the efforts of the group or society to regulate the behavior of its members in conformity with
established norms

Two types of sanctions:

 Informal Sanctions –
 these are unofficial often casual pressures to conform
 Positive informal sanctions involve reward for conformity or compliance.
(e.g. smiles, kiss)
 Negative sanctions or informal sanctions involve penalties for not conforming.
(e.g. ridicule, ostracism, rejection or even expulsion from the group)
 Formal Sanctions –
 these are official, institutionalized incentives to conform and penalties for deviance
 These are needed in large, complex societies.
 The criminal justice system is the most important and visible institution of social control
 These may take the form of arrest, pre-trial, sentencing or imprisonment

DIFFERENT KINDS OF RIGHTS

1. Natural rights – live, love and to be happy
2. Constitutional rights – Unreasonable searches and seizures ; Bill of Rights
3. Statutory rights – provided by lawmaking body
4. Civil rights – rights enjoyed by individuals in a state or community such as freedom of speech, right to information
5. Political rights – right to vote and right to be voted into public office

DIVINE RIGHTS
The right of a sovereign to rule as set forth by the theory of government that holds that a monarch receives the right to rule
directly from God and not from the people.

Romans 13:1 “Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has
established. The authorities that exist have been established by God.”
Psalm 75:7 “but it is God who executes judgment, putting down one and lifting up another.”
Romans 13:7 “Give to everyone what you owe them: If you owe taxes, pay taxes; if revenue, then revenue; if respect, then
respect; if honor, then honor.”
Romans 13:4 “For he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in
vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”
Article II Declaration of Principles and Statement Policies Principles
 Section 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon
the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions
provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service.
 Section 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and promotion of the
general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.

HUMAN RIGHTS
 Are natural rights of all human beings whatever their nationality, religion, ethnicity, sex, language, and color.