IET Renewable Power Generation

Research Article

Circuit topology for piezoelectric transducers ISSN 1752-1416

Received on 7th November 2018
Revised 22nd February 2019
in a piezoelectric energy harvester Accepted on 28th May 2019
E-First on 20th June 2019
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.6106
www.ietdl.org

Ali Ekber Özdemir1

1FatsaFaculty of Marine Sciences, Ordu university, 52400, Ordu, Turkey
E-mail: a.ekber@odu.edu.tr

Abstract: In order to maximise the power from a harvester including a great number of piezoelectric transducers (PZTs), the
outputs of these transducers should be connected in a suitable way. Since each PZT can be thought of as a non-ideal source, it
is also clear that direct serial connection or parallel connection of these PZTs will not be a very good strategy. In this study, a
new circuit topology is proposed for the electric connection between PZTs in a harvester including a great number of PZTs. This
proposed circuit topology at the same time presents an efficient rectification and regulation strategy for each PZT used. The
process of rectification takes place with minimum voltage loss due to the structure of the proposed circuit topology. In addition,
the output of the proposed circuit topology can be used directly to charge an energy storage unit in addition to being connected
to the input of any interface circuit. An experimental setup was designed to compare the performance of circuit topology
proposed in this study in the form of connection used commonly in the literature. With this experimental setup used, various
connection forms and the proposed circuit topology were compared under the same conditions.

1 Introduction harvesting applications is a field of study the popularity of which

Piezoelectricity first started to be studied by Jacques and Pierre
Curie brothers as a research area of crystal physics. In fact, this
effect first discovered was direct piezoelectric effect. In the year
following the discovery of direct effect, Gabriel Lippmann
predicted the presence of converse effect based on basic
thermodynamic principles. Before the end of 1881, Curie brothers
confirmed the presence of converse effect experimentally. This
reversible effect is called converse piezoelectric effect [1]. Today,
different man-made materials with direct and converse
piezoelectric effects are generated and used for many different
purposes. Fig. 1 shows general application of direct or converse
piezoelectric effect [2].
As can be seen in Fig. 1, materials with piezoelectric effect
have a wide area of application. A voltage of hundreds of volts can
be generated from a piezoelectric material under direct effect.
However, the fact that the level of the generated current is
nanoampere means that the generated energy will have a very low
level. However, the use of piezoelectric materials in energy
Fig. 1  Applications of piezoelectric effect
has gradually increased especially in the recent years. The reason
for this is the fact that with developing very large scale integration
technology, electronic devices with an energy consumption scale of
nW–mW can be manufactured. Especially during the last 10–15
years, the interest in this field has begun to increase gradually. In
this context, Roundy et al. showed the potential of ambient
vibrations in generating energy for wireless sensor nodes through
piezoelectric transformation in their study [3]. Jeon et al.'s study
can be given as an example to micro scale power generation
systems [4]. In this study, a thin film lead zirconate titanate,
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), microelectromechanical system power
generating device was developed. This device generates 1 μW of
continuous electrical power to a 5.2 MΩ resistive load at 2.4 V dc.
Renaud et al. developed a device that can generate energy from
mechanical vibration and they applied sinusoidal oscillation as
mechanical input [5]. In the experiments they conducted, they
found the maximum output power as 40 μW for about 2 kΩ
resistive load at 1.8 kHz vibration frequency. When examined
chronologically, it can be seen that energy generation performance
of piezoelectric energy harvesters has been increasing gradually.
The energy harvester developed by Dai et al. by using a Terfenol-
D/PZT/Terfenol-D composite transducer generates a power of 2.11 
mW for an acceleration of 1 g at a resonant frequency of 51 Hz [6].
Chen et al. developed a micro piezoelectric vibration energy
storage device [7]. The maximum power of this device is 115.2 
mW when the load resistance is 200 kΩ. The increase in the
amount of power generated by energy generation systems based on
piezoelectric energy transformation has made the use of these
materials in the generation of renewable energy more and more
popular. The experimental study conducted by Akkaya and
Özdemir can be given as an example to studies in this field [8].
With a small-scale generator developed in this study, wind energy
can be directly turned into electric energy. This small-scale
experimental generator can generate 519 μW power for 560 KΩ
resistive output load at an interval of 4.5–5 m/s wind speed.
Another study conducted by Zhang et al. can be given as example
to other studies in the field [9]. Similarly, the experimental
generator developed in this study transforms wind energy into
electric energy. This generator can generate 160.2 V output voltage
and 2566.4 μW output power at 14 m/s wind speed. Similarly,
Zhao et al. designed a generator that generated electrical energy

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Fig. 2  Directions that are used in piezoelectric calculations
Fig. 3  General equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric energy harvester
Fig. 4  Standard energy harvesting circuit
from wind energy. Piezoelectric materials shaped as an elastic
string were used in this generator [10]. These generators were
tested for 2–17 m/s wind speed interval and the greatest output
voltage was found as 34 V. When 15 kW load was connected, 1.73  circuit used for piezoelectric materials is shown in Fig. 4 [15].
mW energy was found to be generated for 17 m/s wind speed.
However, the interest in the use of PZTs for W–kW energy
generation has been on the increase recently. Viet et al. designed a
generator that could generate energy from ocean tide and wind
flow and work on the basis of piezoelectric energy conversion [11].
According to simulation results, this generator has a capacity to
generate 5 kW energy for ocean tide of 1.75 m/s speed. It can be
predicted that with developing technology and with the
development of PZTs with higher power generation potential and
efficient circuit topologies, there will be a very big increase in kW
and greater scale energy generation studies.
2 Fundamentals of piezoelectric energy
harvesting
According to IEEE standards, piezoelectric constitutive equations
for linear piezoelectricity are as given below [12]
T = cE S − e E ,
(1)
D = e S + εS E ,
where [T], [S], [E], and [D] are, respectively, the stress vector, the
strain vector, the electric field vector, and the electrical induction
vector. On the other hand, [cE], [e] and [ɛS] are the physical
properties of piezoelectric material and they are, respectively, the
elastic stiffness matrix determined at a constant electric field, the
piezoelectric stress matrix and the permittivity matrix at a constant
strain.
The type of stress applied on a piezoelectric material being
compressive or tensile stress does not have an effect on the
magnitude of the output voltage produced. The type of stress
applied being compressive or tensile stress is associated with the
direction of output voltage [13]. Since the thickness of material
used in commercial PZTs is between 10 and 150 μm, PZTs are not
suitable for use under biaxial stress.
Owing to the anisotropic nature of piezoelectric materials, their
physical characteristics differ based on direction. To identify
2106
directions in a piezoelectric ceramic element, a specific coordinate
system is used. Three axes are defined, termed 1, 2, and 3,
analogous to X, Y, and Z of the classical three-dimensional
orthogonal set of axes. Thus, (1) can be rewritten based on the
direction of the effect. The directions that can be used are given in
Fig. 2.
Another parameter for piezoelectric energy harvesting is the
working mode. These modes are expressed as dij. The suffix
denotes the direction of polarisation and direction of induced
stress, respectively. The most common modes considered are d31
and d33. This study is based on d33 mode. Since piezoelectric
materials are fragile materials, except for some special
applications, they are not suitable for 2, 4 and 6 directions sensor
and transducer applications. The reason why 31 and 33 directions
were used results from the structural characteristics of piezoelectric
materials.
An important parameter described for piezoelectric energy
harvesting systems is coupling coefficient k2. This parameter can
be expressed mathematically as follows:
supplied electrical energy
k2 = (2)
stored mechanical energy
As can be understood, k2 shows how efficiently mechanical
energy-electric energy conversion takes place.
The simplest form of the equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric
energy harvester can be expressed as seen in Fig. 3 [14].
2.1 Circuit topologies for optimisation of piezoelectric energy
harvesting
Efficient transfer of the electrical power obtained from a
piezoelectric energy harvester depends on the performance of the
interface circuit between the source and the load. The standard
However, the efficiency of the standard energy harvesting
circuit is low due to the voltage drop of the diodes and the load
mismatch seen at the output of the transducer [16]. For a more
efficient energy harvesting, the standard energy harvesting circuit
should be improved. The first improvement that can be done is
reducing the forward voltage drop. To do this, passive diodes can
be replaced with Schottky diodes. Schottky diodes show lower
voltage drop when compared with passive diodes. However, their
implementation is expensive, due to extra fabrication steps as they
are not available in standard complementary metal oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) processes [17]. Another alternative
solution to this problem is using CMOS rectifier designs. There are
different rectifier circuit topologies proposed to increase energy
harvesting yield in the literature [18–20]. Conventional active
rectifiers that decrease voltage drop and increase system efficiency
are usually powered from the output. This causes the emergence of
another problem. A major drawback of the conventional active
rectifiers is that these rectifiers consume energy from the output
storage capacitor even when the system is not harvesting any
energy. In addition, the energy that a PZT will generate will be
quite low alone. It will be necessary to use a great number of PZTs
in a piezoelectric energy harvester to generate high levels of energy
that can be used. In this case, electrical connection between these
convertors will have to be made in a way that will increase the
output power. Circuit topologies proposed in the literature do not
recommend a method for the electrical connection between more
than one PZT. It is also not possible to operate each piezoelectric
element at its own resonance frequency in systems including more
than one piezoelectric element. This means that there will be phase
differences between the current and voltages these elements will
generate. For this reason, it is clear that it will not be a good
method to connect more than one piezoelectric element directly or
as series or parallel. The circuit topology proposed in this study
presents a useful way to connect more than one PZT to each other
to increase output power with the least loss possible. In addition,
the output of the proposed circuit topology can also be connected
to any interface circuit as input. Fig. 5 shows the most commonly
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used rectifier circuit topologies used with piezoelectric energy
harvesters [18].
All of the piezoelectric energy harvesters include one rectifier.
This rectified voltage is used to charge an energy storage unit.
There has to be impedance matching between piezoelectric energy
harvester and output load as required by the maximum power
transfer law to transfer the power from PZTs efficiently to load. In
some circuit topologies used for this matching, a DC–DC converter
is connected between the rectifier output and the load [21].
However, circuit topologies, which use a non-linear switching
process in which the output voltage of piezoelectric element is
increased artificially to increase power flow, are also used
commonly in the literature. For all of the circuit topologies used for
energy harvesting, the number of elements used poses a problem in
general because as the number of elements increases, voltage drops
on these elements and the energy spent by these elements will
cause the total efficiency to decrease. For this reason, in systems, Fig. 5  Full-wave rectifier topologies
which include more than one piezoelectric element, using separate (a) Passive diode rectifier, (b) Diode-tied metal oxide semiconductor field effect
energy harvesting circuit topologies for each piezoelectric element transistor rectifier, (c) Gate cross-coupled N-type metal oxide semiconductor rectifier,
is a very big disadvantage in terms of both system efficiency and (d) Cross-coupled rectifier, (e) Active rectifier with cross-coupled P-type metal oxide
cost. Thus, for high output power, piezoelectric elements as many semiconductor switches
as possible should be brought together with a suitable
electromechanical coupling coefficient and electrical connection.
System output that consists of piezoelectric elements brought
together like this can be connected to the input of a suitable
harvesting circuit.

3 Rectification, regulation and electrical

connection strategy for piezoelectric transducers
In a mechanical system, in which the source of vibration is
irrespective of the number of PZT to be used, an electromechanical
coupling factor can be ignored in general. In such a system, as
many PZTs as possible should be used for high output power.
However, electric connections between the PZTs used will be an
important problem. Considering that each PZT used is a non-ideal
source, it is clear that it will not be a correct strategy to connect
these sources directly in series or parallel. However, since there is
no proposed circuit topology in the literature for the solution of this
problem, there are studies in which PZTs are connected directly as
series, in parallel or as branches consisting of PZTs connected in
serial. In their study, Du et al. [22] connected ‘n’ number of PZTs
directly as serial and rectified ‘n’ number of serial connection
output with a bridge rectifier in order to increase the output power.
Wang et al. [23] experimented by connecting four PZTs both as
serial and parallel and obtained 28 mW maximum output power at
160 kΩ optimal output and 150 Hz vibration frequency in cases
when the transducers were serially connected. When the
transducers were parallel connected, they measured maximum
output power as 27 mW for 11 kΩ optimal output power at the
same frequency. Du et al. [24] proposed a dynamic structured
interface circuit for electrical connection between PZTs and they
compared the performance of this circuit with serial and parallel
connections. However, the proposed circuit can be used to
automatically contact two PZTs parallel or serial according to the
environmental excitation level and voltage in the storage capacitor.
Lu et al. [25] designed a piezoelectric energy harvester consisting
of multi-layers. As required by the structure of the designed energy
harvester, PZTs in all layers are parallelly connected to each other.
Similarly, Jasim et al. [26] conducted a numeric simulation and
laboratory tests of piezoelectric energy harvester for roadway
applications. They parallelly connected the PZTs to each other in
the energy harvester being developed. Akkaya and Özdemir [8]
designed an energy harvester that could convert wind energy to
electric energy with the help of PZTs and in this harvester; they
parallelly connected five branches consisting of five PZTs and a
bridge rectifier at the output of each one. In addition to presenting a
rectification strategy with low-voltage drops, the circuit topology
proposed in this study also solves electrical connection problems
between more than one PZTs. In addition, due to the capacitors
used, the proposed circuit topology also has regulation
characteristic. Another important characteristic of this proposed
circuit topology is that it has a very simple structure. Lastly, the
Fig. 6  Rectifier strategy of the proposed circuit topology
Fig. 7  Electrical connections between piezoelectric transducers
proposed circuit topology does not include an external power
supply. Fig. 6 should be examined to understand the rectification
strategy used.
Let us suppose that the PZT seen in Fig. 6 is an ideal sinusoidal
source of voltage. In this case, during the negative half cycle of the
supply, only D1 diode will conduct and C1 capacitor will be
charged. The voltage loss that will occur in this case consists of the
voltage drop on D1 diode. Similarly, during the positive half cycle
of the supply, D2 diode will conduct and C2 will be charged. The
voltage loss that will occur in this case consists of the voltage drop
on D2 diode. However, since two diodes always conduct during
both positive and negative cycles in a full square rectifier, the
voltage loss that occurs is two times higher. For each PZT in the
cycle topology presented in this study, a rectifier strategy given in
Fig. 6 was used. The electrical connection between these rectifier
circuits is given in Fig. 7.
In order to explain the circuit structure seen in Fig. 7, a circuit
structure with three sinusoidal voltage sources and different
magnitudes shown in Fig. 8 can be given as an example. When
Kirchhoff voltage law is applied to the circuit given in Fig. 8, it can
be seen that the output voltage is the total of capacitor voltages
(VOUT = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 + V6).
When Fig. 8 is examined, it can be seen that both the voltages
generated by PZTs are rectified with the least voltage loss and that
the electrical connection between transducers is performed
effectively. In addition, the fact that transducers cannot send
currents through each other is another important issue. The circuit
given in Fig. 8 for three sources with different amplitude,

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Fig. 8  Sample circuit given for the analysis of the proposed topology

Fig. 11  Designed and fabricated vibration machine

Fig. 9  Simulation of the proposed electrical connection of voltage sources

[27]

Fig. 12  Printed circuit board of the proposed circuit topology fabricated
for four PZTs

Fig. 10  Output node voltages of analysed circuit [27]

frequency, and phase values was analysed by using a free online

simulation programme (https://www.multisim.com/create/).
As a result of the simulation performed, it was found that the
maximum output voltage of the circuit given in Fig. 9 was 8.45 V.
In Fig. 10, it can be seen that the DC offset of the previous layer
was added on each source and that the proposed topology was not
influenced by amplitude, frequency and phase values. The output
of the proposed rectifier can be connected as input to any interface
circuit (BOOST, BUCK, BOOST–BUCK etc.). In addition, in case
of using the proposed circuit topology in a piezoelectric energy
harvester, it will not be allowed for the currents generated by PZTs
to current through other transducers in the circuit. Fig. 13  Experimental setup

3.1 Experiments compare the circuit topology presented in this study with standard
connections used.
A vibration machine was designed and fabricated to assess the
The purpose of the experiments conducted is not to obtain an
performance of the proposed circuit topology. The purpose of this
output power as high as possible from the PZTs used. In
machine is not to obtain maximum output power from PZTs, but to
experiments conducted for different operating frequencies, it was
compare the proposed circuit topology with other connection types
found that output voltages of PZTs caused the same rates of
under the same conditions. For this reason, the fabricated vibration
increase and decrease independently in connection types. For this
machine has a very simple structure. This vibration machine, which
reason, in order to be able to show the results in a more
has a vibration motor to vibrate a 10 × 10 mm and 3 mm thick
comprehensible way, the same operating frequency was used for all
plaque including four diaphragm type PZTs with a diameter of 3 
experiments. This operating frequency was determined as 200 Hz.
cm, four screws and four springs covered outside these screws is
In addition, since the main purpose was to compare the connection
shown in Fig. 11.
types used and the proposed circuit topologies for the same
The vibration frequency of the system can be increased and
conditions, standard energy harvesting circuit given in Fig. 4 was
decreased with the supply voltage of the DC motor used. The
used in all experiments. In the first experiment, the output of
motor used is a DC motor with permanent magnet and it has an
serially connected four PZTs was used to charge 100 μF output
operating voltage of 2–12 V. 15 g weight was installed on the
capacitor through a bridge rectifier. The serial connection type used
motor shaft for vibration. Rotation speed for 12 V operating
is shown in Fig. 14.
voltage is 12,500 rpm.
The voltage that occurred on output capacitor in the case of
The outputs of the PZTs in the system given in Fig. 11 were
serial connection of PZTs is given in Fig. 15.
transferred outside the system with the help of cables for required
The maximum value of the voltage stored on output capacitor
external connections and the external connections were built
when PZTs were serially connected was 8.2 V in the 38th second.
outside the vibration machine. The printed circuit board of the
In the second experiment conducted, PZTs were parallel connected
proposed circuit topology is seen in Fig. 12.
as seen in Fig. 16.
BAT85 Schottky diodes were used to rectify the voltages
Fig. 17 shows the voltage on the output capacitor when PZTs
generated by PZTs. The reason for this is the fact that the forward
were parallelly connected.
voltage drops on these diodes are much smaller than standard
diodes. The experimental setup given in Fig. 13 was used to

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Fig. 14  Serial connection of PZTs

Fig. 18  Serial–serial–parallel connection of PZTs

Fig. 15  Output voltage on capacitor for serial connection

Fig. 19  Output voltage on capacitor for serial–serial–parallel connection

Fig. 16  Parallel connection of PZTs

Fig. 20  Proposed circuit topology for connection of PZTs

Fig. 17  Output voltage on capacitor for parallel connection

When PZTs were parallelly connected, the maximum value of

the voltage stored on output capacitor was 2.2 V in the 14th
second.
In most applications, the purpose of parallel connection of
piezoelectric transducers is increasing the charging current.
However, the output voltage obtained in this case will be lower
than the output voltage obtained from a serially connected
piezoelectric transducer, in a way that will be inversely
proportional with the number of transducers to be used. This is the
primary reason why the lowest output voltage is obtained for
parallel connection in the experiments conducted. When this is
compared with Figs. 15 and 17, it can be seen that the maximum
output power obtained for serial connection is about four times
higher than the maximum output power obtained for parallel
connection. The reason for this is the fact that four transducers
were used in the experiments.
In the third experiment conducted, the voltage value on the
output capacitor for serial–serial–parallel connection given in
Fig. 18 was measured.
The voltage on output capacitor in the case of serial–serial–
parallel connection of PZTs is shown in Fig. 19.
Fig. 21  Output voltage on capacitor for proposed topology
The maximum value of the voltage stored on output capacitor
when PZTs were serial–serial–parallel connected was 4.6 V in the
36th second. In the last experiment, the proposed circuit topology
was used as shown in Fig. 20.
The voltage that occurred on the output capacitor in the case of
connection of PZTs in accordance with the proposed circuit
topology is shown in Fig. 21.
The maximum value of the voltage stored on output capacitor
when PZTs were connected in accordance with the proposed circuit
topology was 13.3 V in the 130th second. When Fig. 21 is
examined, it can be clearly seen that the highest output voltage is

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obtained from the proposed circuit topology. Two different cases
should be mentioned here. As is known, charging time of a
capacitor is dependent on ‘τ’ time constant. This time constant
changes depending on the load voltage and capacitor value. As the
value of the capacitor used increases, so will the value of this time
constant. For this reason, maximum output voltage in the proposed
circuit topology depends on this circuit's equivalent capacitor value
and the internal voltage of the circuit. While a capacitor of 100 μF
is used in all experiments as an output capacitor, since the
equivalent of the internal capacitors in the proposed circuit
topology will be parallelly connected to the output capacitor, an
equivalent capacitor value for the proposed circuit topology will
always be higher than 100 μF. This, in turn, means that the time
output capacitor reaches the maximum output voltage will increase.
However, since the current from the circuit will flow over
transducers in the case of transducers being serially connected, it
will come across high impedance and more losses will occur in the
output voltage. This is the reason why the highest output voltage
will be reached in the proposed circuit topology.
4 Conclusions
This study introduces a circuit topology both to rectify PZT outputs
with the least loss and to connect these outputs effectively. The
proposed circuit topology is a useful method for all applications
that include more than one PZT. In addition, the proposed circuit
topology prevents PZTs to drain current through each other. This
way, it is also prevented for a part of the generated energy to be
spent on PZTs. The experiments conducted and standard
connection types and the proposed circuit topology were compared
and found that the proposed topology increased the output voltage
between 40 and 80% when compared with other methods. In the
experiments conducted, while the maximum voltage value of 8.2
was reached in the 38th second for serial connection, the voltage
value on output capacitor was measured as 10.1 V in the proposed
circuit topology within the same period of time. Similarly, while
the voltage value of the output capacitor was 2.2 V in the 14th
second for parallel connection, this value was measured as 4.8 V
for the proposed circuit topology. Lastly, while the maximum value
of the voltage of the output capacitor was 4.6 V in the 36th second
for serial–serial–parallel connection, this value was measured as
9.9 V for the proposed circuit topology within the same period of
time. In short, it was found that the speed of increase of the voltage
of the output capacitor was found to be greater than all other
methods with the proposed circuit topology in all of the
experiments conducted. Another important point of the result is
that the proposed topology was not influenced by the operating
frequency and phases of PZTs. If PZTs in any piezoelectric energy
harvester are working in different frequency and/or phases, there
may occur great decline in the output voltage of the system. In
order to prevent this, each PZT should be rectified with a bridge
rectifier and in this case, a great part of the voltage generated by
PZTs will be spent through diodes within bridge rectifiers.
However, the proposed circuit topology is immune to the operating
frequency and phases of PZTs in the energy harvester. However,
the proposed circuit topology can be used not only for PZTs but
also to connect transducer outputs of many different types in many
different systems.
2110
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IET Renew. Power Gener., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 12, pp. 2105-2110
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019