Week 1: Literature
Suspension
Literature
The term literature is a Latin word
‘litera’ which means Writing or (an
individual character (letter)).From this
background, it believed that literature is
anything that is written.
It refers to a body of written works
traditionally been applied to those
imaginative works of poetry and prose
distinguished by the intentions of their
authors and the perceived aesthetic
excellence of their execution.
Literature may be determined
according to a variety of systems,
including language, national origin,
historical period, genre, and subject
matter
Based on Eagleton’s first chapter of
Literary Theory:
Imaginative Writing that is, fictional as
opposed to factual writing. Later on, He
pointed out that not all texts
Considered literature are fictional nor
all Fiction pieces are considered
literature.
A kind of Writing that uses Language in
peculiar ways, not Necessarily to
communicate ideas or Emotions but to
focus attention on Language itself.
Literature is a construct that is what A
particular group of people at a
particular point in time says it is.
When can we Consider texts As
literary According to Culler?
Language is Foregrounded
Literature Integrates Language to form
Sound as echo to the sense.
Best Practices In Reading Literature
Demand for Immediate intelligibility
Reflection
Means of expression (implication)
Attention
How meaning is Made and pleasure is
Produced
Major Genres of Literature
Prose (novel, short stories)
Poetry
Drama (play at the stage)
-Tragedy
-Comedy
Purpose of literature
To entertain the readers through their
style and the way they make a
masterpiece.
Philippine Literary History
Pre-colonial Period
Spanish Period
American Period
Modern Period
1.Precolonial Period
Covers the years before the coming of
the first colonizer (the Spaniards)
Factors such as religion, political,
economic and social influenced
produced a literature that is generally
ORAL
Indigenous literature was Born in ethnic
communities growing from the people’s
needs and customs
Ex. Legends and myths reflect the
people’s animistic way or worship
The forms of literature of the groups of
people in the archipelagos are all based
on their daily encounters.
 focuses on belief system of our 2. Tales
ancestors which passes through Oral
Before literature was written, tales
tradition
were narrated to explain beliefs on
Literary text:“Tungkung Langit and
supernatural forces to direct the lives of
Alunsina” ‘’story on creation of
the native.
heavenly bodies”
Forms of Tale
Forms of Literature
Poetry Myth
Tale The Story of Creation = Associated with
Drama deity (gods and goddesses) or Bathala

1.Poetry Legend
✓ Alamat ng Hugis ng Ilong
Mainly sprang from sources close to the
✓ Alamat ni Mariang Makiling
personal relationships, social
Fable
institutions, religious, and political
✓ Ang Tipaklong at Ang Langgam
organizations of ancient Filipinos.
✓ Fantastic Story (Kwentong
Inspiration of their Poetries Kababalaghan) (under fables)
✓ The story of Tiktik
feasts
✓ The story of Sigbin
burials
✓ Parabusaw
labor
fishing 3.Drama

Forms of Poetry Play forms of the natives were simple

and crude in nature.
Riddle (Bugtong)
Maxims (Salawikain) Forms of Drama
Whispers (Bulong)
Dance
Songs (Awiting Bayan)
Ritual
✓ Fishing- Soliranin
✓ Wedding- Diona & Ihiman examples of Oral literature
✓ Sleeping- Oyayi
✓ Love- Kundiman Epic – Bihag ni Lam-ang, Darangan,
✓ War- Kumintang Tuwaang
✓ Bisaya- Sitsirit Myth – stories of creation
✓ Tagalog- Lawiswis Kawayan Riddle – witty puzzles
✓ Kapampangan- Atin Cupung Singsing Legend – origin of things, places, etc.
Tanaga Tanaga – poetry among the Tagalog
Epic Ambahan – Mangyan poetic form
✓ Bikol-Ibalon Songs – songs of harvest, fishing song
✓ Bagobo-Tuwaang Duplo – verbal jousts played during
✓ Ifugao- Alim funeral wakes
✓ Maranao- Darangen 2.Spanish Colonial Period
 Literature focused mainly on religion Jose Rizal (Dimasalang)
and teaching morals to readers.
Noli Me Tangere
focuses on 3G's of Spain. God, Gold and
El FIlibusterismo
Glory
Mi Ultimo Adios
Literary text: “To the Flowers of
A La Juvenud Filipina
Heidelberg” by: Dr. Jose Rizal
Used figurative language and figures of Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
speech to interpret the poem
Flowers are used to represent Rizal's Dasalan at Tocsohan
longing to Philippines, subtle mockery Kaiigat kayo
to the Spaniards and a symbol of hope Cadaquilaan ng Diyos
to his fellow Filipino La Soberana en Pilipina

Characteristics Graciano Lopez Jaena

Fray Botod
Religious/Devotional
✓ 1593, the year when Doctrina Antonio Luna
Christiana, was printed, first book ever
printed in the country Noche Buena
Secular Por Madrid
✓ Urbana at Feliza La Le Divertem
✓ Phelipe de Jesus Pedro Paterno
✓ Fernando Bagongbanta
Entertainment Ninay
✓ Tibag - Sta. Elena's Search A Mi Madre
✓ Cenakulo -Pasyon's play
Revolution Period
✓ Panunuluyan- Homage of Mary
✓ Panubong- Poems for Feasts The Filipinos gained awareness of the
✓ Moro-moro - War Play corruption of Spaniards which resulted
✓ Karagatan- Wake Play to emergence of Philippine Revolution
✓ Saynete- Traditional Play Andres Bonifacio
Academic Apolinario Mabini
Emilio Jacinto
Propaganda Crusade
Jose Palma
It was organized by Filipino middle class
SPANISH PERIOD
men who wished to have reforms in the
country.

Propaganda Crusade's Goals

Equality
Separate Province
Spanish Court representation
Filipino Parish Priests
Freedom

Famous Writers
 focuses on their purpose to eradicate
English influence in the country.

Emphasized nationalism by making an

Literary forms during the Spanish
order to produce Filipino language only.
Period
Philippine Literature's “Golden Period”
Cenakulo – religious drama about the
life and death of Christ - presented Literary Texts:
during Holy Week
“The March of Death” by Bienvenido
Pasyon – verse narrative about the life
Santos
and death of Christ
Moro-moro – drama about the Moro- ✓ reflects the struggles of
Christian conflict Filipinos during Death March
Awit – metrical ballad ex. Florante at
Laura Haiku
Korido – verse narrative ex. Ibong ✓ influenced by the Japanese
Adarna tagalog Haikus emerge
Novel – long fiction ex. Noli me Tangere Maya sa barbed wire, katitigan ang
Essay – prose composition mainly used kosang hubad sa araw.
in the
4.Modern Period or Contemporary
3.American Colonial Period Period
1899-1902 Most forms of literature are all
focuses on the influence of American influenced by technology.
culture especially in language Writers of this generation are coming
taught American langauge to everyone from all walks of life.
offers free education for all.
sent Filipinos in America to study. Forms of Literature
Nationalism was not prioritized Blogs
Literary Texts Vlogs
Wattpads
Lupang Hinirang translated in English E-books
✓ Mandatory singing of Lupang Hinirang Micro Memoirs
in English Microfiction
and more...
What is an Educated Filipino by
Francisco Benitez Liberation Period

✓ sent to America to study, wrote this This period is known to be the recovery
essay to remind us of what is an period.
Educated Fipino It is the transition period from
Americaan style to modern style.
Japanese Period
Short Stories
1941-1945
Supling by Ruth Mabango
 Kapaligiran by Florante
Bagong Lipunan by Rio Alma
Linguistic
This dimension focuses on the system
of conventional spoken, manual
(signed), or written symbols which
individuals use to express themselves.
Linguistic dimensions is most likely
associated with the ethnicity or
community of a particular character.
Most common question: What terms in
the passage represent the
community/ethnicity?

Modern Authors
Nick Joaquin – national Artist; One of
the biggest names in Philippine
literature
Alejandro Abadilla – father of Modern
Tagalog Poetry
Manuel Arguilla – writes about local
scenes
Carlos Bulosan – writes about Filipino
exiles; most famous book is “America is
in the Heart”
Wilfredo Ma. Guererro – writes one-Act
plays
Lualhati Bautista – feminist writer
Jose Lacaba – protest writer
Ethnic
This dimension focuses on social
entities or groups who share common
origin, linguistic features, cultural
practices or traditions. What are the
cultures and traditions are unveiled in
the story? How do these practices
affect the characters' behavior or
decision?
Week 2: Representative Texts and
Authors from the Regions

The Dimensions of Philippine Literary

History

Geographic
This dimension focuses on the study of
places and the relationship or the
connection between people and their
environment. It usually pays attention
on how the geographical setting
develops or affects the characters in the
story. Most common question: Where
did the story take place?

• Philippine National Artists for Literature
• A National Artist is a Filipino citizen
recognized for his or her significant
contributions to the development of Philippine
arts and letters. The rank and title of National
Artist is conferred by means of a Presidential
Proclamation.
Week 3: Representative texts &
authors from the regions
Be Beautiful, Noble, Like the Antique
Ant
By Jose Garcia Villa
was born in Manila in 1908. He
attended the University of the
Philippines, but he was suspended in
1929 after publishing a series of erotic
poems, titled “Man-Songs,” in
the Philippines Herald Magazine. That
same year, he won a short story contest
through the Philippines Free
Press and used the prize money to
travel to the United States, where he
studied at the University of New
Mexico.
Villa was the recipient of numerous
honors and awards, including a
Guggenheim Fellowship, a Philippines
Heritage Award, a Poetry Award from
the American Academy of Arts and
Letters, a Rockefeller Foundation
Fellowship, and a Shelley Memorial
Award. In 1973 he was named a
National Artist of the Philippines, and
he also served as a cultural advisor to
the Philippine government. He died in
New York City on February 7, 1997.
The Martyr
By Nick Joaquin
is regarded by many as the most
distinguished Filipino writer in English
writing so variedly and so well about so
many aspects of the Filipino. Nick
Joaquin has also enriched the English
language with critics coining
“Joaquinesque” to describe his baroque
Spanish-flavored English or his
reinventions of English based on
Filipinisms.
Aside from his handling of language,
Bienvenido Lumbera writes that Nick
Joaquin’s significance in Philippine
literature involves his exploration of the
Philippine colonial past under Spain and
his probing into the psychology of social
changes as seen by the young, as
exemplified in stories such as Doña
Jeronima, Candido’s
Apocalypse and The Order of
 Melchizedek. Nick Joaquin has written
plays, novels, poems, short stories and
essays including reportage and
journalism. As a journalist, Nick Joaquin
uses the nom de plume Quijano de
Manila but whether he is writing
literature or journalism, fellow National
Artist Francisco Arcellana opines that “it
is always of the highest skill and
quality”.
The Molave and the Orchid
By F. Sionil Jose
(born 3 December 1924) is one of the
most widely read Filipino writers in the
English language. His novels and short
stories depict the social underpinnings
of class struggles and colonialism in
Filipino society. José's works—written
in English—have been translated into
28languages Korean, Indonesian, Czech,
Russian, Latvian, Ukrainian and Dutch.
(Note: I Ready man tung answer niyo sa comment
section kay maggawas man to.)
WEEK 4: Literature of the 21st Century
Literature of the 21st Century
It refers to innovative literary works
produced in the last decade.
Contemporary writers wrote them, as
they reflect technological cultural
values in their works and come to terms
with current themes or issues. These
literatures often break the rules of
traditional writing.
What are the 21st Century Skills (The
4Cs)?
Critical Thinking
Collaboration
Communication
Creativity
What are the characteristics of a
21st Century Readers?
Grew up utilizing technology as a
primary learning tool.
Capable of navigating and interpreting
digital formats and media messages
Possesses literacy skills, which include
technological abilities:
✓ Keyboarding, internet navigation
✓ Interpretation of technological speak
✓ Communication and interpretation of
coded language
✓ Deciphering of graphics
What are the Major Literary Genres?
POETRY
is an imaginative awareness of
experience expressed through meaning,
sound and rhythmic language choices to
evoke an emotional response. It has
been known to employ meter and
rhyme. The very nature of poetry as an
authentic and individual mode of
expression makes it nearly impossible
to define.
DRAMA
is a composition in prose or verse
presenting in dialogue or pantomime a
story involving conflict more contrast of
character, especially on intended to be
acted on a stage: a play. It may be any
situation or series of events having
vivid, emotional, conflicting or striking
interest.
FICTION
is literature created from the
imagination, not presented as fact,
though it may be based on a true story
or situation. Types of literature in the
fiction include the novel, short story
and novella.
NON-FICTION
is based on facts and the author’s
opinion about a subject. The purpose of
non-fiction writing is to inform and
sometimes to persuade. Its examples
are biographies, articles from textbooks
and magazines and newspapers.
What are the 21st Century Literary
Genres?
ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
Story through text and illustrated
images
50% of the narrative is presented
without words
The reader must interpret the images to
comprehend the story completely.
Textual portions are presented in
traditional form.
Some illustrated novels may contain no
text at all.
Span all genres.
Examples include The Invention of Hugo
Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival
by Shaun Tan.
DIGI-FICTION
Triple Media Literature
Combines three media: book,
movie/video and internet website To
get the full story, students must engage
in navigation, reading, and viewing in all
three forms. • Patrick Carman’s
Skeleton Creek and Anthony Zuiker’s
Level 26 are examples.
GRAPHIC NOVEL
Narrative in comic book formats •
Narrative work in which the story is
conveyed to the reader using a comic
form.
The term is employed in broadly
manner, encompassing non-fiction
works and thematically linked short
stories as well as fictional stories across
a number of genres.
Archie Comics by John Goldwater and
illustrator, Bob Montana, is a good
example.
MANGA
Japanese word for comics
It is used in the English-speaking world
as a generic term for all comic books
and graphic novels originally published
in Japan.
Considered as an artistic and
storytelling style.
Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer
to comics created by American artists in
manga style.
Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach,
One Piece)
Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira)
Josei- Women’s Manga (Loveless,
Paradise Kiss)
Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon,
Hello Kitty)
DOODLE FICTION
Literary presentation where the author
incorporates doodle writing, drawings
and handwritten graphics in place of
the traditional font.
Drawing enhances the story, often
adding humorous elements
Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy
Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by
Stephan Pastis.
TEXT-TALK NOVELS
Blogs, email and IM format narratives
Stories told almost entirely in dialogue
simulating social network exchanges.
FLASH FICTION
It is a style of fictional literature of
extreme brevity
There is no widely accepted definition
of the length and category. It could
range from word to a thousand.
CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE
Is genre fiction which addresses issues
of modern womanhood, often
humorously and lightheartedly.
Chick Lit typically features a female
protagonist whose femininity is heavily
thermalizing in the plot.
Scarlet Bailey’s The night before
Christmas and Miranda Dickinson’s It
started with a Kiss are examples of this.
SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby
socks, never worn.
Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got
him, Shit.
BLOG
A weblog, a website containing short
articles called posts that are changed
regularly. • Some blogs are written by
one person containing his or her own
opinions, interests and experiences,
while others are written by different
people.
SCIENCE FICTION
Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing
with imaginative concepts such as
futuristic science and technology, space
travel, time travel, faster than light
travel, a parallel universe and extra-
terrestrial life.
Often explores the potential
consequences of scientific and other
innovations and has been called a
“literature of ideas”.
Examples include Suzanne Collins’
Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’ Kingdom
of Ash.
HYPER POETRY
Digital poetry that uses links and
hypertext mark-up
It can either involved set words,
phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in
variable order but sit on the page much
as traditional poetry does, or it can
contain parts of the poem that move
and transform.
It is usually found online, through CD-
ROM and diskette versions exist. The
earliest examples date to no later than
the mid-1980’s.
CREATIVE NON-FICTION
Also known as literary non-fiction or
narrative non-fiction
A genre of writing that uses literary
styles and techniques to create factually
accurate narratives.
Contrasts with other non-fiction, such
as technical writing or journalism, which
is also rooted in accurate fact, but is not
primarily written in service to its craft.
As a genre, creative non-fiction is still
relatively young and is only beginning to
be scrutinized with the same critical
analysis given to fiction and poetry.
1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind,
Sand, and Stars by Antoine de Saint-
Exupery are examples.
WEEK 5: Analyze
Sweet Summer
(Flash Fiction, 2004)
by Cyan Abad Jugo
 National Capital Region
Cyan Abad Jugo (NCR) took her master’s
in children’s literature at Simmons
College, Boston. She finished her PhD in
English Studies: Creative Writing at the
University of the Philippines. Her first
book, Father and Daughter: The Figures
of Our Speech, was a joint project with
father Gemino H. Abad (Anvil 1996).
This was followed by a collection of
short fiction called Sweet Summer and
Other Stories (UP Press, 2004). Her
most recent book, Lead and Shadow:
Stories About Some Friendly Creatures
(Anvil 2008), includes her children’s
story called Behind the Old Aparador,
which won second place at the Carlos
Memorial Palanca Awards in 2003.
Touchmove
(Short Story, 2003)
By Peter Mayshle
US Based, Fil-American
Peter Zaragoza Mayshle (US Based, Fil-
American) received an MFA in Creative
Writing from the University of
Michigan-Ann Arbor, where he was
given two Hopwood Awards, a Farrar
Award in Playwriting, and a Civitas
Fellowship for teaching in the Detroit
public schools with the InsideOut
Detroit Literary Art Project. He co-
authored Ligtas Likas, a 25-minute
animated film produced to motivate
children to practice recycling and
proper waste management and
screened in 2009a at the first-ever
“Green Film Festival” in Manila.
WEEK 6: Text Discussion on Literary
Context and Figurative Language
LITERATURE
refers to writing that has excellence of
form or expression and contains ideas
of permanence or universal interest
Five Types of Context for Literary
Works
Authorial/Biographical Context
Socio-Historical Context
Philosophical Context
Literary Context
Critical Context
Phallic symbol
Any object that symbolically resembles
a penis may also be referred to as a
phallus; however, such objects are
more often referred to as being phallic
(as in "phallic symbol"). Such symbols
often represent the fertility, potency
and cultural implications that are
associated with the male sexual organ,
as well as the male orgasm. The term
'yonic' is often used to describe the
vaginal counterpart of the 'phallic'.
1.Authorial/Biographical Context
connects a particular work to the
author’s life. To understand well what is
the motivation, influence or significance
of the author towards a particular texts,
the inspiration of the author should be
also considered in analyzing the text.
2.Socio-Historical Context
Looking at the influence of the society
where the text is trying to mention the
significant culture, tradition and
practice that could help in enriching the
mind of the readers. History is also
important in evaluating the meaning of
 the text such as the events, thing that is
significant in the story.
3.Philosophical Context
this context refers to the ideology of life
that was reflected in a literary text
where consciously or subconsciously
the author wants to suggest a universal
truth. Primarily based on the
foundation of Philophers about the
realities of life.
4.Literary Context
referring to the connection of some
literary piece that has a resemblance to
another literary piece like for example
the story of creation of universe based
from different tribes. We can see the
same concept of Omnipotent being who
is capable of creating life.Literary
context creates a wider scope of
understanding using other literary piece
as a basis for deeper understanding the
text.
5.Critical Context
this is when the authorized, known and
canonical individual who will interpret
and critic the text. Sometimes they are
the source of common interpretation to
the text as they are considered as
expert to the field of Literature.
Figurative language
is about words that are not used in a
literal sense.To create images for the
readers that cannot be created by the
words’ actual meanings.
Figure of speech
Are devices used by authors to create a
special meaning for their readers. of
Metaphor
An implied comparison between two
dissimilar things that have something in
common.
Simile
A stated comparison (usually formed
with "like" or "as") between two
fundamentally dissimilar things that
have certain qualities in common.
Personification
which an inanimate object or
abstraction is endowed with human
qualities or abilities.
Apostrophe
Directly addressing a nonexistent
person or an inanimate object as
though it were a living being.
Hyperbole
An extravagant statement; the use of
exaggerated terms for the purpose of
emphasis or heightened effect.
Oxymoron
which incongruous or contradictory
terms appear side by side.
Synecdoche
which a part is used to represent the
whole.
Irony
Expresses a meaning in a word or words
which are the opposite of the thing
meant.
Paradox
A statement that appears to contradict
itself.