LEARNING MODULE IN

MATHEMATICS 9
Module 1 | Lesson 2: Quadratic Functions
Week No. 7-8

Prepared by:
Miss Mitchelle T. Largo,LPT
Miss Ednalane Mae Mariño,LPT
 Analyzing the Effects of the Changing Values of a, h, and k in the Equation 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌 of a
Quadratic Function on its Graph

In this previous section, we looked at some graphical characteristics of quadratic functions

such as the general shape and vertex and used several quadratic functions as model of
real-world data. In this lesson, you will take a close look at the vertex form and see how
the constants a, h and k affect the graph of the function. Still keep in mind the following
questions: “What are the important characteristics of the graphs of quadratic functions?
How are these used to analyze, solve, and predict real-life situations?”

Activity 8. Investigation on the Effects of h and k to the Graph of a Quadratic f ( x )  a ( x  h ) 2  k

INVESTIGATION
What do h and k do to the graph?
Study the following graphs of quadratic functions.
1. Focus on k in f ( x)  x 2  k or f ( x)  ( x 2  0)  k
I. In these functions, we are considering how a positive k-value changes the graph of a basic
quadratic function. Explain what a positive k-value does to the graph.
a. f ( x)  x 2 (basic quadratic function) c. f ( x)  x 2  2

Vertex : (0,0) Vertex: (0,2)

b. f ( x)  x 2  3 d. f ( x)  x 2  5

Vertex : (0,3) Vertex: (0,5)

Answer: The positive k-value shifts each graph ________________ (up or down).
II. In these functions, we are considering how a negative k-value changes the graph of a basic
quadratic function. Explain what a negative k-value does to the graph.
a. f ( x)  x 2 (basic quadratic function) c. f ( x)  x 2  2

Vertex : (0,0) Vertex: (0,-2)

2
 b. f ( x)  x 2  3 d. f ( x)  x 2  5

Vertex : (0,-3) Vertex: (0,-5)

Answer:
The negative k-value shifts each graph ________________ (up or down).

2. Focus on h in f ( x )  ( x  h ) 2

In the vertex form , the value of h is

confusing. Consider the expression x-h and how the value
of h appears once the expression has been simplified.
 If h=1, we have x-1.
 If h=-1, we have x-(-1) resulting to x+1.
Therefore, h appears to have the opposite sign.

I. In these functions, we are considering how a positive h-value changes the graph of a basic
quadratic function. Explain what a positive h-value does to the graph.
a. f ( x)  x 2 (basic quadratic function) c. f ( x)  ( x  2) 2 or f ( x)  ( x  (2)) 2

Vertex : (0,0) Vertex: (2,0)

b. f ( x)  ( x  3) 2 or f ( x)  ( x  (3)) 2 d. f ( x)  ( x  5) 2 or f ( x)  ( x  (5)) 2

Vertex : (3,0) Vertex: (5,0)

Answer: The positive h-value shifts each graph to the ________________ (left or right).

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 II. In these functions, we are considering how a negative h-value changes the graph of a basic
quadratic function. Explain what a negative h-value does to the graph.
a. f ( x)  x 2 (basic quadratic function) c. f ( x)  ( x  2) 2 or f ( x)  ( x  (2)) 2

Vertex : (0,0) Vertex: (-2,0)

b. f ( x)  ( x  3) 2 or f ( x)  ( x  (3)) 2 d. f ( x)  ( x  5) 2 or f ( x)  ( x  (5)) 2

Vertex : (-3,0) Vertex: (-5,0)

Answer: The negative h-value shifts each graph to the ________________ (left of right).

3. Focus on h in f ( x)  a( x  h) 2  k , where a  1
Given the graphs of the following functions below, find the vertex of the parabola.
a. f ( x)  x 2 (basic quadratic function) c. f ( x)  ( x  4) 2  3

h=0 k=0 h= 4 k= 3_
Vertex : (0,0) Vertex: (4,3)
b. f ( x)  ( x  8) 2  5 d. f ( x)  ( x  2 ) 2  4

h=_8_ k=_- 5_ h=_-2_ k=_4_

Vertex : (8,-5) Vertex : (-2,4)
How do we determine the vertex of a parabola from the equation
Answer: 4
The vertex of the parabola is ( _____, _____ ).
 Answer Key: 1. I. up, II. down; 2. I. right, II. left; 3. (h,k)
Activity 9. Concept Map

Effects of h and k in the graph of a quadratic f(x)

Effects of h to the
graph
If h is greater than 0

If h is lesser than 0

Effects of k to the
graph
If k is greater than 0

If k is lesser than 0
CONCLUSION:

The graph of the quadratic function in the vertex form

the horizontal shifting of the parabola to either left or right depends on the value of
_____________________;
the vertical shifting of the parabola to either up or down depends on the value of
____________________.
The vertex of the parabola can be read directly from the vertex form of the quadratic equation:
where the vertex =( ________, ________ ).

Activity 10. Investigation on the Effects of a to the Graph of a Quadratic f ( x)  a ( x  h) 2  k

INVESTIGATION
What does a do to the graph?
A. Examine each parabola below where a  1 . Then, determine the vertex.
a. f ( x)  ( x  2) 2  5 c. f ( x)  2( x  2) 2  5

Vertex : ( _-2_,_-5_ ) Vertex: ( _-2_,_-5_ )

b. f ( x)  5( x  2)  5
2
d. f ( x)  10( x  2 ) 2  5

Vertex : ( _-2_,_-5_ ) Vertex : ( _-2_,_-5_ )

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PROCESS QUESTIONS: (Underline your answer.)
1. Does the value of a affect the vertex of the graph? (Yes or No)
2. What happened to the width of the parabola as the |a| (absolute value of a) increases? (narrower or
wider)
3. Explain what a positive a-value does to the graph. (opens upward or downward)

B. Examine the each parabola below where a  1 . Then, determine the vertex of each function.
a. f ( x )  ( x  4) 2  3 c. f ( x )  2( x  4  3
)2

Vertex : ( _4_,_3_ ) Vertex : ( _4_,_3_ )

a. f ( x )  5(x  4)  3 2
d. f ( x )  10( x  4) 2  3

Vertex : ( _4_,_3_ ) Vertex : ( _4_,_3_ )

PROCESS QUESTIONS: (Underline your answer.)

1. Does the value of a affect the vertex of the graph? (Yes or No)
2. What happened to the width of the parabola as the |a| (absolute value of a) increases? (narrower or
wider)
3. Explain what a positive a-value does to the graph. (opens upward or downward)
Answer Key: A. 1. No, 2. narrower, 3. opens upward; B. 1. No, 2. narrower, 3. opens downward;

Activity 11. Concept Map

Sum-up what you have learned in the investigation you have just performed by writing on the blank
boxes the effects of a to the graph of a quadratic function.
Effects of a in the Graph of the Quadratic Function in the Vertex Form f(x)=a(x-h)2+k

If a>0 If a<0 If |a| increases If |a| decreases

CONCLUSION:
The sign of a will affect the _____________________ of the graph as well as its value determines
whether the parabola opens __________________ or ____________________.
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 In the activities above, you have found out the effects of a, h and k in the graph of a
quadratic function.
In the next lesson, we will apply what you learned in the previous lesson to analyze the
equation of the quadratic function in the vertex form .

Activity 12. Skills Practice: Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic f ( x )  a ( x  h ) 2  k by Determining the a, h, k, Axis of
Symmetry, Direction
Complete the table below. Set B is part of the worksheet.
SET A

ANSWERS
In the vertex form
f ( x )  a ( x  h) 2  k f ( x)  ( x  3) 2  2
a 1
h 3
1. f ( x)  ( x  3) 2  2 k 2
Vertex (3,2)
Axis of Symmetry
x=3
(x=h)
Direction upward
Shifting The graph shifts 2 units up and 3
h/k units to the right.

SET B

ANSWERS
In the vertex form
f ( x )  a ( x  h) 2  k
a
h
k
2. f ( x)  3( x  5) 2  2 Vertex
Axis of Symmetry
(x=h)
Direction
Width
Shifting
h/k

Writing the Equation of Quadratic Functions Given the Table of Values, Graph and Zeros

A. Table of Values
x 0 1 2
EXAMPLE
y -2 -1 2

SOLUTION:
To determine an equation using table of values, formulate a system of equation in three
unknowns. To do this, substitute three pairs of the corresponding x and y- values into the standard form of
quadratic function: y  ax 2  bx  c .Then, solve the system of equations using the elimination method or
substitution method.
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(a) For x=0, and y= - 2 (b) For x=1, and y= -1 (c) For x=2, and y= 2
 2  a(0) 2  b(0)  c  1  a(1) 2  b(1)  c 2  a ( 2) 2  b ( 2)  c
2c 1  a  b  c 2  4a  2b  c

Since c = - 2, substitute it to Equation 2 and 3.

1  a  b  c 2  4a  2b  c
 1  a  b  (2) 2  4a  2b  (2)
1  2  a  b 2  2  4a  2b
1 a b 4  4a  2b

Applying the elimination method,

To solve for a, substitute b=0 and c= - 2 to any of Equation 2 and 3.

a  b  c  1
a  0  (2)  1
a  1  2
a 1

⸫Since the standard form is y  ax 2  bx  c , so the equation is y  x 2  2 .

B. Graph

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION:
To determine the equation using a graph, determine the vertex of the graph first and
determine a point on the graph to determine a.

The vertex of the given graph is (4,3), so following the vertex form f ( x)  a( x  h) 2  k , we have:
f ( x )  a ( x  h) 2  k
f ( x)  a( x  4) 2  3

Since (2,7) is on the graph, use it to solve for a and we have:

f ( x)  a( x  4) 2  3
(7)  a(2  4) 2  3
7  a(2)  2  3
7  3  4a
4  4a
a 1

⸫Since a=1, then the equation is . 8

 C. zeros of the function

EXAMPLE x = - 1, 3
SOLUTION:
Since the x-intercepts are given, simply write it in factored form which means we have
x  1  x  1  0
from . Then, using multiply these factors using FOIL Method and simplify.
x  3 x 3  0
f ( x)  ( x  1)( x  3)
f ( x)  x 2  3x  x  3
f ( x)  x 2  2 x  3

⸫the equation in standard form is y  x 2  2 x  3 .

Activity 13. SKILLS PRACTICE: Writing the Equation of Quadratic Functions Given the Table of Values, Graph and
Zeros

A. Write the equation of the quadratic functions given the following table of values.
Item 2 is part of the worksheet.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 (y = x2 – x – 6
1.

y 0 -4 -6 -6 -4 0
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
2.
2.
y 4 0 -2 -2 0 4

B. Write the equation of the quadratic functions given the following graph. Item 2 is part of the worksheet.
1. 2.

(y = (x+1)2 –3)

C. Write the equation of the quadratic functions given the following zeros. Item 2 is part of the worksheet.
1. x  1, 4 (f(x) =x2 - 3x – 4) 2. x  3, 2

END OF FIRM UP:

1. In this section, the discussion was about; (a) analyzing graphs of quadratic function and its effect
as the values of a, h, and k are changing representing; and (b) representing a quadratic data
through the use of any quadratic models such graphs, table of values, and equations and use
these in making predictions.
Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go deeper by moving on to the
next section.

9
 DEEPEN

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic. Using the knowledge
and skills that you have acquired in the explore and firm up part of this lesson, let us now look at
how the key concepts on quadratic functions can be used to look at other aspects of the subject
and real life problems as a whole.

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC FUNCTION

KEY CONCEPTS

Maximum and Minimum Values: These are the y-coordinate of the vertex of a quadratic function. These values
represent the greatest or lowest possible value the function can reach.

The graph of y  ax 2  bx  c , where a ≠0:

1. opens upward and has a minimum value when a > 0 (positive real numbers), and;
2. opens downward and has a maximum value when a < 0 (negative real numbers).

MODEL

The terms minimum point and minimum value are not interchangeable. The minimum
point on the graph of a quadratic function is the ordered pair that describes the location of
the vertex. The minimum value of the function is the y-coordinate of the minimum point.
It is the smallest value obtained when f(x) is evaluated for all values of x.

Maximum and Minimum Values Using an Equation

EXAMPLE 1 Consider f ( x)   x 2  10 x  16

1. Determine the values of a, b and c.

a  1, b  10, and c  16
2. Determine whether the function has a maximum or minimum value.
The value of a=-1, meaning the function has a maximum value. This also means that the graph opens
downward.

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 3. State the maximum or minimum value of the function.
Solve for the x-coordinate by using the equation Solve for the y-coordinate by substituting the x
of the axis of symmetry. value to the given equation.
Recall: f ( x)   x 2  10 x  16

x
b f ( x)   x 2  10 x  16
2a
 (5) 2  10(5)  16
 10
  25  50  16
2(1)
 41
10

2
⸫ The maximum value of the function
 5 is 41.

Activity 14. Skills Practice: Determining the Maximum or Minimum Values of a Quadratic Function
Complete the following items. Item 2 is in the worksheet.
1. f ( x)  x 2  8 x  64
a. Determine the values of a, b and c.
a = 1, b = -8, c = 64
b. Determine whether the function has a maximum or minimum value.
The value of a=1, meaning the function has a positive value. This also means that the graph opens
downward.
c. State the maximum or minimum value of the function.
Solve for the x-coordinate by using the Solve for the y-coordinate by substituting the x
equation of the axis of symmetry. value to the given equation.

x
b f ( x)  x 2  8 x  64
2a
 (4) 2  8(4)  64
(8)
  16  32  64
2(1)
 48
8

2
4 ⸫ The maximum value of the function
is 48.

2. f ( x )  2x 2  8x  3
a. Determine the values of a, b and c.
a  _____, b  _____, and c  _____
b. Determine whether the function has a maximum or minimum value.
The value of a=_______, meaning the function has a _______________ value. This also means that the
graph opens ________________.
c. State the maximum or minimum value of the function.
Solve for the x-coordinate by using the Solve for the y-coordinate by substituting the x
equation of the axis of symmetry. value to the given equation.

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 Example Application Problems of Finding the Maximum and Minimum Values
of a Quadratic Function

1. Elmer is organizing a fund raising basketball tournament in their barangay. He plans to charge Php 20
registration fee for each of the 80 players. He recently decided to raise the registration fee by Php 5 and
every time this happens, there is a corresponding decrease of 5 players.
a. How many times will he increase the registration fee in order to raise the maximum value?
b. How much will be final registration fee that each player should pay?
c. What will be the maximum value of the fund raised?
A. Define the variables:
Let x = the number of price increases
Let f(x) = the total fund raised as a function of x

B. Solve for the value of x which is the x-coordinate of the vertex/ axis of symmetry
Write the equation in standard form

F(x) = (20 + 5x) (80 – 5x) Distribute

= (20 )( 80)+ (20 )( -5x) + (5x )( 80) + (5x )( -5x) Multiply

= 1600 – 100x + 400x -25x2 Simplify
= - 25x2 + 300x + 1600 Write in ax2 + bx + c form.
b
Use the formula for the axis of symmetry, x   to find the x-coordinate which is the number of
2a
increases
b 300 300
x   6
2a 2(25)  50
⸫ Elmer needs to have 6 increases. So, the maximum entry fee is 20  5(6)  50 pesos.
C. What will be the maximum value of the fund raised?
f (6)  25x 2  300x  1600
Elmer needs to charge 50 pesos in order for him to
 25(6) 2  300(6)  1600
maximize the income at 2500.
 900  1800  1600
 2500
 The max imum fund raised will be 2500.
2. A rocket is shot into the air. Its altitude h in feet after t seconds is given by the function h ( t )  16t 2  128t.
A. In how many seconds does the skyrocket reach its maximum altitude?
a  16, b  128
b 128 128
x   4
2a 2(16)  32
⸫The skyrocket can reach its maximum height in 4 seconds.

B. What is the skyrockets’ maximum altitude?

h ( t )  16t 2  128t
 16(4) 2  128(4)
 16(16)  512
 256  512
 256
⸫ The skyrocket’s maximum height is 256 ft.

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 Activity 15. Skills Practice: Problems on Finding the Maximum and Minimum Values of a Quadratic Function
A ball is thrown from the top of a 144-foot bell tower. The ball follows a trajectory. The height (h)
reached by the ball after t seconds is given by the quadratic function h(t) = 64t – 16t2.
a. How high did the ball reach?
b. How long did it take to reach that height?
c. Where was the ball after 5 seconds?
d. How long did it take for the ball to hit the ground?

END OF DEEPEN:
1. In this section, the discussion was about; (a) analyzing graphs of quadratic function and its
effect as the values of a, h, and k are changing representing; and (b) representing a quadratic
data through the use of any quadratic models such graphs, table of values, and equations and
use these in making predictions.
Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go deeper by moving on to the
next section.

TRANSFER

Activity 16. Manager’s Challenge!

Analyze and investigate the problem below and use PowerPoint/Ms Word for your presentation. Be sure
to explain the details in solving the problem.
Apple Company has released its new Iphone in the market and found that the revenue of the previous
1
model from its sales is a function of the unit price p that it charges. The revenue R is R( p)   p 2  1900 p .
2
As the marketing manager of the I-store, you are task to determine the unit price p that should be charged to
maximize revenue and to determine what could the maximum revenue using this unit price. Your proposal
must be accurate in computations, and it must answer the questions asked. You may represent it using a model.
SCORING RUBRIC

4 3 2 1
Criteria Excellent Proficient Progressing Beginning
Authenticity of The data used are The data used are Some of the data Data are not
Data authentic and authentic. Data are used are not useful and
updated. Data are taken from reliable authentic. relevant.
taken from reliable resources.
resources.
Accuracy of the Computations are Computations are Computations are Most of the
Computations accurate and accurate and correct but computations ad
supported with supported with interpretation is interpretations are
correct and clear correct incorrect. erroneous.
interpretation. interpretation
Practicality of The amount of The amount of the The amount of the The amount of the
Proposal the price increase price increase is price increase is price increase is
is realistic and realistic and yields realistic but yields unrealistic and
yields maximum profit. minimal profit. does not yield
profit. profit.
Application of the The quadratic The quadratic The quadratic The quadratic
Concepts of equation created is equation created is created does not equation used is
Quadratic Equations correct with correct. use the defined incorrect.
additional model to variables.
support it.
END OF TRANSFER:
1. How did you find the performance task? How did the task help you see the real world
use of the topic?
You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have to answer
the following post-assessment. 13
CHAPTER POST-ASSESSMENT

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. If you do well, you may move on to the answer that you
think best answers the question. Your score will only next module. If your score is not at the
expected level, you have to go back and take the module again.

1. Which of the following is the standard form of the equation  4b 2  19b  4b  10  10b 2 ?
a.  6b  24b  10  0 c.  14b  15b  10  0
2 2

b. 6b 2  15b  10  0 d. 14b 2  24b  10  0

2. Which of the following real numbers is a solution of the equation k 2  20k  99  0 ?
a. 11 b. 0 c. 3 d. -9
3. Which of the following real numbers satisfy the equation 3y 2  9 y  9  0 ?
a. -3 b. -1 c. 1 d. 3
4. Which of the following solution sets satisfies the equation 6( x 2  4)  0 ?
a.  2 b.  3 c.  4 d.  6
5. Which of the following refers to the solution set of the equation (4x  7)  121  0 ?
2

a.  18 
b. 7  11  9 
c.  ,1
18 
d.  ,1
2  4 
6. Which of the following equations has two distinct rational roots?
a. x  2x  1  0 c. x  3x  5  0
2 2

b. x 2  7 x  10  0 d. x 2  4x  4  0
7. Which of the following equations has roots equal to -2 and 5?
a. x  3x  10  0 x 2  3x  10  0
2
c.
b. x  3x  10  0 d. x  3x  10  0
2 2

16
8. Which of the following quadratic equations has the sum and the product of the roots: and -4
3
respectively?
a. 3x  20 x  4  0  16x  12  0
2 2
c.
3x
b. 3x  20 x  4  0 d. 3x  16 x  12  0
2 2

9. Which of the following equations has roots equal to 4 and -4?

a. x  8x  16  0 c. x  16
2 2

b. x  8x  16  0 d. x  16  0
2 2

Which of the following is the CORRECT conclusion about the roots of the equation 2x  x  2  0 ?
2
10.
a. The roots are equal.
b. The roots are two unequal rational numbers.
c. The roots are two unequal irrational numbers.
d. The roots are two unequal imaginary numbers.
3 1 x2
11. Which of the following real numbers is a solution of the equation:   ?
x x 3 x 3
a. -3 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6
Which of the following is NOT a possible solution of the equation 2x  18x ?
4 2
12.
a. -3 b. -2 c. 0 d. 3
2x 2  3x  1
13. Which of the following CAN BE concluded about the solution of the equation 2  1?
x  3x  10
a. The solution set is θ .
b. There is only one rational solution.
c. The solutions are two rational numbers.
d. The solutions are two irrational numbers.

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 64 32
14. Which of the following is the solution set of the equation 4   ?
x2 x
a. θ b. -2 & -4 c. -4 & 4 d. 4
15. Which of the following satisfy the quadratic inequality: x 2  5x  4  0 ?
a. 1 b. 0 c. 2 d. 5
16. Which line is the axis of symmetry of the function y  3x 2  3 ?
a. x  3 b. x  1 c. x  0 d. x  1
17. Which of the following is the vertex of the graph of f ( x )  (2x  3) 2 ?
 3  3 
a.  2,0 b.   ,0  c.  ,0  d. 3,0
 2  2 
18. Which of the following is NOT true about the graph of y  x 2  x  2 ?
a. The parabola opens upward.
b. The parabola intersects the x-axis at points (-1,0) and (2,0).
 1 9
c. The vertex is at   ,  .
 2 4
1
d. The axis of symmetry is the line x  .
2
19. You are a crew from an entertainment who launches fireworks at angle of 60° from the horizontal. The
height of one particular type of display can be approximated by the function, h(t) = -16t2 + 160 t where
h(t) is measured in feet and t is measured in seconds. How long will it take the fireworks reach the
maximum height?
a. 4 sec b. 5 sec c. 6 sec d. 7 sec
20. The number of bacteria in a refrigerated food is given by n(t) = 5t 2 – 40t + 100, where t is the
temperature of the food in Celsius. As a microbiologist, you are tasked to answer the question: At what
temperature will the number of bacteria be minimal?
a. 4°C b. 5°C c. 6°C d. 50°C

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIS LESSON:

1. Axis of Symmetry- It is an imaginary line through the graph of a parabola that divides the graph into two
congruent halves. Each side of the parabola is a reflection of the other side.
2. Discriminant- refers to the radicand in the quadratic formula
3. Domain- The set of all possible values for x. The domain of all quadratic functions are all real numbers
(, ) .
4. Irrational Numbers- are numbers that cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers.
5. Maximum and Minimum Values- These are the y-coordinate of the vertex of a quadratic function. These
values represent the greatest or lowest possible value the function can reach.
6. Parabola- refers to the graph of a quadratic function; a parabola opens either upward or downward
7. Principle of Zero Property Products- states that if ab  0 , then a  0 or b  0
8. Quadratic Equation- is any equation in the form ax 2  bx  c  0 where a, b and c are real numbers and
a  0.
9. Quadratic Inequality- an inequality involving a quadratic polynomial.
10. Quadratic Function- a quadratic function can be written in the standard form or vertex form of a
quadratic. The greatest exponent is 2.
11. Range- the set of all possible values of y; if the vertex of the quadratic equation is (h,k), then the range is:
(a) y  k , if the graph opens upward and (b) y  k , if the graph opens downward
12. Rational Equation- an equation that contains one or more rational expressions
13. Roots- the solutions to an equation
14. Standard Form of Quadratic Function- f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c
15. Vertex- the point on a parabola where the graph changes direction; the maximum or minimum function
value occurs at the vertex of a parabola

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 16. Vertex Form of Quadratic Function- f ( x )  a ( x  h )2  k
17. x-intercepts- these are points on the parabola that crosses the x-axis where y  0
18. y-intercept- a point on the parabola that crosses the y-axis where x  0

BIBLIOGRAPHY
ONLINE SOURCES:
1. http://www.mth.msu.edu/~kadyrova/lectures/Lecture_04.pdf
This site presents the definition of a quadratic equation.
2. https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/completing-square.html
This site presents illustrative examples on finding the roots of quadratic equations by completing the
square.

REFERENCES:
1. Albay, Eduard M., et.al. Practical Math 9 Textbook. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. 2018. pp 1-130
2. Tullao, Alen L., et. Al. Realistic Math. Sibs Publishing House, Inc. 2017. pp. 1-131

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