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Life Processes
HANDWRITTEN NOTES.
Lv.yeaxs Inclvded

NUTRITION

LIFE
PROCESSES

Designed With
Shobhit inwan
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HeProcess-fos a liing being t, s ecestay b ptsform basic funckHops

fox probes body funcHohfng So that it con pseyent dama ge and bveakolor
obod and tuncsons. THese basie funcHohs perfomed by onganisms to
meinth life ase kno wn as Life psoce ssex.
LP What proCe sses wauld you considar essemtal for melntainiyg fe?
onsFour busic pzocesses hat ave essenHal fox muntaniig feproces6
Cye
ta) Mhton-Ttfs the pocess of taansfesing souoc f enesqy (Hod) faom
oUisrde to the body, Of n oxgan+sm.
cb Respixction Itis he procesdof, aguísing onygen tsom, outside fndo the
Jsing t for byeating down of glvcese Ho velcUSe enesgy fo
celblax needs
9 hunsportation- It is process of camying food and oxygen fsom one plae to
dnothey
Exaetiont is a protessof vemoving by-pvoduct fom body which
Te
fopedUumg agY etoyns
TUBE.COVh
LP hat ate outside aw)Heras used by ap oxganisms
ans-Covbon | based molecujespeobd Uaedby bodom buside tomet
outsidetomet
ts eneiy need.OxYGen is used to oxidise food qhd releaae ëênengy
So tood oXYgen ate the basc vauo materfals vsed by an oxgamisis

Lf: hWhich peachion occwYs in the body to breakdoun moyerue?

6's- Oxidising vgducing reacions ase he chemical veacHons peofosmd
m the body to "botakdown raoleeujes
anspuiaon system fvanspovis vase pooduvcs hen what isthe
need , excoetdsy, System,'
ans-Tianspoytation system tsamspovts niate produck dway from ce}]s but to
distasd t from' he body to oUlsfde exbetovy system is needed.

LP: Name He psocess used, by single celedovgamismc for ingestion of food,

9astous, ekchange and waste"xemOval Why , is this process insufffcient
+meet he oxygen zequiYements în muHcelljlax OXganisms,
Ons-PiffUsXON is the"proress used by sîgle called o%ganfams to ay out
basic le piocesseS such as gas exthange etc.
It s msUffient because mulice lluler oßganisms ke hurons have
Com plex body designs and large body size. Thus they beay specialised
cels and Hssue fbr perfoxmhm vaviousS taks.
Unlike uniellulay ,mulHcjulas° organisms do not have the cells îndiett
(ontqct oith envisonmr. Hence, iffusion camot melt heir 0
equiremnk

Nutiton
I t is the psocess of tansferoing soUsce of enevoy (food) foom oufSde
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(onTucT witn envi3ONMN. Rence, lttusTon cannot met Hhyr U
equvemn k

NtuiHon
ttosPnstde
the psocess of trgnsfevoing _ousce of engv9y.Hood) fom ovtside
Hhe bodiy of an 009dn+sms fox maintiining ving styuckve
Mode of vtiHon
) Autotsophic Mode- It mode of nutston in which o0gantsms, munly qre
plants'manUfactove,her food by, telf. THis mod of nutsHon s
pefovmed by oxganísms edled autotrophs.
Onthe basîs of soyces of entxgy :.
. Photosynthesis autotvophs-Oryanisms which fulfl hei cazbon and enegy
Tequtemernts by pooeecs ofphofasynthesis vsfng Sunliyht as q source
of eneigy . eGaen plants
2. Chemasyntress Avtotsophs-Ovganismg which uHlse chemial enerY to
symthesis her osganit matës ials (food). fo6 e- Bdcteria.

Photosynthesks YoUTUBE.Cov
DI
t s9 prmplex
O9mtc fo0d
n
pocessbyuhsblsreen pajts oftteplaint Sffesis
the, fovm of gvEoe 3om caybon dioxide and niater
.esence of sunlight and chilösophy.
KeacHron
6CO+ 12H,0 CgHi2Og t 6H,0+ 60,?
locose)
Cavbohydsats (9lucose) ave uklised fos psovidin8.enesgy to he plart
Remaunin% lucdse hich fs not used avë stoxetîn fo*m of Staach thot
as" ¥eSesved energY
SeIVes

Leaves ae the mazor photosyrthesis 00Gans ofta plant.

Lamina or
Macdrib
#Intemal Strutuveof a Jegf e a l blade

o Epidexmis- Outeymast layey, Pay hlorin Xylem

a Uepey epidermis I t is á single, layev of ascular bundle
Wary
cuucle
taikspagent cells with no chlobpasts. Upper
epidermis
Its 'coveyed by a aKyLAte which hloroplas
Mteynal Jeaf tssues by prevegtie exessive
iOss oF Wey rough "Fsansp]saän Ar spaces<

Guard e O C

tblowierepidemis -

It Contains stomata 4 Lower

epiderma

Figure 6.
Cross-section ofa keaf

10
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gure 6.l
Cross-section of a leaf

helps in gaseous exchange and allous sunllght to pass in leavesa

Stomata- hese ae tiy poves, mosty foupdexit

n the bne pidedmis
n He kaf move
of bents ,uWhreh alus, fasesoente ard
Td
prug betaleen plat ad atmosphede
nD vayd cells-Hese ane bean shaped celsthgt fogme the stomata
gpening. Hence, they (ontol Afe of diffusjon'of Wates and g4ses
andout of eaf
LHoud does the tugor psessuye of guavd ells segulate stomgBal poxes?
ans- he tungor poeSsUKe of qUaYd celK regulates thë obenmg and clasfrg of.
stomatdlPÖTes The stoatal poes are open, when zvar ells aye tuvgid
dueto a)soyption of water dnd get cldsed when uasd cells ae în"
fla cerd ondikori due to loss of dtter

Chloxoplasts-The qfeen colovsed plastRds(ontaned Yn jeaves are caled

hloroplas he ase He site of phofosymtesis as.they contain gveen
pigment call chlovophy4ohich raps the solaenexgyonsun,
The Are vst beloww ubbper"eptdesmis. IE Ps pgesentas dot-te stvuctue
on eavs.

*yents of_Photosynthesis
AbsoxptHon of liaht,enRsgy by chlomphyL
Conyvession ofght ensgy rto chethica) enexgy and spling of uater
moecues nto hydvogen and oXygen
n1D Reduction of cabor dioxtde +5 casbonyd'xats.
Condifions_necessary fox phrtosyrthesis-
Sunlight - It affects he vaté of photosynthes 's by vaayîng its întensty
Rafe of phdjasynthesss fs min. when light is green. blue.
ed ov blve.
b) Rate of max. when "
q Chlovophyll - veen colour photosynthefc, pîgment found în thlooplast

that s tes ponsibe fo tdpping the solad "eneo¥" from sun.

Rauw raeias xeqvred by Photosythes?s

O2It taken, up trrouah,Stonhata f3om the ghmgsphere in case
otand plants while în afvotHc plans +ake vb Co2 dr'ssolved m
Water

ob nlater- is taken up by the soots trsough the prccess of asmosis

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nlater- is takem up by the voots thsoygh he prress of asmosis

ond s funspos fed to he eaves by Kylêm vessels
O t eMateidls-togen fson and mg ave also seqvived for phsBesyniha
taten up fvom sør.
Sinificae o Phofosynthesis
Itnot onm sustains plants byt fndbectly provide nutaitfon ogen
to gther o9anjsms as well astpoovodes
Food-feen plemts Synthesisfood fsom sqw ymgBerials foy theelg
and otmer ovhanïsns dnd HUs SUstan life pn eavth
p A In procesS ,O nthesis ,oxygen fs' releases in al
htehsUsed b otes ogmiss
I nutyIHon ere ssit for an o3gan*sms, D*sçUSs.
MSAT the Tiving, 08garksms need engY
PrOCRSKes They 8t enTy ym nutsi no reood.
Yaious ts
TE Ts
'he basic eirenent f
It is needed becaUse
aloamshsUB&.Coyn
I t piovides gnexgy DA rmefaboliehybc sesin body.
to pevtoomayiods
) It is essental f8r 93owh of hew cells and vepays ofwoan oUt
es.
I t fs neded to develop vesistane against vqrious diseases
Theyefore, mutoitfon fs a necessity fos an ovgan isms.
L Dxaw a weil labelled diaysam of Stomata. Lst two funcfons of
Stomata uard
ansTwo majoy functons of stormata cells
Alow the loss of Wakyfom sovtae piolesmal
of leaves (txanspixaHon) Cells
Stomatal
D Allow he exchdnse of gases ie ntakeof pore
Co2 amc velease of doring photaoyrnthess Chloroplast

|2) Hetero tsophit Nukiton- Inhis mode ofnutyfhion,ovganims camt

poepaxe théir awn tood on he>r oun. They însfead obtüin from other
OX9an fsm.
Tpes
Holozofc Nuthion Ahstfon: Complex food molerues e takem Pt and hen
bvotey clown înto simpes and soluble molecues in his habe of nutyiHon.
e-Amoeba, human bëing, Hevbîvores ,taynivores and omMfvores þosses ths

. Po.
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* * * * * *

mode of nuhiton
Sab
Sabroarophic titon-In tis, ovganisms USvall feed uhon dead qnd decay
and absosbit
oYgantc matker, breakg down dmplex ma feriäl outside body and abuODiE ody
tUng i, yeast etc.
1 YarastHcutsIHon In his organism Live eitmes on oz fnsde the body of
038dnsm (host) to obtan nutítHon without lng them eg- cascuka.

*Autvition_în Amoeba
Amoeba s an unicellvkar organismthat does not possess specialised axganfor
th process of nvtatfon Moce of nutsHon Rs holozofc' { takes plce wi
he help of pseudopodPa.
Pobcess:
Ingeshion: sevdopodia engulfs the food comes im ontact wftHh Ps cell sofa«
qrd foom food vacUole. "This protess is called ing estion.
Dgestton: It fs intsacellulay (takes, plare îngfde enl) m Amoeba. Inslde
t e f0od voCuole, (omplex to0d is bioken down nto smal| soivble moecules
10 Absopwon mat sobbk mokaue e then rediyapsobh by oplasm.
cyioplasm.
PS
AS pioCe sTeled absoapBfon OUTI UBE COV1
Assi milaton soabed
provbed fooda fyt simied by pmoeba ja enengyfer
g3Dwth. toodUOKL WAV
gestfon: he undested food makösal ?s emoved by Ce) membdane which
odptveS $vddently at ay place and elimindted oUt the undiges ted foocd
which is Mown as e9esHon,.

FFood particle M o u t h (Bueeal cavity)

Nuclcus

Sallu Ocsophagu
Pseudopodia
Dtaphragm
bladder

-Food vacuole
Pancreas- Intesine

F o o d partice
Large intestine (Colon)

APperdix- Rectumn
Anus

utyiton n Human Beings

Pigeston is a catubolic procéssin tohich complex and knge omponents of
fo6d ase DYoken _down into smple and, smaleT foxms" DIh help of
ezymes, hese, simp ev pavts ase aren bydo ent pavs of body and
a bsbvbed. Entre 'sysfem 3 known as dzestire aysten.

LP bu heKbivoxes have lone small olestane Lohfle eanivores have shoxkr

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'enZymes, hese smple pavs qye fatan by,difarent hars of body and
abs6sbed. entre 'system 3 knoton as dgesHve syetem

LNh besbivoxes have long small înestire whîe (arnivores haye shoskr
one
ars- Hexbioses have gmoll fntestine, to fadlitate celly bse digeston. Cellvlose
Ps not dfgested by hyman elkmentaby canal,as Hebe ish duges tve
enzyme h a can dct yþon (ellylose (aynivses haYe shorfey kngth of
Srna'l neshne as medt }'s easily dipestibe

echan ism of deshon of foad

) Ingestion- means latine în food, into mouth or buccql cavity. A he food
erlters the mouth it Ps morstenel by salivamoved avound h mouth în
Odex to make chewing and swallowîn eas by tongve. food is onverted to
Small barHCles by fee Hh
2) Digestion- As food Ts complex h nature so itH is convesled înto s simpler fovm
bthe achon of-bioo$icál atalyst called enzymes. his process of bredking
down of lavge oganic moerules (17ke (r bohýdsates) to Smal molecules (Like
simple sug40 is called digestion.
UouTUBE.CoVh.
Absoubtion-I Rs the psotess by jphich digesfeg food assee from alinentary.
cArsal into hi blod.. All the'dfetecDood ieFaken gfb wal intestve
he înner sUK face of smal nteskine has mumexOUS and lacfe als which ofask
the suzfate ared of imestne and helps în a bsorphon of digested food

Ass fmiletfon- It s t pspcess of ditibutdn of.di'yesfed food pooducs tg

Various cel ls of the Body for, hety UHfsaton" în ydrîous metaboli
PrOcesses. he vilP fr"small înjestne ave vichly supplfed with blood
Yessels whfch take, tHe absosbed food fo each ind e very ell of body
to buildln new cells o0 repaY H old1v ones.

)shom-Te process of eliminaton of undiagsted, food fogmed in the

C6lor of the "avge mbesHine ough anvS 3 Caled egesHon).
PaastalH Movement
ConttactHon and expansfon of muscles of fhe Oesophugus to push the food
to Wasd.
Glands Secxetion Ste Enzyme Acs upon End paoduct
1) Sdlivony Sa lfva BuctalcavitySalivasy Starch Maltose
qland amylse
)Gastrie Gasksic juice SHomach Pepsin Protefn Peptones
G lands HC
| Lipase Lpfds Paytiolly bvkas
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Liver Bile Fats cotton&fa

4) Pancvens| Pancrea Hfe small Amy lase Starch, Poefns Melose,
jurce in estine Trysfn emlsifed fas| Pptones, taty
ase aids.
Inlesindl Intesinel Snall -Ty Psjn fe ptones
zlamds intes tHne Mdltase Maltose
SUCIase SuCOse Glcose
Lqckuse Lactose
- Lapase
fats faty actd.
MuCUS fq ecal Lubr cake
Intestine Ma es

AteeHate between autotvophie and helexotrophit nutoiton

AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC
I n his mode of nutiHon,food In #his mode of utoiton,food is
s pepaved by ooganmismtself- obtained from othed osganlsms
h The dmaHeha is raqvired to TheBe.oVV not regued
i Chlorophyl pretent in avhphe(upDEPTSRu)AM
tor toa pn sunlgt
rey are rown as oducers. mey ave lkirown as consünmers
#Tooth Decay
he tooth decay in mouth oCUs dve to fomation of a plagve, Tt ocurs
when, bactesfdcells act vpon the food þavticles, ton ning sugrus
aYnd rodyce acds fhdt often thé endmel.
Booshing of teeftn after eatng s one treatment
L am acd isa ham substame #hen why the add produçed fn our
stomach is (onsidexedl importart. DisCUSs.
OR
what is role of add (HCI in avr stomaçh?
ays Hychvochloric úcid CHCO) is the add secreted însîde the Stomach. Iti
otportant tor bodu because
makes medivr înside he stomach acidfc,uwhich is recessary for
actfyaHon of enzy me called pepsin
) It qlso llS any bacteria, entebing the Stomach alon9 food

LWhat habhens it mutus is not secseted by the gastri glands.

ans- muCuss not secsekd by qustsic glands ,Ptwfl ead to the desbauha
of ine linming of st omach causing actdit f ulcer by HCd.

LP A bakient n hospital houd his 2all bladder vemoved and needs a specfal diet.
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Le A patfent în hospital had his 2all bladder venoved nd needs a spec?al dikt
Whfch ntrtent free dkt wovld be suitabe fox this patfent?
ang- The ctiet fsee fvorm fat woud be suitable for the pufent whase gall bladder is
Yemored be cause bile stored în gall bladder helps în he dgesion of fot.

LP Functon ot digestve eney mes

ans- It helps to bsèakdown la7ge and insaluble
food molecules into Small waler soluble
mole cules. q- Amylase bregkdown stasch 4 brybsîn breakdown rofetms and fom
ma ltose and peptones.

L How are faks dYgested fn our bodes? Where does thts poocess take place?
ans- me Small întestine ?s site of the (omplete digesHon oF fats. he upprr pagt of
Small fntes tne ece res bfle jufce from Bleduct which (artains bte salks for
bveakdown o fats nto smgler lo bukes hesby inaeasing the effcimey ot enzyr
achion. hi's pooces fs enoun as emulsifcat¥on. BPle a ko makes mifum
clkalfne so Hat pancreatPe lpuse fusthey (onYerhs faB înto fety ads and
y Cesok he nas-of Smgl ntesheqlsoTsecyete ntesthal jüice contamiirg
ehy me caled lipace a t finally onvet e fab oo fehy ditds ond ghcod
TPu's CompleHi fet digesttn
UoRHIT NIRuWAV
Pr How is small întestine desaned to absovb digested food?
OR
Why does absovphion of digested food occur mainly in Small îlestne
ans- Makimum absorpHorn of diiested food oCCUTs in small întesttne dve to
following Tea sons-
DPaestion s completed in small itestine
D Inher lining of s[mal| înHstine is provfded with vIlwhich încrases the suae
qRa fox ter a bsogption.
nvall otinkestine fs rfchly supplied with bood vessels whidh take te absovbed
foo d to each and every cell.

Respraation
Tt s the pocegsywhich food fs oxrdlsed to volease erevgy. For * Oa &
Veguired fsom outsîde of fhe body.to eak douon he food.
The o79anic subshances undevgoir Oxfdatve bxeakelown duning vespiBafon aye
called sespiratoay substates -lucose.

Tubes
Aerobic 1espïratidn- It is descsibed as the protess în which faisty large
amount of enevgy is veleased în he presene'of oxygen fom the boakdown
o food sSUbstances.
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of Fod substamces.

Tn cypu
Glucose Pyauvate
t +
Ene9}
Eneryy Hochordria
6CO2 +6 H,o+ 38ATP
(6 Cabo 3 Caxbon
molecule) molecules
6Co2+6Ho + EneagY
GH +
This process sBavts în cytoplasm arnd tontinves n the mitochondrfa of eN. Gch
ovcose moleule seleases 38 AT? molecues. Watexg/vcose are Waste produck.
The enea9y veleqse d is vi lised in other fe poocèses

Anaerobic Respiration I t fs described as the vespisatosy poCess in which

smgll gmount of eneIy Rs veleased în absence of onygen fiom boegkdouwn
of food ubsBonces. It takes place în yeast, bacter+a? in human musc es.
Only 2 moecules of ATP s e leased
Tupes-
6 Alcohalt omentalon- It 8 the process of incomplete lseakdoun of sugar
into ethamol, and Co_ to oe lease energy. This proceSs oCUYS mainly în
yeast wheh is uied to rodu ce a-Hon
qluxose Inytopla m Pywate en -
(6 cavbon mlecule) cayon rokcole
Asnce of
In yea st
2 ethanol t2Co2ATP BIT NIRuWAN
lact feamentatton- I t is psoess of intompee brea kdoun of svgay into
JacHc acrd +energY some barkyia and in cu MUsck cels

In ouy musdes duning vigrous exescse glucose metaboliBed to fom

lactic atd anod then'fatigve 4 muscle cmp occUr. ms usually takeg
place when smal) amoUnt of ATP stoved in mUsc)es is used o5 for
mmediate need of eerGY.
lack oFO Lacfc aid
aud ++ 2ATP
24TP
(6C) PAM vae+
tplam (3c Enesgyh medLacH¢
cells

Overal piotess of bseakdowwn of slutose n botth qrobic t anaerobic

espiad Hon
Qutose (6C)
Aence of 02
Etmanol+ ¬o, + Entrgy (24TP)
toplasm inyeast
ywate (c) KLatk Oz ACHC add Energy (2 ATP)
+

inmscle (e)IE
Enei REh
n mitochondria
0+ H0 + Enevgy (38 ATI)
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Differerticte behuween Aewbicand Anaesobic espioation.

Ans- Aesobic Respiratfon Aaerobe Respirohio
I t occus in poesence of oxygen. I t oCcUsin absence ov lack of
Oxgen
(38TPised în large amount éneögY is beleased în velatively small
4Ymount (2ATP).
i e mast of plants avd dnimals. U) Antesobic bactes, yeast.
*Nayme the eneogy cUYoenmy in the lMing oxganism. When f Where t is
produced?
ATP Ad enosine Tiphosphate) 8 the enevgy cuvrency of cell ds it provide erxm
for doing foncfons ocell amd other o gans, Tt s vadveed in the mitochurdd
of cell dünng vespizafon in the lfvng otgan+sms

*Diffesent sBages of RespiraHion

RespisaHon conststof too
Extexnal Bxeathfng- *UoUTUBE.CoV
Boathin - It is aoess ot faking n89Vred.gas andgivng out
unvtquived qases. t has to yes imhdlatipna ad Ekiqlqon .By
h u n a h bengs, e s in O2 md gives ouF q

Exchange of gases,om
b volyes dtusion of,0fram lung5 to
Renane blood to
exchange tqkes place tHugh lungs. o keaf with
stomata of ih the
envivotment.
Intemal reatining t fs gaseous exchange between arterfal blood and
Lells.
cellulax Respiratian-It is process of bveakdown of glycose on ofhes
Tespfoatory. svsdte fn the cell o pooduce ene 1g tor er jomira
ydr iousfunctiors.
LP Respiaton fs a catabolic protes. Justfy the stalem ent
Ans- It s a catabolic poacess bkcause t nvolves te bxea kdoun of ompley
oTganic oRcule e alucose fnto pyruvtte 4 fuather bveak down
to carbon oloxide dnd wates wh release of eney.
LP: Anaeobic pespra tHon plays an impartant e fn process of boead making
DsCUSS the' staemerit.
qMs-DUsîng byead maluing, yeast , mixed th dough whese t undesgoa
ana efobic vesp?rakön partally oxfdi'sîng the'starch of flour îrto

CO) ehanol, Co seleases fn this prcess

ha P
causes
P
dough to afse and
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qyys vv1T19 DJeI MUuri9, yeuST IS Aeu oITm aUuyT wrEde n uricuoyoS
anaefobic spiîraHön partially oxidisîng the' stavch of flotr îrto

Ctehanol., CO, seleasesîn thi prass caUses dough to afse and

ma kes bread fluft. mfs shous fat t s ímpoatdnt.

LPLompaye alcohol and acHc fermentatfon

n6- In'alcohol femetation, pyunate is _breqkdoun into ethanol ard o
with Telease of energy. "nheseas în acHcfeI MeN tation pyruvatt
s bregkdouon înto lactié acd with belease of eneT}y.

Respiation în Plard
L Fhsion do as Hhe paOCess of gaseous exchange. nrite the factoys on
which t dspends.
anSFacovs-
o Conditions of the evironment
Reguirements of he plamt.
- Ohicn staychnes ate vespos1bie fytheaseogs in he stem
ra wody þlant ?
uns-aqstoushne ocçurs tmough rnal poes hen in stem
of Wood plant. HOBHI WHVI
L-plain the structues of a plant that ave invoved în the pocess of
Resprakfon.
dys- Roots-The exchange ot 4aSes(zespiv4tion) in voots of a plant ta keg
place by pr ocess of diffüsson.
D temIn hevbac eous plants stomata helps în vespirafon omd fn
woody, plants, des pisdfon ta kes place houg h Hry poles called
lenHeles.
Leaves- Respiralfon takes place by diffus ion of oxygen thoough
Stomata, fnto ce ljs of kaf and Coy selea sed foon sme stom ta
into atmosp here.
L- reen plants falls to photosynthests at night wfle sespixa tfon orurs
during the daytme às well gS dt night. Justity tHe statement.
Ms-Dusf nighty the ptocess ot photasnthesYs dos not orcUa în gren
plan due tó abstnce of sunght. Byt respraHfon kaep on ofng,
paYt ake and ghve out ( în right while tn daytme to s
UHlfsed fog photosnthesfs.
LP-Lord panis canmot svavive fra fong. +ime. fn water. Do you agree? 4
yes, JuSHstatemert
AYS Yes, lands Plants extend to dfe when heir ofs wakr logged for
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*****

longex Hme. Thfs happen becqUse O2 Present în sofl s not avaiabe

to f o m aerobic séspiraHon. Ihe 0os stasts anaerobYcaly alcohol
which can kil) the plámt-
What happ ens to the naste pvodvcts of zespfratfon genevgked in a
Plant
ctns ö ater- It is usually vSed for phofosyntesîs în leaves, as a solvert
for tsansport of mineral sals and nutgiens
C O - It diffuses out of the plant tissues irto surounding
during night. Durîn9 day firmé Ft fs used by the plants în phto-
-Synthess
*echanam of Gasfous Exchaoge in Humans
The pherpmeron of tating în Oa T tevmed as inspîvation and of ging out
CO2isteömed as expYxaHon.
Boea thia or Gaseous exchaage în human învolyes thvee seps-
InhalaHonWhen we brea he fn i d pasges D
hrough vachea and ribs moves amd KE.oV Throat
fla Hen the dfaphragm due to hich lI Moun Epiglottis
Larynx
Chest cavi bècomes oses. Asla es6/t|pharnx Trechea
auy is Su CEed înto #he lungs ama fills the Rib Rings of
expdncdsd alyeoli cardlage
-Lung(et)
aseous Exchange- Haemoglobin bfnds wtharonchus- Spece occupied
he oxyn and caies t along the hood Avecks- by heart
in the "body. As the blood pa saes tough Pleura
Diaphreagm
the ssueof the body, OXgen faom the Human Reapiratory Syatem

blood diftuses fnto the el, and Co, which

Is producéd as ndst pro ducs dusing respisatHon is diffuses into blbod
and is aoied back o lungs for ekpiratHon.
Expisa ton-Kibs OVES dawh_and diapagm beco mes dome-shaped
de coe asing the chest cavity. lmus, pushing the adr oUt fom luns

Lomplete athway-
Nostvils Nasal Passage Phdsynx larynx tuchea
Cels-Blod - Alveofi Bronchioles rronchi ungs
Paxts:
Toochea- he air passes from it. Rimg9s of carilage keeb toachea open
allowing the pa sauge of afy to ungs and aso prevent ît fom
Collapsing when neYe ks ro qrin t.

Bonch - Trachea dfdles Poto tuo smaller tubs an enterina al toto he

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Tachea- he afr passes fsonm it. Rings of castilage keeb tvaçhea gpen
alowing the pa sauge of alr to lunýs and aso poeyent t from
Coll apsing ihen here ks ro qir în it.

Go Bronchi - Trachea divides fnto two smaller twbs on entering alr întote
lungs
CiD brorndhioles-Bvonchi are sub divioled nto smaller branmches alled bronchioes.
Each boonchiges Ps finally edmingted ito many alve oli.
Aveolf- hese are ba loon ike stuctvres which îmcrea ses the svsfae ayeas for
9aseous exchange in ungs
Diaphagm- Movèment n drapagm helps in brathing.
:what is he vole of sesphsatory pigment in Tespiaon? Give one exaple
ans- Anmals have large bocdy si~e de to nhich, the diffusion pressure aone
can't delivey O, to all pavls of body, Iher efore the gespitatory pigmenBs
+ake p 02 fom lungs along with "blood and casry înto all #'Ssves which
aTe deficient of O.
Haemoglobin s one sveh vespratory pament found in Red Blood Cel (re
of hurian bengs to any O2.

Tyanspoytakion
yoUTUBE,Covh
I t s a lfe process in whttna substance apsovkedrfs tnspotled fom
orne bodi pdrt tots otner pas HIT NKWAV|
In_human beingak
blood- It, i ed colourtd fuid onnec tive Hssue, which thocola es înoUr
body.
Its ved colour fs due to presence of a pígment (a)led haemoqlobin in
fs sed Cells.
The detcfenty of haemoglobin în OUY body is refevwed to as anaemia

elood
Oxygehate Deoxueenated
(_ond Itthe Cis atached to hqemo-
Ougen is atdched fo the haemoglbbin
oP blood. -gb bin of blood.

MaintuMence by Platelets
In case ofany invry when bleeding ocCurs,the loss oft blood fvom the system
has to be mîfimiaed "as Pt leads to"loss of presSuxe of pompimg sysem. To
psevert this, the plttelets cîseulates avound the body and help î dotHng of
'blood at stfe of înjury.

fonchons o bload
Tranepoyt of excvetory products- trog enoUs wastes ifrke vrea, vrfc add and
ammonia are tollected from the Hssuë and qre ransportled to Hdney for #fr
emoved
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Tranepot of excetory pooducts-togenous nastes like vrea, urtc aádand
aynmonia are tollecked from h ssue and qre fransporked to eldney for heir
emoved.

ranspost of O Haemoplobin ppesent în ReCs combines wf#h tom lurns

toqnspovts to all #ssuea ot body for respraBfgn.
Ttns pot of Co- Co, gerexated as haste products aring respYraHon ?s tan
-Spovted by blood 4 Haemoglcbin atached to Pt fo lungs fron whese ft-1s
elfminated.
o Clothing o blood- Platel eks pres t t fh blood torm a cot at sHe of tre înjury
to pëvtnt loss of bbod
0n Protecton from distase- The Wbls engulfs dkease cavsing mícvobes, and Ps
known asS Sbldtvs oF body.

LP DPftsence betoeen Artery, Vefm and Cabtilary? CapFlares

ans Axtex ies_ Vefns
They are thfek waled.(ö Tney qvethîn naled ardl haeo They have walis fhat ae
nalves Unyone cell hfck.
u Coroies bood fvom hent|i) Carries blood from diffrotrt (i) Alows xcharge of
diffesent ogams of 0gans to he heart maksals b/o blood qrd
the body Soryo vneluing cells.
) Situated Yery deep uto D Stueted sötaly onbShkd/n the fewrinals
the sn dr P n7SHoBHIT NTRUSAVeins.
#Heant-Its pumping machine that pushes out that pushes out the blood into Hhe
blood vessels and fvom thex to diffeent pavts of bódy. It has fout-chambers
sepexa ted by sebtum which pevernt mxing of pure * imbuse blood.
Chambers AOrta

AtsiumUpper chamber)- Thee are tuoavtium Vena Cava- Pulmonary artorien

seberafed by sebtu (divfding wally. body a Pumonary voins

D Yentricles (lower chambeos) "he tuo Right atrium -

Lelt atrium

nferfor chambøs ofF heart ae vight &

left ventfcle. ona ava-
body
Right
ventncle Left ventricle
Flow o Bland în_ Huans Septur

Humans have double cîrcvla Hon, which mtans hat

Divnding wall

bloo d goes thyragh heavt tuice fo supply blood once

aOund the body.
Process
Polmonary trculaHon-Ihe movement of blood fom heart to lungs tnd back
to heart (onstftutes pul monavy ureulaHon

Right vertick pushes the bood fo ungs for ygenaton va pulmonavy

atertes.
The oygenated blood comes baek to eft oatrivm of heayt Hhrough
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pu monay Yuns.

The left atoium hen pushes blood fo left ventricle.

0 Syshemic Ciculation-The movement ot bod from heast to yayfous pao
F body except lungs and back to heart.
As the blood fPlls fn eft ventsfcle, the blood is pushed ott.
he blood Is pumped to whole body via aorta.
The decxgenated blood entexs tnto vigt asum via Vema (ava fram
dower body.
* Dpuble cicuad i s onsidredivg as i preenks mixtng of oygenaBed 4
deoxygenled blood.

LPWhat wovld be conseg vences of deienty o Hachaoglobih in ous bodte

an- Haemog lobfn eidently bnds wfth 0-gnd toavspors fo yarious
pays of body. Dificiencofhaemoglobrn seoredoas anaemtg.
The sonseguences oF, Such tondHoy s,thnat blood is'orale to cay Oz
equired by body os vespiration and pouce energ. In anaehia, the
Peoson feels wedk, skin beTomes pale et.
P-Why is t eressay to sepexate oxygenched and deory genated blood in
mammals and bifds ?
ans As they ore viaim blooded so they neel energy onsBantly to raintay
theja body fempexature . Thus,# s înpotanË hgt thei oxugerated
blood Shavld riot get mixd wth deoKygenakd blvod. in odkr to
Ymake clxculatory sysemmoxe effcent
Blood PyessUge
The psesSUne at which blood ts pumped axOund the body by heavt s caled
blood pressUTe.
The maximum pressUse at which blopd legves the hfast haough main
aytey ur+ng conBoa cHfon phase, Is called systolfc poeSSUrE
he mih pvessvve îm avkesies' durîng (ontsqcHon phese, Ps called sysolk
prSSUTe
The min press vve in asertes dusing velanaBfon phase of heart is ealle
oia stolic pressure
NoTmal sy Sto lfc 120 mm H
-

diastolic S0 mm H
I t Ps medsured by înstrumerft calee Sphy¢omanomefer.

High blood pressuse is knon as Hy perkent on.

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Hgh blood presuxe s knwn as Hypeskenton.

m p h - t is anoter tape of fuid found in ouv body, nhich ts also înobed
tsamsp00 taHon.
formaton- It s for me d when some am0unt of. plasmu proteins and blood
cells escape into intracellular shaees ough poxes present în
Cappilartes.
FunetHons-o t s molved tanspostakion ot svhstances. uwhere blood veses
do not TLach.
) yph CaYvies dlgeted and absovbed fat from, inlesHne and
daMs exeSS HU:d trom extoa(ellulay Sp4(e back înfo he bocd.

Lymph Capillaries- Lymph from thtvagellur, spaces chans îto ymph

CApflavies whichfy3thes faln to torm lavde ymph Vesels hdt
thally opens ihto larger veins. Tare hirtwalled.
erer Blood Lmpha
I is ved m coloud. TOT4 7Salour les VVT
Haemoglobin isPresent ClAbsent.
TD It transpost matesfals fyon oR)Ittanspost kilorn Hssues
0rgam tocmothe. intb blo0d.

Lymph Cap? Ilarfes Blood Cappilaries

They are coloubless They ave vecd î , colaor
Q Cayymph The caYTy blood.
1 The ave "widn
P-hhat ae comporent of tonspovt ystem în hman beîngs? Kite fncHon
also
ans- The (oponent of transpast syskm în hyman ave-
Heayt-It pmbs and vecfeves the blood.
Blood It consfsts of two Muin comp oUns-
o Plasma-It trampodt food, co adrd nitxogensus waste eke în disokat

to blood (oxpvsches- Tey Constitte KBG, WBs ad plateles, RB

toqmspot3 vespirato7y gaseg hB Profect body from
haamfu! pathogens am od pakle elp în clot of blood at
site of mjuay.
Blood vesels- Thwe types-
(oDAoteres-h ese toansport blobd from heast to vaious oxgans of bod
Veins- hese tranport blood fsom varour body þaus Fo heatt

apllavfu- These allows exchange bjw bicod and Hssves

o Lymph-It cavsfes digested qrd absorbed fats from small inlesHnes.
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(ODHOTErIES-1iSe LOuSYUGL DIODU TUT! /RUOT TU VY OOUW UOJunis UT Wy
t Veins- hese transport blood fom vamour body þark fo hart.

apfllariu There alpws exchange pjw blood and tissues

o ymph-t caTfes dzesttd and absorbed fats from small nleshtnes.
LP How are waer and minerals trmspovBed in plans?
ans- hiater and mineras are txansposted Hrovgh Xulem în plants. he
Cells in r00s that ave fn contgCt nith sof dcHtvel takeuf fons, crahn
a diffevenLe in Concentsottorn of ions H voot and soil.
Wakr moves fnto voot to elmnate hfs dftt of oncencetraHon
torming g sleady movemen t of wakr in Toot xylem_hfs reaks a
Colun"off aka"that is steadily pvshed upwavds. tuatherg tianspiiaon
of, watI from leaves (reqjes q paxHal yaum that puls walkr from
Xlem of Xoots to leaves and ofher pasts.

P* Hou Is food tynsported in p s

ns-The tYaMspostatom dk foodl is done by phloemby utilRsing enen ATP).
The tsanspo1t of soluble prodocs sgar) of phottsyn Hesfs fom
eavesto other paxts of plants temed as translbcaon. PressUre
Genera kd b osmott¢ poesuge glous movaertt ofod fpm phl oe
40 vetohpeh haye les KHIT NIRWAV
L- Exblain why tanspoyfakoa omalerals is hecessary in animals
ans-The, di'stribuon oF all necessary SUbstances Svch aa tood, O, rd
Water through out booy fs caYaied out through 4 Sem of taans povtaha
I talso di'splaces was te foom whure it expelled out fsom body. Thus,
ft+ P's vey important

LExcseHOn
1 t is biological process by whlch am ovganism wmoes haarnful ekebok
I Stes,frorm the 'body.
Unicellular onganfsm- These ovg get Nd of waster p'y oducts by difon
nto Surrounding thraugh qëneval body. e9- Ambeba, paraiesfum
ceVy lar- These org. get td'of waste prodveda by speerälioed eg ans far
tunchon of exrvekon.

FunHon of klcneyS
thelps i'ncmovine excess wakr tion body and nitrogenous nusk from bloocl in
fosm ot Urine
maintain ing Hhe constarnt corm
a Requlates the pH of blood.

(cavy burtd bbod

Proru)
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(cavry pud bbol

ronu)
Renal artery ein
Renal
*Exsetorn în Human Beings
The maîn funt Hon oF Humanevetory sysem is to Right-
kidney
Left
kidney
Yemove nT tYogenous wa skes such as Urea fom the body. Dorsal aorta
Aor oschaa ia
Ureterhe
Kidney- The moin orgn ot extvetory sysan.It ts ( bg4 e fron
eldhoyb1adder).
to uxfner*
reddish brown and an shaped structure. he left d
eidney Ps placed hgher Han ight. body) Cst dder
IF Ps -Urethra
avsed by vex Kena COIumn
Cay hme toou
body)
Figure 8.5 Excretory system

Medullany pyramd
KealArtery
Renal Vein
Felis

Jreter

caosule fferent arteriole

Corlex
Malpighlan body eilerent arteriole

Neprops- first comvoluted

tubule

Itfs basic flHeing vnft foond înkonti

ong colled tubyle whose one end connectedB.0
Gilomerulus

second covoluted
TuDule

to cub sha ped starvctuvred cdled 8oymn's capsvle

(ontam aundle of blood capaee cale||
ouectng dUCt

9lomeulus that ,i followed y fubular pdvt loop o Hene

of nephons and lodps at sorhe places capillary network

opento pevis
Helen's
Funelioning
GlomrulesfTlkrs fhe bbod pasing through it
bop Structure of a Nephron

d It also ensuves to remove only hatnful &ubshances foom the body hat
mclude Waste makvsas.
01) The useful substances like gluçe4e, amfno acfds, sal and major amount
owaler is seet Hvely reabaorbed by tubular paat of nephon.
av Some ubstances t e Kt are activëly secyeted fmfo the usîre throush
tobule.
00 The coll ectina oluct collecis the vrine and pases it to veBer.

Diffesentiae betuween Alveolt fn lungs and Nephvons în kidneys.

Alveoli in wngs Ue Pmons n_ kiäneys
These are ba loon lite séructuoe hese q3e lorng, drcled tubjle-lite
Stwetvre present în kidney.
found oithin lungs
09 D?fkusion is employed în exchamge ot | ephron apply selectie rabsopton
gases (am také place. of use ful substtnces fn capillanie.
01lnge no of alveolt ave poe1nt în () mey cre v mall n size byt
Jungs ase avg inno. n each kidneg

CxYelon în Plats-
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ExCelton în_Plamts
haseous wdstes e C and dse vemoved Hnoaugh StomaBa in leaves and
JanHcles in skms to fhe ar.
0Plant get std of exes war by t3amspîrafon.
i1Some s e prvduch aot stoied as resins and gums.
M Plans also excztke somenaske into seil aomd them
Waste poduck also stored în lkava whfeh fall off

Vseful waste- EssenHal ofls

GD Gums
ti O2 (durimg dayttme)

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