Eurocodes Fire 2008

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
“Dissemination of information for training” workshop
18-20 February 2008
Brussels
Structural fire design
Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre
with the support of

CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Wednesday, February 20 – Palais des Académies

Roi Baudoin room
9:00-9:30 General presentation of Eurocode Fire J. Kruppa

Parts CTICM
9:30-10:15 Eurocode 1 - 1.2 Action in case of fire T. Lennon
BRE
10:15-10:30 Coffee
10:30-11:45 Eurocode 2 - 1.2 concrete structures T. Hietanen
RT Betonikeskus
11:45-13.00 Eurocode 3 - 1.2 steel structures L. Twilt
TNO
13:00-14:30 Lunch
14:30-15:45 Eurocode 4 - 1.2 composite structures J. B. Schleich
University of Liege
15:45-16:00 Coffee
16:00-17:00 Eurocode 5 - 1.2 timber structures H. Hartl
University Innsbruck
J. Fornather
Austrian Standards Institute
17:00-17:45 Eurocode 9 - aluminium alloys N. Forsén
structures Multiconsult
17:45-18:00 Discussion and close
All workshop material will be available at

http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
GENERAL PRESENTATION OF EUROCODE
FIRE PARTS
J. Kruppa
CTICM
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Background and Applications ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
SAFETY in CASE of FIRE

concerning the construction work :
¾Load bearing capacity of the construction can be
Structural Fire Design assumed for a specific period of time
according to Eurocodes ¾The generation and spread of fire and smoke
within the works are limited
¾The spread of fire to neighbouring construction
works is limited
Joël KRUPPA
¾The occupants can leave the works or be
CTICM rescued by other means
Coordinator CEN TC 250 / Horizontal Group "FIRE" ¾The safety of rescue teams is taken into
consideration
EUROCODES for
EUROCODES
Background and Applications HARMONISATION of ASSESSMENT METHODS EUROCODES
STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
To prove compliance with Essential Fire parts within :

Requirements :
EC 1 : ACTIONS on STRUCTURES
¾Tests + extended applications of results
¾calculation and/or design methods EC 2 : CONCRETE STRUCTURES
¾combination of tests and calculations EC 3 : STEEL STRUCTURES
EC 4 : COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
EC 5 : TIMBER STRUCTURES
EC 6 : MASONRY
EC 9 : ALUMINIUM ALLOYS STRUCTURES
CEN TC 250 – Sub-Committees

EUROCODES
Background and Applications involved in Fire Safety EUROCODES
Background and Applications NDP for Structural Fire Design
TC 250 Selection thermal actions

Structural Eurocodes ¾nominal fires
¾parametric fire (simple fire models)
SC 1 SC2 SC 3 SC4 SC5 SC6 SC9
ACTIONS CONCRETE STEEL COMPOSITE TIMBER MASONRY ALUMINIUM ¾advanced fire models
EC1- part 1.1 EC2 - part 1.1 EC3 - part 1.1 EC4 - part 1.1 EC5 - part 1.1 EC6 - part 1.1 EC9 - part 1.1
Some coefficients for load combination
General actions general rules general rules general rules general rules general rules general rules
Default value for reduction factor for the
part 1.2 part 1.2 part 1.2 part 1.2 part 1.2 part 1.2 part 1.2 design load level in fire situation
actions in
case of fire
structural
fire design
structural
fire design
structural
fire design
structural
fire design
structural
fire design
structural
fire design
Use of advanced calculation models
Some material properties
Use of informative annex on simple
HORIZONTAL GROUP "FIRE" calculation method
EUROCODES
EC1 – 1.2 : Actions in case of fire EUROCODES
Background and Applications Various Steps for Assessments
1200
1000
2.1 General Fire Development and 800
temperature (°C)
(1) A structural fire design analysis should take propagation
600
into account the following steps as relevant :

400
200
selection of the relevant design fire scenarios,

Structural or 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
determination of the corresponding design fires,

schematisation
calculation of temperature evolution within the or
structural members, Heat Transfer to

calculation of the mechanical behaviour of the structural elements
structure exposed to fire.
Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mechanical behaviour
0
Vert. Disp. ∆V (mm)

∆V
-50
-100
at elevated temperatures -150

-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
EUROCODES
Background and Applications EC1 – 1.2 : Actions in case of fire EUROCODES
Real scale fires
2.2 Design fire scenario

¾(1) To identify the accidental design situation, the
relevant design fire scenarios and the associated
design fires should be determined on the basis
of a fire risk assessment.
¾(2) For structures where particular risks of fire
arise as a consequence of other accidental
actions, this risk should be considered when
determining the overall safety concept.
¾(3) Time- and load-dependent structural
behaviour prior to the accidental situation needs
not be considered, unless (2) applies.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications ISO fire versus "natural" fires
2.3 Design fire

¾(1) For each design fire scenario, a design fire, in 1200
a fire compartment, should be estimated 1000

according to section 3 of this Part.
Temperature [°C]
800
¾(2) The design fire should be applied only to one ISO NAT - 1
fire compartment of the building at a time, unless 600
NAT - 2 NAT - 3
otherwise specified in the design fire scenario.
400
¾(3) For structures, where the national authorities
specify structural fire resistance requirements, it 200
may be assumed that the relevant design fire is
0
given by the standard fire, unless specified
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
otherwise . Time [min]
EUROCODES
EC1 – 1.2 : Actions in case of fire
2.4 Temperature Analysis 2.4 Temperature Analysis (cont'd)

¾(1)P When performing temperature analysis of a ¾ (4) Depending on the design fire chosen in section 3, the
member, the position of the design fire in relation following procedures should be used :
to the member shall be taken into account. with a nominal temperature-time curve, the temperature
¾(2) For external members, fire exposure through analysis of the structural members is made for a specified
period of time, without any cooling phase;
openings in facades and roofs should be NOTE 1 The specified period of time may be given in the National
considered. Regulations or obtained from Annex F following the specifications of the
National Annex.
¾(3) For separating external walls fire exposure with a fire model, the temperature analysis of the structural
from inside (from the respective fire members is made for the full duration of the fire, including
the cooling phase.
compartment) and alternatively from outside NOTE 2 Limited periods of fire resistance may be set in the National
(from other fire compartments) should be Annex.
considered when required.
EUROCODES
2.5 Mechanical Analysis

(1)P The mechanical analysis shall be performed for the same
duration as used in the temperature analysis. EUROCODES
(2) Verification of fire resistance should be in the time domain:
tfi,d ≥ tfi,requ
2 to 6 and 9
¾ or in the strength domain:
Rfi,d,t ≥ Efi,d,t
¾ or in the temperature domain:
Θd ≤ Θcr,d parts 1. 2
¾ where
tfi,d design value of the fire resistance
tfi,requ required fire resistance time
Rfi,d,t design value of the resistance of the member in the fire situation at
time t
Efi,d,t design value of the relevant effects of actions in the fire situation at
time t
Θd design value of material temperature
Θcr,d design value of the critical material temperature
EUROCODES
Background and Applications PARTS on STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN EUROCODES
Background and Applications Requirements
2.1.1 General
The parts dealing with structural fire resistance in EC2 to
EC6 & EC9 have the following layout: ¾ (1)P Where mechanical resistance in the case of fire is
required, concrete structures shall be designed and
constructed in such a way that they maintain their load
¾ General (scope, definitions, symbols and units)
bearing function during the relevant fire exposure.
¾ Basic principles (performances requirements, design values ¾ (2)P Where compartmentation is required, the elements
of material properties and assessment methods) forming the boundaries of the fire compartment, including
¾ Material properties (strength and deformation and thermal joints, shall be designed and constructed in such a way
properties) that they maintain their separating function during the
¾ Assessment methods relevant fire exposure. This shall ensure, where relevant,
¾ Constructional details (if any) that:
integrity failure does not occur, see EN 1991-1-2
¾ Annexes (additional information) insulation failure does not occur, see EN 1991-1-2
thermal radiation from the unexposed side is limited.
Exemple from EC2-1.2

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Requirements EUROCODES
Background and Applications Requirements
2.1.1 General (cont'd) 2.1.3 Parametric fire exposure
¾ (2) For the verification of the separating function the following

¾(3)P Deformation criteria shall be applied where applies, assuming that the normal temperature is 20°C:
the means of protection, or the design criteria for the average temperature rise of the unexposed side of the construction
separating elements, require consideration of the should be limited to 140 K and the maximum temperature rise of the
unexposed side should not exceed 180 K during the heating phase until
deformation of the load bearing structure. the maximum gas temperature in the fire compartment is reached;
¾(4) Consideration of the deformation of the load the average temperature rise of the unexposed side of the construction
should be limited to ∆θ1 and the maximum temperature rise of the
bearing structure is not necessary in the unexposed side should not exceed ∆θ2 during the decay phase.
following cases, as relevant:
the efficiency of the means of protection has been evaluated Note: The values of ∆θ1 and ∆θ2 for use in a Country may be found in
according to […], its National Annex. The recommended values are ∆θ1 = 200 K and
the separating elements have to fulfil requirements ∆θ2 = 240 K.
according to nominal fire exposure.
Exemple from EC2-1.2 Exemple from EC2-1.2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background for ∆θ1 = 200 K EUROCODES
Background and Applications Material Properties
1200
1 1100
1000
2.3 Design values of material properties
Standard fire
(1)P Design values of mechanical (strength and deformation) material properties Xd,fi are
900
defined as follows:
800 Xd,fi = kθ Xk / γM,fi
Temperature [°C]
700
600
Unexposed side of the separating element ¾ Xk characteristic value of a strength or deformation property
500
Seperating Separating
element for I 120:
¾ kθ reduction factor for a strength or deformation property dependent on
element for I 30 : temperature
¾ γM,fi
400 +210 K at 49 min. +187 K at 181 min
partial safety factor for the relevant material property, for the fire situation
300
200
(2)P Design values of thermal material properties Xd,fi are defined as follows:
+ 140 K
100 Xd,fi = Xk,θ /γM,fi or Xd,fi = γM,fi Xk,θ
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 ¾ Xk,θ value of a material property in fire design
Time [min] ¾ γM,fi partial safety factor for the relevant material property, for the fire situation.
Experimentations carried out in the 80s ("Investigating the unexposed surface Note 1: The value of γM,fi for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
2 temperature criteria of standard ASTM E 119", by K. J. Schwartz and T.T. Lie, Fire recommended value is: γM,fi = 1,0
technology, vol 21, N0 3, August 1985):
Note 2: If the recommended values are modified, the tabulated data may require modification
- concluded the self-ignition temperatures of ordinary combustibles, in contact with
unexposed surface of separating element are in excess of 520 °F (271°C),
- suggested to use 400°F (222 K) for average temperature rise and 450°F (250 K) for
maximum temperature rise at any point
Verification method :
EUROCODES
BASIC PRINCIPLE
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Schematisation of the structure
Various possibilities for

Load-bearing function of a structure analysis of a structure
shall be assumed for the relevant
global structural
duration of fire exposure t if : analysis
Ed,t, fi ≤ Rd,t, fi
where : analysis of parts of
¾ Ed,t, fi : design effect of actions (Eurocode 1 the structure
part 1.2)
¾ Rd,t, fi : design resistance of the structure at member analysis (mainly
time t when verifying
standard fire
resistance requirements)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Member Analysis EUROCODES
Background and Applications ηfi
(1) The effect of actions should be determined for time t = 0

using combination factors ψ 1,1 or ψ1,2 according to EN 1991-1-
2 Section 4.
(2) As a simplification to (1) the effects of actions may be
obtained from a structural analysis for normal temperature
design as:
Ed,fi = ηfi Ed
Where
Ed is the design value of the corresponding force or moment for
normal temperature design, for a fundamental combination of
actions (see EN 1990);
ηfi is the reduction factor for the design load level for the fire
situation.
assumptions: γGA = 1,0, γG = 1,35 and γQ = 1,5.
Note 2: As a simplification a recommended value of ηfi =

0,7 may be used.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Member Analysis (cont'd) EUROCODES
Background and Applications Global structural analysis
(4) Only the effects of thermal deformations

resulting from thermal gradients across the (1)P When global structural analysis for the
cross-section need be considered. The fire situation is carried out, the relevant
effects of axial or in-plane thermal failure mode in fire exposure, the
expansions may be neglected. temperature-dependent material properties
and member stiffnesses, effects of thermal
(5) The boundary conditions at supports and expansions and deformations (indirect fire
ends of member, applicable at time t = 0, actions) shall be taken into account.
are assumed to remain unchanged
throughout the fire exposure.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assessment methods EUROCODES
Background and Applications Data on fire protection systems
covering both thermal model and mechanical Membrane protection

model standard
fire
resistance
dimensi
on
Minimum dimensions [mm]
[min] axis
distanc
e
Possible combinations of a (average
axis distance) and bmin (width of
beam)
Web
thickness
¾TS 13381-1 : horizontal membranes
¾ENV 13381 -2 : vertical membranes
R 30 bmin 80 120 160 200 80
tabulated data R 60
R 90
a
bmin
a
bmin
25
120
40
150
15
160
35
200
10
200
30
250
10
300
25
400
100
100
a 55 45 40 35
R 120 bmin 200 240 300 500 120
a 65 55 50 45
R 180
R 240
bmin
a
bmin
a
240
80
280
90
300
70
250
80
400
65
500
75
600
60
500
70
140
160 Fire protection to :

simple calculation models ¾ENV 13381 -3 : concrete members
∆ θ a,t =
λ
d
p A p / V ( θ g ,t - θ a ,t )
pca ρa (1 + φ /3 )
∆t - (e
φ / 10
- 1 ) ∆ θ g,t ¾ENV 13381 -4 (& -8 ?) : steel members
HD
¾ENV 13381 -5 : concrete/profiled steel sheet
¾ENV 13381 -6 : concrete filled hollow steel columns
advanced calculation ¾ENV 13381 -7 : timber members
models
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Possible Design Procedures EUROCODES
Background and Applications Possible Design Procedures (cont’d)
Prescriptive Regulation 1200
Temperature [°C]
900
Project Design (Thermal Actions given

600
300
Standard time-temperature
curve
Hydrocarbon fire
External fire
0
by a Nominal Fire)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Time [min]
Prescriptive Regulation Performance-Based Code Analysis of part Analysis of the

Member analysis
of the structure entire structure
(Thermal Actions given (Physically Based
by a Nominal Fire) Thermal Actions) Mechanical Mechanical Selection of
actions at boundaries actions at boundaries mechanical actions
1200 1000
900
625
Temperature [°C]
Gas temperature [°C]
800
900
700
600
600 356
Simple calculation Advanced calculation
Tabulated data
Standard time-temperature 500
310
curve 400
300 Hydrocarbon fire
0
External fire
300
200
189
models models
100
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
0
Time [min] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time [min]
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Possible Design Procedures (cont’d) EUROCODES
Background and Applications ISO Concept vs FSE* Approach
Performance-Based Code
1000
Model ISO – concept FSE* Approach

900
625
Gas temperature [°C]
800
700
600 356
500
310
400
300
200
189 (current approach)
Fire development Model
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Time [min]
fire model ISO-fire all design fires

1100°C @ 120min 300°C @120min
1300°C @ 20min …
Analysis of part Analysis of the And cooling phase
Member analysis
of the structure entire structure structural isolated part of structure with
interaction between
model elements elements
Mechanical Mechanical Selection of
actions at boundaries actions at boundaries heat transfert uniform temperature thermal gradient in 2 , 3
mechanical actions over the whole surface directions
model
mechanical mainly ultimate load ultimate and
Simple calculation Advanced calculation bearing capacity "deformation" limit states
model
models models
* : Fire Safety Engineering
EUROCODES
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 35

EUROCODE 1 - 1.2 ACTION IN CASE OF FIRE
T. Lennon
BRE
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Scope of presentation
Introduction to structural fire engineering design

Section 3 Thermal actions for temperature analysis
3.2 Nominal temperature-time curves
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1- 3.3 Natural fire models
2: General actions – Actions on structures
exposed to fire Section 4 Mechanical actions for structural analysis
4.2 Simultaneity of actions
4.3 Combination rules for actions
Annex A Parametric time-temperature curves
Annex B Thermal actions for external members
Annex C Localised fires
Annex D Advanced fire models
Annex E Fire load densities
Annex F Equivalent time of fire exposure
Annex G Configuration factor
Tom Lennon Worked example – Equivalent time of fire exposure
Principal Consultant, BRE, UK
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Introduction to structural fire engineering design EUROCODES
Structural fire engineering design – Do we need it?
Why structural fire engineering? Existing body of data
What is structural fire engineering design? Tried and tested solutions
How do we do it? Accepted levels of safety and reliability
Tabulated data generally conservative
Structural fire engineering design – Do we need it? –

EUROCODES
Background and Applications YES! EUROCODES
Structural fire engineering design – Do we need it? – YES!
Levels of safety unknown Complex structures not covered by existing

Degree of conservatism unknown regulatory requirement – “fire engineering
No account of interaction between structural may be the only suitable approach”
elements Provides for a more rational approach to the
No account of alternative load carrying design of buildings for fire if undertaken as
mechanisms part of an overall fire safety strategy
No account of alternative modes of failure Change of use or renovation of existing
structure – possible increased fire
resistance requirement, removal of existing
means of ensuring fire resistance
Uncertainties in existing prescriptive approach
1
EUROCODES
Structural fire engineering design – what is it? EUROCODES
General - Design Procedures
Standard
Temperature
Project Design
fire curve
Prescriptive Rules Performance-Based Code
(Thermal Actions by Nominal Fire (Physically based Thermal Actions)
Member Analysis of Analysis of Selection of Simple or Advanced

Analysis Part of the Entire Fire Development Models
Structure Structure
FLASHOVER Natural
fire curve Calculation of Calculation of Selection of Member Analysis of Analysis of
Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Analysis Part of the Entire
Actions at Actions at Actions Structure Structure
Boundaries Boundaries
Calculation of Calculation of Selection of

Tabulated Simple Advanced Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical
Data Calculation Calculation Actions at Actions at Actions
Models Models Boundaries Boundaries
If available
Ignition - Smouldering Heating Cooling Time
Simple Advanced
Calculation Calculation
Life safety Structural damage – risk of collapse – structural fire Models If available Models
engineering only concerned with this phase of the fire
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design procedure EUROCODES
Background and Applications Consider relevant design fire scenario
Structural fire design procedure takes into Building fire / tunnel fire / petrochemical fire
account: Localised fire / fully developed fire
Identification of suitable compartment
Selection of relevant design fire scenarios
size/occupancy/ventilation condition for
Determination of corresponding design fires subsequent analysis – representative of
Calculation of temperature within the “reasonable worst case scenario”
structural members The choice of the design fire scenario will dictate the
Calculation of mechanical behaviour of the choice of the design fire to be used in subsequent
structure exposed to fire analysis.
The choice of a particular fire design scenario should
EN1991-1-2 is principally concerned with the
be based on a risk assessment taking into account
first two above. Fire parts of the material the likely ignition sources and any fire
codes cover the remaining two. detection/suppression systems available.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Choose appropriate design fire EUROCODES
Background and Applications Modelling compartment fires
In compartment fires it is often assumed that the whole

For fully developed post-flashover building compartment is fully involved in the fire at the same
(compartment) fires the usual choice is time and the same temperature applies throughout.
between nominal and natural fire exposures Such a scenario is the basis of a one zone model.
Two zone models exist in which the height of the
Nominal fires are representative fires for the compartment is separated into two gaseous layers
purposes of classification and comparison each with their own thermal environment
but bear no relationship to the specific Three zone models exist in which there is a mixed gas
characteristics (fire load, thermal properties layer separating the upper and lower gas levels
of compartment linings, ventilation Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) may be used to
condition) of the building considered analyse fires in which there are no definite boundaries
to the gaseous state. This type of analysis would be
Natural fires are calculation techniques based suitable for very large compartments such as airport
on a consideration of the physical terminals, atria and sports stadia. It is often used to
parameters specific to a particular building. model smoke movement.
2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Post-Flashover Fire Models EUROCODES
Section 3 Thermal actions for temperature analysis
In a compartment flashover occurs when

Thermal actions are
sustained flaming from combustibles reach given by the net heat
the ceiling and the temperature of the hot gas flux:
layer is between 550°C and 600°C.
After flashover the rate of heat release will
increase rapidly until it reaches a maximum h&net = h&net,c + h&net,r
value for the enclosure. To simplify design,
the growth period between the onset of
flashover and the maximum heat release rate
is usually ignored and it may be assumed that Convective Radiative heat
heat flux flux
when flashover occurs the rate of heat release
instantaneously increases to the maximum
value set by the available air.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications 2.2 Nominal temperature-time curves EUROCODES
Background and Applications Nominal fire curves
Standard temperature- Other nominal curves include:

time curve Smouldering fire curve
1200
“Semi-Natural” fire curve
945ºC
1000
External fire exposure curve*
800
θg = 20+log10345(8t+1) Hydrocarbon curve*
600
Modified hydrocarbon curve
400
Tunnel lining curves – RWS/RABT

200
* Included in the Eurocode

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
EUROCODES
Background and Applications External fire temperature-time curve EUROCODES
Hydrocarbon temperature-time curve
1200
800
700 1000
600
800
500
Θg = 660(1 – 0.687e-0.32t – 0.313e-3.8t) + 20 600
400
300
400
200 Temperature constant after 22 mins at 660ºC
200
100
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications 2.3 Natural fire models EUROCODES
Background and Applications Natural fire models
Natural fire models are based on specific Simplified fire models – compartment fires
physical parameters with a limited field of
application Any appropriate fire model may be used
considering at least the fire load density and
For compartment fires a uniform temperature the ventilation conditions
distribution as a function of time is generally
assumed The parametric approach in Annex A of the
code is one example of a simplified natural
For localised fires a non-uniform temperature fire model
distribution as a function of time is assumed
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Natural fire models EUROCODES
Background and Applications Natural fire models
Simplified fire models – external members Simplified fire models – localised fires
For external members the radiative heat flux In many cases flashover is unlikely to occur.
should be calculated from the sum of the In such cases a localised fire should be
radiation from the compartment and from considered.
the flames emerging from the opening
Annex C presents an example of a procedure
An example of a simplified calculation method for calculating temperatures in the event of
for external members is given in Annex B of a localised fire
the Code
EUROCODES
Section 4 Mechanical actions for structural analysis EUROCODES
Background and Applications Section 4 Mechanical actions for structural analysis
If they are likely to occur during a fire the INDIRECT thermal actions should be
same actions assumed for normal design considered. EXCEPT where the resulting
should be considered. actions are:
recognized a priori to be negligible or
Indirect actions can occur due to constrained favourable.
expansion and deformation caused by accounted for by conservatively chosen
temperature changes within the structure models and boundary conditions or
caused by the fire. implicitly considered by conservatively
specified fire safety requirements.
4
EUROCODES
Section 4 Mechanical actions for structural analysis
The indirect actions should be determined Actions considered for ‘normal’ design should
using the thermal and mechanical properties also be considered for fire design if they are
given in the fire parts of EN1992 to EN1996 likely to act at the time of a possible fire.
and EN1999.
Variable actions should be defined for the
For member design subjected to the standard
accidental design situation, with associated
fire only indirect actions arising from the
partial load factors, as given in EN1990.
thermal distribution through the cross-
section needs to be considered.
EUROCODES
Section 4 Mechanical actions for structural analysis
Simultaneous action with other independent When indirect actions do

accidental actions does not need to be not need to be
"+" (ψ1,1orψ2,1) Qk,1

considered, and there is
∑G
considered
no prestressing force,
k, j
the total design action
Additional actions (i.e partial collapse) may j≥1
(load) considering
need to be considered during the fire permanent and the
exposure leading variable action is
given by;
Fire walls may be required to resist horizontal
impact loading according to EN1363-2 The use of ψ1,1 or ψ2,1 is defined in the National Annex
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications Mechanical actions for structural analysis
The values of ψ1,1 and ψ2,1 are given in Annex A of

EN1990:2002 As a simplification, the effect of actions in the fire condition
can be determined from those used in normal temperature
design
E fi ,d ,t = E fi ,d = η fi E d
E fi ,d ,t
Where η fi =
Rd
5
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex A Parametric Temperature-Time Curves EUROCODES
Background and Applications Parametric equation (contd)
EN 1991-1-2 Annex A- Parametric Equation O = opening factor Av√h/At (m½)
θg = 1325(1-0.324e-0.2t*-0.204e-1.7t*-0.472e-19t*) Av = area of vertical openings (m²)

where t* = t.Γ
and Γ = (O/b)²/(0.04/1160)² h = height of vertical openings (m)
O is the opening factor
and b relates to the thermal inertia √(ρcλ) At = total area of enclosure – walls, ceiling and
Where ρ = density (kg/m³) floor including openings (m²)
c = specific heat (J/kgK)
Λ = thermal conductivity (W/mK)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Parametric Equation EUROCODES
Background and Applications EC1 Parametric exposure
Scope of Equation Cooling phase

Θg = θmax – 625(t*-t*max.x) for t*max ≤ 0.5
- 0.02 ≤ O ≤ 0.2 (m½) (lower limit of 0.01 in UK Θg = θmax – 250(3-t*max)(t*-t*max.x) for t*max < 2
NA) Θg = θmax – 250(t*-t*max.x) for t*max ≥ 2
- 100 ≤ b ≤ 2000 (J/m² s½ °K)
- Af ≤ 500m² (No restriction in UK NA)
Where t*max = (0.2x10-3. qt,d/O).Γ
- mainly cellulosic fire loads And tmax = maximum of (0.2x10-3. qt,d/O) and tlim
- maximum compartment height = 4m (No With tlim = 25 minutes for slow fire growth rate,
restriction in UK NA) 20 minutes for medium fire growth rate and
- concept of limiting duration (20 minutes for 15 minutes for fast fire growth rate
offices)
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications
comparison between EC1 parametric calculation and measured values

Time temperature curves
1200
1200
1000
1000
800 Average temperature TEST 1

Temperature [deg C]
temperature (deg C)
800
Average temperature TEST 2
600
Parametric time temperature
600 ISO curve
400
400
200
200
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
time (mins)
Time [mins]
test 1 prediction test 2
6
Annex B Thermal actions for external members – Simplified
EUROCODES
Background and Applications calculation method EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex C Localised fires
Allows for the determination of: Where a fully developed fire is not possible
the thermal input from a localised fire
Maximum temperatures of a compartment fire source to the structural member should be
considered.
The size and temperatures of the flames
emerging from the openings
Annex C provides one possible method – The
Radiation and convection parameters UK NA specifies an alternative methodology
based on existing National information
Takes into account effect of wind through
inclusion of forced draught and no forced
draught calculations
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex D Advanced Fire Models EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex E Fire load densities
Annex D sets out general principles Annex E presents a method for calculating
associated with advanced fire models (One design fire load densities based on
zone, two zone or CFD) characteristic values from survey data for
different occupancies
There is no detailed guidance and such The characteristic values are modified
methods should only be used by experts according to the risk of fire initiation and the
consequence of failure related to occupancy
and compartment floor area
Active fire safety measures are taken into
account through a reduction in the design
fire load density
This approach is not accepted in the UK NA
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex F Equivalent time of fire exposure EUROCODES
1200
Atm osphere
(fire)
Provides a quick and easy method of relating 1000

Atm osphere
a real fire exposure to an equivalent period (furnace)

Max. Steel
in a standard fire resistance furnace 800 Tem p

Temperature [ oC]
Mainly based on work on protected steel 600

Steel
specimens (fire)
400
Recent analysis extended the use of the Steel

200 (Furnace)
concept to unprotected steel for low fire
resistance periods
0
0 15 30 45 60 Te 75 90
Time [mins]
7
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Time equivalent – calculation methods EUROCODES
Time equivalent – what is it? How does it work? How do

you do it?
CIB W14: te = qf c w
Worked example – fire Floor area (m²) 36 (6m x 6m)
Law: te = kL/√(AvAt)
Pettersson: te = 0.067qf(Av√h/At)-½ compartment within Ventilation 7.2 (3.6m wide
an office building area Av (m²) by 2m high)
EC1: te,d = qf,d kb wf Height of 2
Geometric data
ventilation
opening h (m)
Where qf,d = design fire load density
Height of 3.6
kb = factor to take into account the compartment
thermal properties of the enclosure H (m)
Area of 0
wf = ventilation factor to take into horizontal
account vertical and horizontal openings opening (roof
light) Ah
EUROCODES EUROCODESTime equivalent worked example

Time equivalent – thermal properties
Element Material Thermal Area (m²) te,d = (qf,d.kb.wf)kc

inertia (b
value – Where qf,d = design fire load density (MJ/m²)
J/m²s½K)
kb is a factor dependent on thermal properties of the lining materials
Roof Concrete 2280 36
And wf is a ventilation factor given by:
wf = (6/H)0.3 [0.62 + 90(0.4-αv)4] in the absence of vertical openings

Floor Plasterboard 520 36 Where H is the height of the compartment (m) and
αv = Av/Af
Walls Plasterboard 520 76.8 kc = factor dependent on material = 1.0 for protected steel
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Time equivalent worked example Time equivalent worked example
Occupancy Characteristic fire load

b = (ρcλ)½ kb (min.m²/MJ)
density (MJ/m²) 80%
(J/m²s½K)
fractile
b > 2500 0.04 (0.055) Dwelling 948 (400)
Hospital 280 (350)

720≤b≤2500 0.055 (0.07)
Hotel 377 (400)
b<720 0.07 (0.09)
Office 511 (570)
School classroom 347 (360)
8
EUROCODES EUROCODES Time equivalent – important questions to ask
Time equivalent worked example Have sensitivity studies been carried out
qf,d = 570 MJ/m² on % glazing removed during the fire.
wf = 0.863 (αv = 0.2) Breaking of glass during a fire is very
difficult to predict. In reality the
kb = 0.07 (b = 945 (Σ(bjAj/Aj))
ventilation area will vary with time
kc = 1.0 (protected steel beam) during the fire process.
te,d = 570 x 0.863 x 0.07 = 34 minutes therefore 60 What value has been used for the fire load
minutes fire protection would be appropriate density
What confidence is there in the final
configuration of the compartment
linings? In the absence of definite data
then a figure of kb = 0.09 should be used
(UK National Annex)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Annex G Configuration Factor EUROCODES
Text book information on general principles

for radiative heat transfer
Thank you for your attention!
Specific guidance for external members
9
EUROCODE 2 - 1.2 CONCRETE STRUCTURES
T. Hietanen
RT Betonikeskus
EUROCODES EUROCODES EN 1992-1-2
Fire design of concrete structures
EN 1992-1-2 • Sections 1 and 2 General, Basis of design

Fire design of concrete structures • Section 3 Material properties
• Section 4 Design procedures
Tauno Hietanen – Simplified calculation method 4.2, Annex A, B and E
– Shear, torsion and anchorage 4.4 and Annex D
Finnish Concrete Industry Association
– Spalling 4.5
convenor of Project Teams • Section 5 Tabulated data
- ENV 1992-1-2 – Annex C
- EN 1992-1-2 • Section 6 High strength concrete
EUROCODES
Project Team
EUROCODES
Technical background
Dr. Yngve Anderberg

- fire design consultant
Fire Safety Design AB Sweden • CEB Bulletins ”Fire design of concrete structure”,
Dr.Ing. Nils Erik Forsén Multiconsult AS Norway
latest No 208 July 1991
- structural design consultant • EC 2:Part 10, 1990, prepared for the Commission by
Mr. Tauno Hietanen Concrete Industry Association Finland experts J.C, Dotreppe (B), L. Krampf (D), J. Mathez
- concrete industry and standardization Convenor (F)
Mr. José Maria Izquierdo INTEMAC Spain – including material properties harmonized between
- research institute, especially fire damages
EC 2, 3 and 4
Mr. Alain Le Duff CSTB France
- fire research institute • ENV 1992-1-2 November 1995
Dr.-Ing. Ekkehard Richter TU Braunschweig Germany – and national comments on ENV
- fire research institute • Project Team started the revision 1999 and prEN
Mr. Robin T. Whittle Ove Arup & Partners United Kingdom was approved for Formal Vote 2002
- structural design consultant, Technical secretary
and National Technical Contacts
EUROCODES Scope of EN 1992-1-2 EUROCODES

Summary of alternative verification methods given in EN 1992-1-2
(5)P This Part 1-2 of EN 1992 applies to structures, or parts of

structures, that are within the scope of EN 1992-1-1 and are Tabulated data Simplified Advanced
designed accordingly. However, it does not cover: calculation calculation
- structures with prestressing by external tendons methods methods
- shell structures
Member YES YES
(6)P The methods given in this Part 1-2 of EN 1992 are applicable analysis •Data given for •Standard fire
to normal weight concrete up to strength class C90/105 and Standard fire and parametric
for lightweight concrete up to strength class LC55/60. only fire YES
Additional and alternative rules for strength classes above Analysis of part •Temperature •Only the
C50/60 are given in section 6. of the structure NO profiles given principles are
for Standard given
fire only
Global
structural NO NO
analysis
1
EUROCODES Resistance to Fire CE-marking EUROCODES EN 1992-1-2
National fire regulations:

- Required class - or fire resistance time
• Sections 1 and 2 General, Basis of design
• Section 3 Material properties
Parametric fire: Nominal fire: – Simplified calculation method 4.2, Annex A, B and E
CE marking
- Fire resistance – Shear, torsion and anchorage 4.4 and Annex D
- European REI (M)
time REI (M) – Spalling 4.5
classification
• Section 5 Tabulated data
– Annex C
• Section 6 High strength concrete
EN 13501-2
Fire parts of Eurocodes: Classification standard
- Tabulated data
- Simplified calculation
- Advanced calculation EN 1363, EN 1365
Fire tests
EUROCODES
Section 3 Material properties EUROCODES
Concrete compressive strength
• Strength and deformation properties in Section 3 are given for 1

simplified and advanced calculation methods 20 °C
100 °C
0,9
• Strength reduction curves for Tabulated data (in Section 5) and 0,8
Simplified calculation methods (in Section 4) are derived from 300 °C
material properties in section 3 0,7

ratio of strengthfc, Θ/fck [-]
• Thermal properties are given in Section 3 for calculation of 0,6

500 °C
temperature distribution inside the structure 0,5
• Material properties for lightweight concrete are not given due to 0,4
wide range of lightweight aggregates 0,3

700 °C
– this does not exclude use of lightweight aggregate concrete, see e.g.
Scope and Tabulated data 0,2
• Strength and deformation properties are applicable to heating 0,1
rates similar to standard fire curve (between 2 and 50 K/min) 0

0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025
• Residual strength properties are not given strain εc [-]
EUROCODES
Concrete: Stress-strain relationship EUROCODES
Strength reduction of concrete
Mathematical model and parameters fc,θ, εc1,θ and εcu1,θ • The same strength reduction values are given for simplified
calculation methods in Section 4
αCC = 1,0 in fire design 1. Siliceous concrete
σ 2. Calcareous concrete
k c(θ )
1
fc,θfc,θ
0 ,8
2
3 ε f c ,θ
0 ,6
  ε  
3
1
ε c 1,θ  2 +  
  ε c 1,θ   0 ,4
0 ,2
ε
εc1,θ
εc1,θ εcu1,θ
εcu1,θ 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
θ [°C ]
2
EUROCODES Reinforcing and prestressing steel: EUROCODES Reinforcing steel strength
Stress-strain relationship
• Mathematical model and parameters fsp,θ, fsy,θ and Es,θ 1

20°C - 400°C
σ
fsy,Θ 0,8
500°C
ratio of strength fs , / fyk [-]

fsp,Θ 0,6
strength at 0.2% proof strain

600°C
0,4
hot rolled reinforcing steel
2
fyk = 500 N/mm
Es,θ 700°C
0,2
ε su,Θ ε
800°C
ε sp,Θ ε sy,Θ ε st,Θ
1000°C
0
0 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,01 0,012 0,014 0,016 0,018 0,02
strain ε s [-]
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of reinforcing steel EUROCODES
Strength reduction of steel
Strength reduction for simplified calculation methods in Section 4 Strength reduction for simplified calculation methods in Section 4
• Class N (normal) ks(θ ) • Class X: recommended only when there is experimental evidence
1
1
0,8
2
0,6
3
0,4
0,2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
θ [°C]
Curve 1 : Tension reinforcement (hot rolled) for strains εs,fi ≥
2%
Curve 2 : Tension reinforcement (cold worked) for strains
εs,fi ≥ 2%
Curve 3 : Compression reinforcement and tension reinfor-
cement for strains εs,fi < 2%
EUROCODES
Reinforcing steel Class X EUROCODES
Reference curve for Tabulated data in Section 5
Class X was proposed by Finland because initial testing of

steel strength at elevated temperatures is required in Finnish 1. Reinforcing steel
standard θcr = 500˚C
FINNISH NA: 0,6 stress level
• Class X may be used with following additional conditions:
• Strength properties at elevated temperatures are determined by applying 2. Prestressing bars
standard SFS-EN 10002-5.
θcr = 400˚C
• Strength properties of reinforcing steel at elevated temperatures are subject to
initial type testing at temperatures 300 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C and 550 °C. 0,55 stress level
• Requirements for 0,2 % proof strength Rp0,2 are given in table 3.2-FI, where
3. Prestressing wires
fyk is nominal yield strength or 0,2 % proof stress of the reinforcing steel at
room temperature. and strands
• Table 3.2-FI: 1 Strength requirements of reinforcing steel at elevated θcr = 350˚C
temperatures 0,55 stress level
3
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of prestressing steel EUROCODES
Background for Class A
Common new proposal from the University of Liege and CERIB for the general and simplified models
for the mechanical properties of prestressing steel (wires and strands) at elevated temperatures,
Strength reduction is given by fpy,θ / (βfpk) and fpp,θ / (βfpk), where β is
September 12th 2003
NDP
• Class A:
• Class B: β = 0,9
EUROCODES
Strength reduction of prestressing steel EUROCODES
Thermal properties
Strength reduction for simplified calculation methods in Section 4 • Specific heat of concrete, u is moisture % by weight
EUROCODES
Thermal properties EUROCODES
Background for thermal conductivity
• Thermal conductivity of concrete, NDP between upper and • Project Team EN 1992-1-2 made a lot of calibrations to
lower limit temperatures measured in fire tests of typical concrete
structures, and the lower limit fits very well
• Design rules for steel-concrete composite structures (mainly
including heavy steel sections) seem to be calibrated to the
upper limit
• A compromise was made on TC 250 level: NDP between upper
and lower limit
• EN 1992-1-2, 3.3.3:
• Note 2: Annex A is compatible with the lower limit. The
remaining clauses of this part 1-2 are independent of the
choice of thermal conductivity. For high strength concrete,
see 6.3.
4
EUROCODES EN 1992-1-2 EUROCODES Design methods
• advanced calculation methods for simulating the behaviour of

structural members, parts of the structure or the entire structure,
• Sections 1 and 2 General, Basis of design see 4.3
• Section 3 Material properties – only principles are given, no detailed design rules
• Section 4 Design procedures • simplified calculation methods for specific types of members, see
– Simplified calculation method 4.2, Annex A, B and E 4.2
– Shear, torsion and anchorage 4.4 and Annex D – Annex B.1 “500°C isotherm method”
– Spalling 4.5 developed by Dr Yngve Anderberg, earlier published in Sweden and in
• Section 5 Tabulated data CEB Bulletins
– Annex B.2 “Zone method”
– Annex C
developed by Dr Kristian Hertz, earlier published in Denmark and in
• Section 6 High strength concrete ENV 1992-1-2
• detailing according to recognised design solutions (tabulated data
or testing), see Section 5
• Shear, torsion and anchorage; spalling; joints
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Simplified calculation method EUROCODES
500°C isotherm method
• 500°C isotherm method • Determine the 500°C isotherm and the reduced width bfi and effective
depth dfi
• Determine the temperature of reinforcing bars and the reduced
Concrete with temperature below strength
500°C retains full strength and the • Use conventional calculation methods
rest is disregarded
500°C
• Zone method • • •
Cross section is divided in zones.
Mean temperature and M kc(θM)
corresponding strength of each
kc(θ3)
zone is used
kc(θ2)
This method is more accurate for
small cross sections than 500°C
kc(θ1)
isotherm method
EUROCODES
Temperature profiles EUROCODES
Background and Applications Simplified calculation method for beams and slabs
• Temperature distribution in • Annex E

the cross section can be θ ( C) • Simplified method to calculate bending capacity for predominantly
calculated from the thermal 1200 uniformly distributed loads
properties 1100 • This is some kind of extension of Tabulated data
• Annex A of EN 1992-1-2 1000
gives temperature profiles 900
for slabs, beams and 800
columns 700
600 R240
500
R180
400 R120
300
R30 R60 R90
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
x (mm)
5
EUROCODES Shear, torsion and anchorage EUROCODES
Calculation for shear
Annex D (informative) The reference temperature θ p should be evaluated at points P along the
• Shear failures due to fire are very uncommon. However, the line ‘a -a’ for the calculation of the shear resistance. The effective tension
calculation methods given in this Annex are not fully verified. area A may be obtained from EN 1992-1 (SLS of cracking).
• For elements in which the shear capacity is dependent on the
tensile strength, special consideration should be given where tensile
stresses are caused by non-linear temperature distributions
P P
P
a a
a a a
a
EUROCODES
Spalling of normal strength concrete EUROCODES
Falling off of normal strength concrete
CALCULATION METHODS TABULATED DATA

Define exposure class ↓ Shall be minimised or taken into account
↓ ↓ Explosive spalling is covered
X0 or XC1 (dry) other by minimum requirements
↓ ↓ No further check needed c ≥ 70 mm No → OK
Moisture content ≤ 3 Yes Is moisture content ↓Yes
% ≤3% known
← Tests to show Yes OK
↓ No, or yes but > 3 % that falling of →
↓ does not occur
OK Yes Avoid spalling by Moisture content, type of aggre-
← more accurate as- gates, permeability of concrete, No
sessment heating rate ↓
No
↓
Provide sur-
Yes Has the correct be- No Assume loss of cover and face rein-
OK ← haviour been checked → calculate R forcement
by tests
Solid slabs OK,
some beams OK
EUROCODES EN 1992-1-2 EUROCODES Scope of Tabulated data

(1) This section gives recognised design solutions for the standard fire
exposure up to 240 minutes. The rules refer to member analysis.
• Sections 1 and 2 General, Basis of design Note: The tables have been developed on an empirical basis confirmed by
• Section 3 Material properties experience and theoretical evaluation of tests. The data is derived from
approximate conservative assumptions for the more common structural
• Section 4 Design procedures elements and is valid for the whole range of thermal conductivity in 3.3. More
specific tabulated data can be found in the product standards for some
– Simplified calculation method 4.2, Annex A, B and E particular types of concrete products or developed, on the basis of the
– Shear, torsion and anchorage 4.4 and Annex D calculation method in accordance with 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.
– Spalling 4.5 (2) The values given in the tables apply to normal weight concrete (2000 to 2600
• Section 5 Tabulated data kg/m3, made with siliceous aggregates.
If calcareous aggregates or lightweight aggregates are used in beams or slabs
– Annex C the minimum dimension of the cross-section may be reduced by 10%.
• Section 6 High strength concrete (3) When using tabulated data no further checks are required concerning shear
and torsion capacity and anchorage details.
(4) When using tabulated data no further checks are required concerning spalling,
except for surface reinforcement.
6
EUROCODES
Tabulated data - General EUROCODES
Load level and degree of utilisation
ACTIONS RESISTANCES
Tabulated data are based on a reference load level ηfi = 0,7,
unless otherwise stated in the relevant clauses.
Rd
Note: Where the partial safety factors specified in the National Annexes of EN Ed
1990 deviate from those indicated in 2.4.2, the above value ηfi = 0,7 may not be
Ed,fi
valid. In such circumstances the value of ηfi for use in a Country may be found
in its National Annex. with with
with
γF,fi γM
γF
For walls and columns load level ηfi or degree of utilisation µfi and
is included in the tables ψfi
Linear interpolation between the values in the tables may be

time
carried out Ed × ηfi = Ed,fi Rd Rd,fi
ηfi = load level
µfi = Ed,fi / Rd = degree of utilisation
takes into account if the structure is not fully
loaded
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Tabulated data – main principle EUROCODES
Tabulated data in EN 1992-1-2
Check minimum dimensions of concrete

cross section and axis distance to steel
For beams and slabs degree
Ed,fi f yk(20°C) As,req
of utilisation may be taken σs,fi = x x
Axis distance is nominal value, no need into account by following Ed γs As,prov
to add tolerance simple rule:
a) Calculate the actual steel
Axis distance is given for reinforcing
stress
steel (θcr = 500ºC), to be increased for
b) Evaluate the critical
a prestressing steel (bars 10 mm, strands
temperature using reference
and wires 15 mm)
bmin curve for steel strength
θcr = 500ºC is derived from load level 0,7 c´) Adjust the minimum axis σ /f = 0,4
s,fi yk
divided by partial factor for reinforcement distance by 1 mm for every
γs = 1,15 → σs,fi/fyk = 0,60 10˚C difference in
temperature
For prestressing strands and wires θcr =
350ºC and σs,fi/fp0,1k = 0,55
(Ed,fi = 0,7 Ed, fp0,1k/fpk = 0,9, γs = 1,15) Tcr = 580˚C, ∆a = - 8 mm
EUROCODES
Tabulated data for columns EUROCODES
Background and Applications Parameters for columns
• Completely revised In Method A degree Eccentricity

• Two optional methods are given of utilisation:
– Method A is derived from test results, but field of application is
limited to buckling length ≤ 3 m and first order eccentricity ≤ µfi = NEd.fi /NRd
0,15h to 0,4h (depending on the National Annex)
– Method B is based on calculations, it is more conservative and
many interpolations are needed. Limitations for normative table: l 0,7 l
In Method B load level is 0,5 l
eccentricity ≤ 0,25h and λfi ≤ 30
9 pages of tables in Annex C defined as:
n = N0Ed,fi /(0,7(Ac fcd + As fyd))
Slenderness, lo,fi
- upper floor 0,7 l
- intermediate floor 0,5 l
7
EUROCODES Method A for columns EUROCODES
Method B for columns
Standard Minimum dimensions (mm) Mechanical Minimum dimensions (mm). Column width bmin/axis distance a
fire Column width bmin/axis distance a of the main bars Standard
reinforcement
fire
resistance Column exposed on more than one side Exposed on resistance ratio ω n = 0,15 n = 0,3 n = 0,5 n = 0,7
one side 1 2 3 4 5 6
µ fi = 0.2 µ fi = 0.5 µ fi = 0.7 µ fi = 0.7
R 30 0,100 150/25* 150/25* 200/30:250/25* 300/30:350/25*
1 2 3 4 5 0,500 150/25* 150/25* 150/25* 200/30:250/25*
R 30 200/25 200/25 200/32 155/25 1,000 150/25* 150/25* 150/25 200/30:300/25
300/27
R 60 0,100 150/30:200/25* 200/40:300/25* 300/40:500/25* 500/25*
0,500 150/25* 150/35:200/25* 250/35:350/25* 350/40:550/25*
R 60 200/25 200/36 250/46 155/25 1,000 150/25* 150/30:200/25* 250/40:400/25 300/50:600/30
300/31 350/40
R 90 0,100 200/40:250/25* 300/40:400/25* 500/50:550/25* 550/40:600/25*
0,500 150/35:200/25* 200/45:300/25* 300/45:550/25* 550/50:600/40
R 90 200/31 300/45 350/53 155/25 1,000 200/25* 200/40:300/25* 250/40:550/25* 500/50:600/45
300/25 400/38 450/40**
R 120 0,100 250/50:350/25* 400/50:550/25* 550/25* 550/60:600/45
0,500 200/45:300/25* 300/45:550/25* 450/50:600/25 500/60:600/50
R 120 250/40 350/45** 350/57** 175/35 1,000 200/40:250/25* 250/50:400/25* 450/45:600/30 600/60
350/35 450/40** 450/51**
R 180 0,100 400/50:500/25* 500/60:550/25* 550/60:600/30 (1)
0,500 300/45:450/25* 450/50:600/25* 500/60:600/50 600/75
R 180 350/45** 350/63** 450/70** 230/55 1,000 300/35:400/25* 450/50:550/25* 500/60:600/45 (1)
R 240 350/61** 450/75** - 295/70 R 240 0,100 500/60:550/25* 550/40:600/25* 600/75 (1)
0,500 450/45:500/25* 550/55:600/25* 600/70 (1)
** Minimum 8 bars 1,000 400/45:500/25* 500/40:600/30 600/60 (1)
For prestressed columns the increase of axis distance according to 5.2.
* Normally the cover required by EN 1992-1-1 will control.
(5) should be noted. (1) Requires width greater than 600 mm. Particular assessment for buckling is required.
EUROCODES
Simple calculation for method A EUROCODES
300 x 300 a = 35
R = 120 ((Rηfi + Ra + Rl + Rb + Rn )/120)1,8

 (1+ω) 
Rηfi = 831,00− µfi
 (0,85/αcc) +ω 180
Ra = 1,60 (a – 30)
Rl = 9,60 (5 – lo,fi) 150
Rb = 0.09 b’
Rn = 0 for n = 4 (corner bars only) 120
R (m in )
= 12 for n > 4
a = axis distance to the longitudinal steel bars (mm); 25 mm ≤ a ≤ 90
80 mm
l0,fi = effective length of the column under fire conditions; 2 m ≤ l0,fi ≤ 60
6 m;
30
b’ = 2Ac/ (b+h) for rectangular cross-sections
= φ col for circular cross-sections (mm) ; 0
200 mm ≤ b’ ≤ 450 mm; h ≤ 1,5 b. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
ω = mechanical reinforcement ratio at normal temperature condi-
Asfyd Buckling length (m)
tions =
Ac fcd
eta,fi = 0,5 > 4 bars eta,fi = 0,5 "4 bars" eta,fi = 0,3 > 4 bars eta,fi = 0,3 4 bars
αcc = coefficient for compressive strength (see EN 1992-1-1)
EUROCODES
Walls EUROCODES
Beams, slabs, tensile members
• Tabulated data as in ENV • In principle the same as in ENV

• Fire walls have been added • Some numerical values have been checked, e.g.
– Classification M, to be used only if there are national – Rule for increase of axis distance in I-beam web (validity of
requirements expression 5.10)
– Data taken from DIN standard – Three classes for I-beam web thickness (NDP)
– Minimum width of continuous beams
– Flat slab thicknesses have been checked (to more conservative
direction)
8
EUROCODES EN 1992-1-2 EUROCODES Strength reduction of high strength concrete
• Large scatter in strength, composition of concrete has big

influence
• Sections 1 and 2 General, Basis of design
• Section 3 Material properties
– Simplified calculation method 4.2, Annex A, B and E
– Shear, torsion and anchorage 4.4 and Annex D
– Spalling 4.5
• Section 5 Tabulated data
– Annex C
• Section 6 High strength concrete
EUROCODES
HSC strength reduction is NDP EUROCODES
HSC Tabulated data
1 Increase of minimum cross section Class 1 Class 2

0,9 by factor
0,8
- Walls and slabs exposed on one 1,1 1,3
side
S tre n g th re d u c tio n
0,7
- Other structural members 1,2 1,6
0,6 Class 1
Increase of axis distance by factor 1,1 1,3
0,5 Class 2 Note: Factors are recommended values, and may be modified in
0,4 Class 3 National Annex
0,3
Factor for axis distance in Class 2 seems to be too high, and it
should not depend on the strength reduction
0,2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature
EUROCODES
HSC simplified calculation EUROCODES
Spalling of HSC
• Up to C80/95 and silica fume content less than 6 %

Moment capacity reduction factors for km rules for normal strength concrete apply
beams and slabs Class 1 Class 2 • In other cases at least one of the following methods:
Beams 0,98 0,95 – A: A reinforcement mesh with a nominal cover of 15 mm. This
Slabs exposed to fire in the compres- 0,98 0,95 mesh should have wires with a diameter ≥ 2 mm with a pitch ≤
sion zone 50 x 50 mm. The nominal cover to the main reinforcement
Slabs exposed to fire in the tension 0,98 0,95 should be ≥ 40 mm.
side, hs ≥ 120 mm – B: A type of concrete for which it has been demonstrated (by
Slabs exposed to fire in the tension 0,95 0,85 local experience or by testing) that no spalling of concrete
side, hs = 50 mm occurs under fire exposure.
– C: Protective layers for which it is demonstrated that no
spalling of concrete occurs under fire exposure
– D: Include in the concrete mix more than 2 kg/m3 of
monofilament propylene fibres.
9
EUROCODES
Background documentation
• Project Team has written ”Main background

document” describing main changes to ENV
• It refers to other numbered documents called BDA
(Background Document Annex)
• These documents have been delivered to CEN/TC
250/SC 2.
End of presentation
10
EUROCODE 3 - 1.2 STEEL STRUCTURES
L. Twilt
TNO
Eurocodes: Background & Applications Brussels, February 2008
Structural Fire Design: EC3-1.2 Steel Structures
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures- Introduction
Contents
Introduction
Eurocode 3-1.2 Historical review
Fire Design of Steel Structures: main route
Fire Design of Steel Structures Design procedures
Literature
Leen Twilt
Convenor Project Team EC3-1.2
(formerly) TNO Centre for Fire Research*),
The Netherlands
*) Starting from July 1st 2006, the TNO department Centre for Fire Research
continues its activities as a TNO company named Efectis Nederland B.V.
2 L. Twilt TNO Centre for Fire Research February 2005
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures - Introduction Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures - History
Project Team EC3-1.2 Historical review

Membership
1995 Release ENV version of EC3-1.2
Niels Andersen (DK) 1999 Start of conversion ENV EN
2001 Availability of prEN
Mario Fontana (CH)
2003 Enactment of EN version by SC3
Jean-Marc Franssen (B)
David Moore (UK)
Christoph Heinemeyer (secretary) (D)
Leen Twilt (convenor) (NL)
3 L. Twilt TNO Centre for Fire Research February 2005 4 L. Twilt TNO Centre for Fire Research February 2005
L. Twilt
TNO Centre for Fire Research
The Netherlands 1
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Structures - History Background and Applications Fire Design Structures - History
Conversion from ENV EN Comments per main issue
CEN MS’s involved 19

120
Comments received
editorial 108 100
technical 106 80
legal 3 Overall comments
Scope & definitions
+ ----- number 60 Basic principle & rules
Material propeties
total: 217 40 Structural fire design
Annexes
20
Emphasis on modification ENVEN version

0
1
main issue
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Main route Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Main route
Global set up of EC3-1.2 Resistance to fire - Chain of events

Loads
General Θ
scope, definitions, symbols etc.
Basic principles and rules
performance requirements (e.g.. deformation Steel
columns
criteria), assessment methods etc. time
1: Ignition 2: Thermal action 3: Mechanical actions
Material properties
thermal & mechanical (steel and protection) R
simple & advanced calculation models
time
Annexes 4: Thermal 5: Mechanical 6: Possible
response response collapse
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 2
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Thermal response Thermal conductivity

z
Basics Steel vs. concrete
Thermal conduction (= λ) q q + ∆q 60
Thermal capacity (= ρ·cp)
50
x
DV: (shown for 1direction only) 40
steel
∂ 30
∂λ Θ y heat balance
p
20
∂( ρ c Θ) ( ∂x )
+ =0
∂t ∂x ∆q/ ∆x + ∆(ρcp Θ) / ∆t = 0
10
thermal Conductivity λ [W/mK]

boundary condition: incoming/outgoing concrete
Fourier’s law 0
flux at surface: hnet,tot 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
initial condition: room temperature q = λ ∆ Θ / ∆x
temperature [°C]
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Thermal capacity Thermal response

Steel vs. concrete Steel beam/concrete slab (2D)
phase transition
9
8
800
7 moisture
6
5 steel
4 400
concrete
temperature [oC]
3
2
thermal capacity [MJ/m3K]

1 0
0 0 60 120
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
temperature [oC] time [min]
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 3
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Mechanical response Mechanical properties of steel at elevated

Basics temperatures (qualitative)
Theory of Applied Mechanics stress [N/mm2]
20°C ky θ
Bernouilli fy,20
fy,θ θ fy, θ = k θ·fy,20
εtot = εtherm + εσ
⇒ coefficient of thermal elongation (αtherm) - +
⇒ constitutive relationships steel, concrete, …
strain [%]
yield models ‘
fy,θ temperature [C]
deformation capacity
‘
fy,20 400
…
Reduced strength & stiffness at elevated stress strain strength reduction factor
temperature relations
Notes: - unlimited deformation capacity
Emphasis on ultimate state analysis - “ + “ = “-”
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Mechanical response Reduction of strength & stiffness

Principle at elevated temperatures
failure at tf for:
R, E 1.2
Rt < EdΘ
1 Vloeigrens Staal
Rd20
with: E-m odulus Staal
0.8 Druksterkte Beton
RΘ : resistance at tm
“gap” E-m odulus Beton
EdΘ : action effect at tm 0.6
EdΘ
tf : resistance to fire 0.4
Reductiefactor [-] ==>
0.2
note: tf depends a.o. on
the “gap” between 0
tf tf time Rd20 and EdΘ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
tem peratuur [ 0 C] ==>
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 4
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Main route Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Design
Fire Design Steel Structures Structural fire design procedures

Potential of EC3-1.2 Type of models
Simple calculation models

beams
compression members
Cellular steel beam N only for individual members only!
Failure mode in test N&M
300 tension members
250
200
test Advanced calculation models
calculation
150
100
deflection (mm)
50 Tests
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time (min) Simulated failure mode
Calculation vs test
Source:Efectis France (CTICM)
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Design Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Design
Simple calculation models Simple calculation models

Concepts “Resistance” concept
“Resistance” concept “Compression members” (N, N & M):

“Critical temperature” concept procedure different from room temperature
procedures
“Beams” and “tension members”:
procedure similar to room temperature
procedures
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 5
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Design Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures – Conversion
“Resistance” concept Buckling curves at elevated temperature

Illustration for the buckling resistance Nb,fi,Θ,Rd
1.0
Nb, fi , Rd = χ fi A ky , Θ fy … (1)
0.9
0.8
with New S500
0.7 New S355
1
χ fi = … (a) New S235
buckling coefficient 2 2 0.6
ϕθ + ϕθ −λ θ ENV 1993
0.5
1 2 … (b) 0.4
imperfection coeff. ϕ = [1+ α λ θ + λ θ ]
θ 2 0.3
Nu(T) / Npl(T)
… (c) 0.2
rel. slenderness ratio λθ = λ [k y ,θ / k E ,θ ]0,5
0.1
0.0
Note: - ϕΘ depends on steel grade and λΘ 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
- λΘ depends on temperature Lamda rel(Tcrit)
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Buckling curves λ(20°C) 400°C 500°C 600°C 700°C 800°C “Resistance” concept
0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Design aid 0.1 0.927 0.931 0.924 0.917 0.934 Illustration for moment capacity Mfi,Θ,Rd
0.2 0.860 0.869 0.853 0.836 0.875
0.3 0.794 0.810 0.784 0.757 0.820
0.4 0.728 0.750 0.715 0.679 0.764 Uniform temperature distribution:
0.5 0.663 0.690 0.646 0.603 0.708
χ( Θ,crit ) for S235 0.6 0.598 0.629 0.579 0.531 0.651 Mfi , Θ , Rd = ky , Θ MRd … (1)
0.7 0.535 0.569 0.515 0.466 0.593
0.8 0.476 0.511 0.456 0.408 0.535
0.9 0.422 0.456 0.403 0.357 0.481
Non uniform temperature distribution*):
1.0 0.374 0.406 0.356 0.314 0.430
1.1 0.332 0.362 0.316 0.277 0.384 Mfi , Θ , Rd = ky , Θ MRd / κ 1κ 2 … (2)
1.2 0.296 0.323 0.280 0.245 0.343
1.3 0.264 0.289 0.250 0.218 0.307 with:
1.4 0.237 0.259 0.224 0.195 0.275 ky,Θ = strength reduction factor
1.5 0.213 0.233 0.201 0.175 0.248
A = steel area
1.6 0.192 0.211 0.182 0.158 0.224
1.7 0.175 0.191 0.165 0.143 0.204 κ1, κ2 = adaptation factors for non uniform temperature distribution
1.8 0.159 0.174 0.150 0.130 0.185
1.9 0.145 0.159 0.137 0.119 0.169
2.0 0.133 0.146 0.126 0.109 0.155 *) Only for class 1, 2 cross sections; an “exact” calculation is also allowed
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 6
EUROCODES EUROCODES
“Critical temperature” concept “Critical temperature” concept

Basics Design procedure
Utilisation factor µΘ in temperature domain: Standard Fire curve
Θ, Θa Θa
Efi,d / Rfi,d,Θ = fy,Θ/ fy = ky,Θ (= µΘ)
Strength reduction factor as function steel temperature steel temp. Θcrit
1200 step 2 step 1

with: 1000
Θ = steel temperature 800 step 3

ky,Θ = strength reduction factor 600
µΘ = utilisation factor 400

fire res. time utilisation factor µ0
steel temperature
200
0 step 1: determine mechanical response µa ⇒ Θcrit

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
strength-reduction factor (=utilisation) step 2: determine thermal response ⇒ Θa
step 3: determine fire resistance ⇒ fire res.
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Thermal response steel element Shadow effect

Uniform temperature distribution Effect shape steel profile
∂Θ
∂( λ ) Shadow effect caused by local shielding of
∂(ρ cθ ) ∂x
+ =0 irradiative heat transfer, due to shape of steel
∂t ∂x d Θa = ksh
Am /V & d t
hnet,d profile, e.g.:
ca ρ a
boundary & initial
conditions
“shadow” factor is shadow effect no shadow effect

with Hence:
new in EN version
Am is exposed surface area member [m2/m]
-profiles, shadow effect: yes
V is volume member [m3/m]
Ksh is “shadow” factor -profiles, shadow effect: no
…
…
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 7
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Shadow effect Shadow effect

Bare vs. insulated steel profiles Summary
Without thermal radiation, no shadow effect, Unprotected profiles:
hence: -profiles: kshadow = 0.9 [Am/V]box/[Am/V]
bare profiles, shadow effect: yes
insulated profiles, shadow effect: no -profiles: kshadow = 1
Insulated profiles:
“all” profiles: kshadow = 1
with:
[Am/V] is section factor
[Am/V]box is box value of section factor
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Simple calculation models Fire design connections

General design considerations Deemed to satisfy conditions
Connections Fire protection not smaller than member
Classification cross-sections Utilization less than member
Note: for calculation method refer to Annex D
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 8
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Classification of cross-sections Classification of cross sections

Old rule (
ENV) Consequences “old” rule
εΘ according to old rule
Border line values for b/t: Temperature approximation: new rule
1.2
(b/t)border,Θ = εΘ (b/t)border,20 dependency
1
with: εΘ
temperature dependent 0.8
0.6 not
εΘ = [(235/fy)(kE,θ/ky,θ )]0.5 *) practical
0.4
0.2
Consequences?? 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
temperature [C]
*) follows directly from room temperature rules Hence

classification “unstable”
analysis complicated
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Classification of cross sections Annexes

New rule (
EN)
A. Strain-hardening*)
Border line values for b/t: B. Heat transfer external steel work*)
(b/t)border,Θ = ε (b/t)border,20 C. Stainless steel
with: temperature independent D. Joints
ε = 0,85 [(235/fy)]0.5 E. Class 4 Cross-Sections
Consequences *) normative
for 350 – 850 ºC: ≈ o.k.
: new compared to EN version; informative only
for 850 – 1200 ºC: conservative
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 9
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Fire Design Steel Structures - Literature
Literature
Eurocode 3-1.2
Background & Design Guide
“Design of Steel Structures subjected to Fire”
by J-M. Franssen and R. Zaharia, Univ. Liège, 2006
Conversion ENV EN
“The new Eurocode on Fire Design of Steel Structures”
by L. Twilt, Proceedings Int. Seminar on Steel Structures
in Fire, Shanghai, 2001*)
*) also available as background document of the workshop on Eurcocodes,

Background & Applications,Brussels, February 2008
37 L. Twilt TNO Centre for Fire Research February 2005
L. Twilt
The Netherlands 10
EUROCODE 5 - 1.2 TIMBER STRUCTURES
H. Hartl
University Innsbruck
J. Fornather
Austrian Standards Institute
Your
EUROCODES
logo
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber - sections
7 Chapters :
Structural fire design 1. General
Eurocode 5-1.2 2. Basis of design
Timber structures 3.
4.
Material properties
Design procedure for mechanical properties
5. Design procedure for wall and floor assemblies
Hans Hartl 6. Connections
7. Detailing
University Innsbruck / Austria
Hans.Hartl@uibk.ac.at
Hans.Hartl@uibk.ac.at
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber - annexes EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber - verification
2.4 Verification methods

6 Annexes :
2.4.1 General
A : (informative) Parametric fire exposure Ed,fi ≤ Rd,t,fi
B : (informative) Advanced calculation models 2.4.2 Member analysis
C : (informative) Load-bearing floor joists and wall
studs in assemblies whose cavities are completely Ed,fi =ηfiEd ηfi = f(Gk, Qk, γ, ψ)
filled with insulation
D : (informative) Charring of members in wall and floor
assemblies with void cavities
E : (informative) Analysis of the separating function of
wall and floor assemblies
F : (informative) Guidance for users of this Eurocoe
Part
Hans.Hartl@uibk.ac.at Hans.Hartl@uibk.ac.at
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber – R&D EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design - FireInTimber
Some research work has been carried out:
Such as in the fields of

• Material properties and resistances
• Some Design procedures for mechanical resistance
• and others which will be subject to the following paper
FireInTimber – Partners and countries:
SP Trätek – Sweden VTT – Finnland
Still more R&D has to be done TUM, DGfH – Germany BPU, CSTB France
TreSenteret – Norway BRE – UK
This will partially be covered by the following HFA, UIBK, TUW – Austria ETH Zuerich – Switzerland
project: Resand – Estonia
European industry: CEI-Bois / BWW

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber - FireInTimber EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber - FireInTimber
Expected results: Expected results:
• Analytical design concepts for load-bearing timber

structures under fire conditions • Critically reviewed novel innovative products and
• New models for load-bearing solid wood cross summary of new knowledge for product
laminated panel and light weight structures during development
fire exposure • The first European wide guideline on the fire safe
• Performance principles of connections at fire use of wood in buildings.
exposure
• Guidance on joints between wall and ceiling
elements and on fire stops within structures
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber - FireInTimber EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural fire design – timber – EN 1995 – 1.2
FireInTimber : Eurocode 5, part 1 . 2 :
• a new project within the European WoodWisdom- In the following paper today’s status as well as up to
Net framework date findings will be presented by Jochen
• with 14 participants from 9 countries Fornather.
• the project has started in November 2007 and will
be finalised by the end of 2009
• It is supported by industry through the European
initiative BWW and public funding organisations.
Thank you very much for your
attention!
EUROCODES EUROCODES Scope of EN 1995-1-2
EN 1995-1-2
• shows the design of timber structures for
Structural fire design the accidental situation of fire exposure
Eurocode 5-1.2 • to be used in conjunction with EN 1995-1-1
and EN 1991-1-2.
Timber structures • only identifies differences from, or
supplements normal temperature design.
Jochen Fornather • deals only with passive methods of fire
protection
Austrian Standards Institute • applies to building structures with load-
bearing function and/or separating function
jochen.fornather@on-norm.at
EUROCODES Design procedure (1) EUROCODES Design procedure (2)

Annex A:
Charring
rates and
charring
depths
EUROCODES Basis of design (1) EUROCODES Basis of design (2)

Basic requirements Design values of material properties and resistances

• mechanical resistance
• fire compartmentation
• deformation criteria
Requirements (R, E, I) concerning

• nominal fire exposure
• parametric fire exposure
Æsame as EN 1991-1-2
Actions
Æsee EN 1991-1-2
• emissivity coefficient of wood surfaces: e = 0,8
EUROCODES Basis of design (2) EUROCODES Basis of design (3)
Design values of material properties and resistances Verification methods
EUROCODES Material properties EUROCODES Material properties: Charring (1)

Mechanical properties Surfaces unprotected throughout the time of fire

• simplified methods for cross section and timber frame exposure
members in wall and floor assemblies completely filled •one-dimensional charring
with insulation
• advanced calculation methods.
Thermal properties
Charring (depth) dchar,0

• for all surfaces of wood and wood-based panels directly
exposed to fire,
•notional charring
• for surfaces initially protected from exposure and
charring occurs during the relevant time of fire
exposure.
EUROCODES Material properties: Charring (2) EUROCODES Material properties: Charring (3)
Charring for panels with other densities than

ρ = 450 kg/m3 and smaller thickness hp = 20 mm
Example:
OSB – panel: ρk = 700 kg/m³
hp = 20 mm Æ ßo,ρ,t = 0,72 mm/min
hp = 12 mm Æ ßo,ρ,t = 0,93 mm/min
EUROCODES Material properties: Charring (4) EUROCODES Material properties: Charring (5)
Surfaces of beams and columns initially protected Surfaces of beams and columns initially protected
from fire exposure from fire exposure
•the start of charring is delayed until time tch;
•charring may commence prior to failure of the fire
protection, but at a lower rate than the described charring
rates until failure time tf of the fire protection;
•after failure time tf of the fire protection, the charring rate
is increased above the shown values until the time ta
described below;
•at the time ta when the charring depth equals either the
charring depth of the same member without fire protection
or 25 mm whichever is the lesser, the charring rate reverts
to the described value.
EUROCODES Material properties: Charring (6) EUROCODES Design procedures for mechanical resistance
Simplified rules for determining cross-sectional

Surfaces of beams and columns initially protected properties - Reduced cross-section method
from fire exposure Æ kmod,fi = 1,0
k0: unprotected surface
k0: intial protected surface
EUROCODES Design procedures for mechanical resistance EUROCODES Design procedures for mechanical resistance
Simplified rules for determining cross-sectional

properties - Reduced properties method Simplified rules for analysis of structural
Æ kmod,fi = f (ρ/Ar and strength, stiffness) members and components
General
•apply only to rectangular cross-sections – Compression perpendicular to the grain may be disregarded.
of softwood exposed to fire on – Shear may be disregarded in rectangular and circular cross-
sections.
three or four sides and
•round cross-sections exposed Beams, columns
– bracing fails should be considered
along their whole perimeter.
Mechanically jointed members
– reduction in slip moduli in the fire situation shall be taken into
kmod,fi (t equal or greater 20 min): account
Bracings
EUROCODES Design procedures for mechanical resistance EUROCODES Design procedures for wall and floor assemblies
Advanced calculation methods Analysis of load-bearing function

• for determination of the mechanical resistance • shall be designed for fire exposure on both
and the separating function shall provide a sides at the same time.
realistic analysis of structures exposed to fire,
• based on fundamental physical behaviour to Analysis of separating function
lead to a reliable approximation of the expected • take into account the contributions of different
behaviour of the relevant structural component material components and their position in the
under fire conditions. assembly.
EUROCODES Connections (1) EUROCODES Connections (2)

•applies to connections between members under standard Connections with side members of wood
fire exposure, for fire resistances not exceeding 60 min. Simplified rules - unprotected connections
•greater tdfi is possible (not more than 30 min) by
Connections with side members of wood increasing the following dimensions by afi:
Simplified rules - unprotected connections –the thickness of side members,
–the width of the side members,
–the end and edge distance to fasteners.
•kflux = 1,5

Connections with side members of wood Connections with side members of wood
Simplified rules - protected connections Additional rules for connections with internal steel
plates
Connections with side members of wood Connections with external steel plates
Reduced load method •unprotected
Unprotected wood •protected
Simplified rules for axially loaded screws

•design resistance of the screws
•conversion factor η
Protected wood
EUROCODES Detailing EUROCODES

Walls and floors

•Dimensions and
spacings
Thank you very much for your attention!
•Detailing of panel
connections
•Insulation Contact:
jochen.fornather@on-norm.at
•Other elements
EUROCODE 9 - ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
STRUCTURES
N. Forsén
Multiconsult
EUROCODES Background and application Workshop Brussels 18-20 February 2008
EUROCODES EUROCODES EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire

Acknowledgements:
• Leen Twilt (Convenor), the Netherlands

Structural Fire Design of • Steinar Lundberg (Technical Secretary),
Aluminium Structures Norway
according to Eurocode 9 Part 1-2
As main contributors in preparing EC9 – 1.2
Nils E. FORSÉN
Multiconsult AS, Norway
Secretary CEN TC 250 / SC 9 1992-2007
and member of the ENV PT for structural fire design of aluminium structures
EUROCODES EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire EUROCODES EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire
Aluminium structures and fire: Fire rated aluminium structures:

• Most aluminium alloys have lost about 50% of their
original strength at about 180 - 250°C • Well known in the off-shore industry, e.g. living
• Aluminium alloys melt at about 580 - 660°C quarters with R60/REI60 – H120 structures/partitions
• Aluminium alloy structures with a fire resistance • Less common in the building market, however
requirement will have to be insulated housing structures with R15 – R30 protected
• The insulation represents a main part of the fire aluminium structural elements have been conceived
resistance concept • Unprotected aluminium structures are set to R0
• Aluminium structures can also be used unprotected
when appropriate in a fire safety strategy, e.g.
checked for radiation from a flare boom
Nils E FORSÉN Multiconsult AS, Norway 1

EUROCODES EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire EUROCODES EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire
Flare boom
EUROCODES EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire EUROCODES

Background and Applications Background and Applications EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire
EC 9 Part 1.2 provide Comments received after ENV-period

• Mechanical and thermal properties for aluminium
alloys at elevated temperatures • Respondents: 2 countries only, Finland and Sweden
• Methodology for structural fire design in line with EC3
Part 1.2, differing from this however in that • Total number 32, editorial 7, technical 25
– EC 9 give strength data for a variety of alloys
– Non-linear stress strain relationships are not given
– E.g. design procedure less comprehensive compared to what is • Treated by PT in the conversion period
possible for steel structures • Further improvements/updating introduced by the
PT (Twilt/Lundberg)
• Editorial changes introduced by the editing panel in

the final stage

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Background and Applications EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire Background and Applications EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire
Ratios ko,θ for aluminium alloys at elevated temperature

for up to 2 hours thermal exposure period
MATERIAL PROPERTIES - MECHANICAL Aluminium alloy temperature C
Alloy Temper
20 100 150 200 250 300 350 550
EN AW-3004 H34 1,00 1,00 0,98 0,57 0,31 0,19 0,13 0
EN AW-5005 O 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,82 0,58 0,39 0
For thermal exposure up to 2 hours, the 0,2 % proof EN AW-5005 H141) 1,00 0,93 0,87 0,66 0,37 0,19 0,10 0
EN AW-5052 H342) 1,00 1,00 0,92 0,52 0,29 0,20 0,12 0

strength at elevated temperature of the aluminum alloys
EN AW-5083 O 1,00 1,00 0,98 0,90 0,75 0,40 0,22 0
follows from: EN AW-5083 H123) 1,00 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,31 0,16 0,10 0
EN AW-5454 O 1,00 1,00 0,96 0,88 0,50 0,32 0,21 0

f o,θ = ko,θ ⋅ fo EN AW-5454 H34 1,00 1,00 0,85 0,58 0,34 0,24 0,15 0
where EN AW-6061 T6 1,00 0,95 0,91 0,79 0,55 0,31 0,10 0
fo,θ is 0,2 proof strength at elevated temperature EN AW-6063 T5 1,00 0,92 0,87 0,76 0,49 0,29 0,14 0
fo is 0,2 proof strength at room temperature according to EN 1999-1-1. EN AW-6063 T64) 1,00 0,91 0,84 0,71 0,38 0,19 0,09 0
EN AW-6082 T45) 1,00 1,00 0,84 0,77 0,77 0,34 0,19 0
EN AW-6082 T6 1,00 0,90 0,79 0,65 0,38 0,20 0,11 0
1)The values may be applied also for temper H24/H34/H12/H32

2)The values may be applied also for temper H12/H22/H32
3)The values may be applied also for temper H22/H32
4)The values may be applied also for EN AW-6060 T6 and T66
5)The values do not include an increase in strength due to aging effects. It is recommended to ignore such effects.
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Modulus of elasticity of aluminium alloys at elevated

Lower limits of the 0,2% proof strength ratios ko,θ for temperature for a two hour thermal exposure period, E al,θ
aluminium alloys at elevated temperature for up to 2
hours thermal exposure period
Aluminium alloy temperature,θ Modulus of
(°C) elasticity, Eal,θ
(N/mm²)
Aluminium alloy temperature C

20 70 000
20 100 150 200 250 300 350 550
50 69 300
Lower limit values 1,00 0,90 0,75 0,50 0,23 0,11 0,06 0
100 67 900
150 65 100
200 60 200
250 54 600
300 47 600
350 37 800
400 28 000
550 0

EUROCODES EUROCODES
1,0
Eal,θ 0,9
Eal
0,8
ko,θ 0,7 E
0,6
0,5 3004-H34
6082-T4 6063-T5
6061-T6
0,4 6082-T6
6063-T6 • The N27 document is available at this work shop
0,3
• Refers international test data
0,2 • Summarizes the main background for the strength data given in EC 9 Part 1.2
0,1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
θal / °C
EUROCODES EUROCODES
OBSERVE THAT MATERIAL PROPERTIES - THERMAL
Thermal strain
• Strength data are based on the 0,2 proof stress
- only
• Modulus of elasticity is given the same
temperature dependent reduction factor for all
alloys
• No stress-strain relationships are given for the
plastic range
• The modulus of elasticity in the critical
temperature range is relatively less reduced
compared to the strength reduction
• High temperature creep is not explicitly given
Compare:
Aluminium at 200 °C: 0,0044, steel at 500 °C: 0,00675, also: Elasticity
modulus less than for steel – restraint loads correspondingly less

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Thermal capacity – in comparison…..
Specific heat
1200
1000
cal / (J/kg°C)
800
600
400
200
0 aluminium
0 100 200 300 400 500
θal / °C
EUROCODES EUROCODES
OBSERVE THAT
Conductivity in comparison
250
• Aluminium has a conductivity significantly higher than
that of steel – beneficial wrt distribution of heat input
200 • The heat capacity (per m3) is somewhat lower compared
to that of steel, however, looking at given structures
150 (aluminium vs steel) with the same function, the heat
Steel capacity is about the same because deflection control
Aluminium
W/m K
100 often governs the design for an aluminium structure.
50
0
20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Temperature C

EUROCODES EUROCODES
The non-linear transient thermal analysis
• Solution of Fourier's equation by FEM

• Thermal properties of insulation product
more significant than those of aluminium
(c(θ), λ (θ)) wrt results
• Example: I beam insulated with 100mm
Rockwool 110kg/m3
EUROCODES EUROCODES
Fire protection materials

Observe
• The properties and performance of fire protection
materials used in design should be assessed as to For fire protected structures the
verify that the fire protection remains coherent and integrity of the insulation system is
cohesive to its support throughout the relevant fire
exposure. theoretically less challenged as long
• The verification of the properties of protection as the strain levels are kept at a
materials is generally performed by tests. moderate level (as for aluminium,
Presently there are no European standard for
testing of such materials in connection with
provided that high temperature creep
aluminium structures. An illustration of such test does not become significant)
applicable to fire protected steel structures is throughout the fire exposure
given in ENV 13381-4.

EUROCODES EUROCODES
Classification of cross-sections
• In a fire design situation, cross-sections may be
Efi,d ≤ Rfi,d,t classified as for normal temperature design according
to 6.1.4 in EN 1999-1-1.
• Tension members and beams: • This rule is based on the same relative drop in the
0,2 % proof strength and modulus of elasticity. If
”Straigth forward”
the actual drop in modulus of elasticity is taken
• Columns: Reduction factor 1,2 to take into account according to Figure 2, the
account of high temperature creep classification of the section changes, and a larger
capacity value of the section can be calculated.
The National Annex may give provisions to take
this into account.
• Confer Background document N26
EUROCODES EUROCODES
RESISTANCE Furthermore:
• Lumped mass method for temperature calculation
Tension members as for steel, for unprotected (moderate radiation)
Nfi,t,Rd = ∑ Aiko,θ,i fo/γM,fi or Nfi,θ,Rd = ko,θ NRd (γMx/γM,fi) and protected (verified test data needed) aluminium
structures, (now FEM is more suited, competitive)
Beams • Advanced calculation methods only mentioned by
Mfi,t,Rd = ∑ Ai zi ko,θ,i fo/γM,fi or Mfi,t,Rd = ko,θmax MRd (γMx/γM,fi) principle, must be based on comprehensive studies
(accordingly for torsional bending and shear) and verified material models
• Heat transfer to external structural aluminium
Columns members: Material independent (ex emissivity)
Nb,fi,t,Rd = ko,θ,max Nb,Rd (γM1/1,2 γM,fi) Factor 1,2; Creep steady-state model as for steel
Note also possible to reduce buckling length, as in EC 3 Part 1.2, the
same method is given

EUROCODES EUROCODES EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire

Background and Applications EC9 – 1.2 : Aluminium structures - fire Background and Applications
Summary Refer also

http://www.eaa.net/eaa/education/TALAT/lec
- EC9 Part 1.2 offers a pragmatic and practical tures/2502.pdf,
approach to design for fire resistance of
aluminium structures
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
- The protection system represents a main
part of the fire resistance concept
- Approved and verified thermal data
c(θ), λ (θ) for use with FEM are needed from
the fire insulation industry
- Integrity of protection systems can be
verified only through reference to tests

Eurocodes Fire 2008

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EUROCODES

Background and Applications

“Dissemination of information for training” workshop

18-20 February 2008

Structural fire design

with the support of

Structural fire design

9:00-9:30 General presentation of Eurocode Fire J. Kruppa

All workshop material will be available at

SAFETY in CASE of FIRE

To prove compliance with Essential Fire parts within :

CEN TC 250 – Sub-Committees

TC 250 Selection thermal actions

2.1 General Fire Development and 800

into account the following steps as relevant :

 selection of the relevant design fire scenarios,

 determination of the corresponding design fires,

structural members, Heat Transfer to

Vert. Disp. ∆V (mm)

at elevated temperatures -150

2.2 Design fire scenario

2.3 Design fire

a fire compartment, should be estimated 1000

2.4 Temperature Analysis 2.4 Temperature Analysis (cont'd)

considered when required.

2.5 Mechanical Analysis

Exemple from EC2-1.2

2.1.1 General (cont'd) 2.1.3 Parametric fire exposure

¾ (2) For the verification of the separating function the following

Exemple from EC2-1.2 Exemple from EC2-1.2

Various possibilities for

(1) The effect of actions should be determined for time t = 0

Note 2: As a simplification a recommended value of ηfi =

(4) Only the effects of thermal deformations

Exemple from EC2-1.2

covering both thermal model and mechanical Membrane protection

160 Fire protection to :

Prescriptive Regulation 1200

Project Design (Thermal Actions given

Prescriptive Regulation Performance-Based Code Analysis of part Analysis of the

Gas temperature [°C]

Model ISO – concept FSE* Approach

fire model ISO-fire all design fires

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 35

Introduction to structural fire engineering design

Why structural fire engineering? Existing body of data

What is structural fire engineering design? Tried and tested solutions

How do we do it? Accepted levels of safety and reliability

Tabulated data generally conservative

Structural fire engineering design – Do we need it? –

Levels of safety unknown Complex structures not covered by existing

Member Analysis of Analysis of Selection of Simple or Advanced

Calculation of Calculation of Selection of

In compartment fires it is often assumed that the whole

In a compartment flashover occurs when

Standard temperature- Other nominal curves include:

Tunnel lining curves – RWS/RABT

* Included in the Eurocode

Simultaneous action with other independent When indirect actions do

"+" (ψ1,1orψ2,1) Qk,1

The values of ψ1,1 and ψ2,1 are given in Annex A of

EN 1991-1-2 Annex A- Parametric Equation O = opening factor Av√h/At (m½)

θg = 1325(1-0.324e-0.2t*-0.204e-1.7t*-0.472e-19t*) Av = area of vertical openings (m²)

Scope of Equation Cooling phase

selection of the relevant design fire scenarios,

determination of the corresponding design fires,

θg = 1325(1-0.324e-0.2t-0.204e-1.7t-0.472e-19t*) Av = area of vertical openings (m²)