t

flon hsvna?..eaul -[i, tsrY ol L:

The Vle#ToJ ol UnJ e*trm,ine,A Lo***r c ie*h

[on,sid r
e- {tx1 '' (l)
e
y" + dtx) Y' + btx) Y

tdh Qte a lD , t [r) q^d ttil e1rye {-0#rrnwold,t

$uncfion on T,
Th e toyr u*p6nJfng hoTt'A enwu.\ e-yvo*on i't

y"+ AV)yf + btx)!=0 '(2)

'{he.ata+r)i A ylx) o{ +he

?rrte,-ta) .4oJu.{-,'on
,UA e gr"o.A'On (J ) I 6 il..{" AU rn
h on h 0 r,., OE-e,.(

of r,,.'{,..{,. tn'n <'trll Aol ufi'o n $

tx) a I }he'
e#tt4 €'? u^J- #r1 Le )
I urYe,Lpa'rLArnS +l srra& ft-t?*\

Acl
gpLxJ #+
ga,*d G,-n# ior+gSl'{cuJeT "&'sYf

(D t€

y(x)* $tx)+ 9r(:-l

a^A *!..rk 4ol,-lr'oa 'uuf'tA sJJ 7nolt^*t'oqx

of (ll,
,tlo : The urJ Ao-luA'on $txt a* |he hom o*nirr*
$en
O,,uo,h'on (z) * dl4;, C*UeJ *he bnlhi*"*,tot
}he d;++tvt'nJi^! eTat"eq (r)
{unchon lut
r; ra LoJJo'; *he loat'*i culctr i'J.',**J
a'.d Yp (

H t.ye , N€ Lon 1--nJ'ir^+€, on fn<)hodZ -*o }1n; *he

Fq vks'L"i
a{ &oluptoQ }

(c €'*+t'Lieru*x :
M elfr*d s+- Uy'id e #t f fvr I h€-ci

Thrx tn e*r*d Ho.rkx lol- lhe ,fo}.0ot^:ing horrhorno6t'neot)A

-*0r*! €A{ €ytu.e,&n
U" + a Y' + bY = {(r) , aa[
t^lhe+e A ad b q{& toYU lan..*A an{ {tx) t4
A Xttre, a^{ Co,tine t a }a"}y no",rliol
W exponlo^+fal , ,

o{Aome-Cornbi,ro&,onottucl.4*lc-eio,n^.

sup poile
.dtx) = ,'t'1 tx, + 'tttx) 4 + 'tn\v )
{emar{i
f,} 9t ( *' , r < i En tA Satti l'uior AoluJr'on
of 'V"+ aY'+LY e -/,tx)
 5

+hw iT rA Lax $ J* frt!ft* +h**

Yp(x) s Vr tx]+ V2 lff) + V*tJ'] J,&

{x fe{}f LuJery Aoi*i-r'oa'} J*

Yt'+ a5'+ bY = $(r)

TEur,Y rflx) tx
,t

A ,3norniil A ,P*
?

Srvr Lx
9 bn Lx o-{
u Po-$

4) xn t?* toxg-_ od ),n e?* ain|zx

gT ..hh Ud @w)binafr'on
ol d) -l-h *-{- "fun("fu fon{ *

sl"rnpfe F''AA'} "t {tx)

The ne:lt A ;X *ui{e -lsole

q^d r^ake a flur+ qA *o rw- &orm of vp(a)

uafficie,.^*ar ur-.do-kerrnfned l
and hevrce,
!.eavina +r.a,
-ram(- ol ,l"*"*A I :

Jhen F.[rg '*h a fr'^*I i^]D *h<j e7"o'Non d^A "4eg

&re- Vfrju e- s,f 1u€,+&l'(r'8'4.

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s

If xle us+f }:e,t".+ tha.a

yt6 ftue (X tnrrec# O*hpa'": iX e i nutrr".*,

& I & iX 49x'l jo Le,z *1'-.!- r"4r,"rd (n

UXUcTJJy
au*{on *^L\e6 t*sn *o tsry qnd ae1Cribe- i$,
A o -fiq*x Ju"rn F on e:YarnP-)a i '

Exr;rt";$e;
!

y*' * +y[",* ]{ y: €,r*

Firx*ly b'n d tl^L tohn il**1*J*d $rn.I'ot, ('f.)' ,

Tn e Lott'fi4'ohd i'3 horn s ?"ne'outtE e}uako:n t4

y"- +Y' --l"tY = o

ar^d +1.'a au*i-liazY e}vahon'ix

YnL* +rn * tot =0
' 4 (r'- e)(r^n+"t) =o
Nhich -lna| 'doo*; 6) -'t
So b^rnilern<,r^**rer| fun c&orr 4 txS
{rC 6x
(-
. $Lx)= ct e + C&
 I{
sr.

NOo Srn ce Ety) J,t Qx'Wnern*ial &uncfibn arr.l d;++edvr*/a*{nfi

an (xponeo.,,h'q-l Auc I aE eF* Yn<ril"6 nesrodra c*d *fie
gxf>oner^-tr'or-l tu.nc}'on d; +h hvtm <ni coJ Lne,[h'ct'€n'* , 8o

t'* tX na*'tra-! *o 0u t4A *S

YrLx) u A e'
//
hn 1,ri be lrarli vilat
As-lufi'on , h ede A. ix
ul*del<'t'nineu*f;.-''n^*+h+ujeu;a'.,^*'l-o
delwrnine,
lgtt')= Aes'c '

V,,tx; = 5R ut*
A"F lx) : :S A €-
as es't
' +tnQ- Aii+?rco$1'o1 eTufi'u4
?,^I the VaJ ua\ ,lnjt

(rsn G {sA et'tn) es* =' es*

) GlA) = 1

A= ?
,
ll

+
Th.{x *ha lpqv}i rr;d Xil"hon Pl oof tX

*+rfrc
3P(xt = e
 &
H*rn q- fh e W Wd" .4olulr'on (4
Vtili $trs + YrLx)
*2L 6,X-' ,
= Ct e +cze e+e Sr-

Rerr\adR'. Ob,s <.:.ve +t.^+ the Vr..lue of A

ivr VF AeP* k dohevrnirreJ vxinglha

.:
$-ttnn u-t t
tlva

?2+ eP+ b

exte-p* 1^1he,n P rzt rro* A voo& o'f *he eharyac'*rrid'c

eyuhon Yn2+ an +b = o

I.r p ix a, rr,lo* of ,H^e, e2,^afi'ot, rna+ svn+b=D

eY1 -*he lar}f uM

w i++r 'l.,n,^j"liP"If ri& h {+}

Aol ujr'on tA x' L?'

YPt*) =
.
'- '
-

ffxm?"xFle #"

Y"* Y = Sinx

The Lotd U+.vJrinfl ho^r*o6-s/)1 eou-\ e-|'t'n'han

y,,+yp 0 V-,ovl Y=Cr SinX*

(rtn'tx tlx
{aYn tp.lu*ne^*t.-7 }r,6c}r rrn $tt)'
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f
yor +y = o

Auxr3ia.rY €-,L'*+',trn
m:+ 4
J- - ci

, hftr ;

$ t x) *- Ct rYl x + cP te'}Aff-

$o l,"je r,.,r,*{j *oi<e

3p txJ * ?( { A sin)L + ts {,ofr*}

x{-At&Xx-- &Sr.nx)
3,p (x) = A Srnx+ BfoAK+

};tx) = 2A (.tl* * 2b sinx + x (-+ Sinx -B c"td

d;++ *2*"&rorp
*'ubASl*{rfi""'? in
=H^e

Y"+Y * Sinx

#ACuXx# {B Simx +x {*A St-nr* B 6o{ x)+ x (A srn:c*B twfrx) s Sinr

-=-j\
fl L& {eX x- #' 2& Sr'-nx z Sinx -:

I
$*u",n fi=# r B el

6
"{*

-L x iu,xx *h*
.t

qX veC
Yr (x
d e"Ar
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bqr$r'{"fu{ xo"t ,-d="cn I

kwn Yrx-) nCr

!-+ I
Sim ?{ + {L fu,f { r.n J
L
x &,tx
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!

)n' *yl * e-y = 4xl -O

H orn oYn envY e'2v*h'ry1 ix
Ytr* Yl - g.y = o

d{,t"L(Sl'ery &yua'et-c}tl t7[ m\- yr-),*d= O

he=:I.
.i

I
hn="t

Sa twTaP-[ e/,*re,**a*ry j*-t&'on \,ts

ir5-*
4trt)= qe'+cz€
'.' Y(f*)= *rL tx q"A*u'4 J'a6nnee-
Yo,lynarn i,-), \,.)& **le q -}r''al. Ao),t^Jr'on o,f

y4- *-r"n !? = A+ Br + (xL

'3'F
= B + z e,Y
tlf
Y7 2c
=
EubLfr'Ju*er)-, +yg a3xo'hoh O
2c ( B +ztx) .- "t( A+ Bx+ (aL) T +xL
{7tlu.-h'n6 be*h'c, wJ.s oi Jik€- Po'^' e'{A s} x
Xo: %C"*B {{4 =o
xl : !ffiLte28
=o
xLr
 s
So
Yp =" €B+{xr=t1.tL

Ar"^d ,+t-e WeWu$ 'enl o&$n iA 3rV€{-} b;

3= $tr)+ Y7
,tr (a e-
-*
jtr) = ct e---+ 3 +.?x - {x{
ttltngful .file 4t dd.s{ynine ,*ne ?w&it;Jar 6olu}'or1 '

BuJe 1 I Tt home oi *he A<nvr:n jn tG) 16 a

,tol ulion of $s,,nsynQeuA #*b)on ,
4fiEvr tov fhe

ha*ic'tJartso'luliorrY?,Lhfioflea'"!in<rar{
of ')rLx) qra qJ j'ta dtri/afi'ne$
coyn bina.A'or.l

l1*#+*ryalini$es<*ol-L''ntqv-trY(*depa.+
.fu n .-'h'on

Bulel{ 14- ttil co^}alnx }<trnx +\r* c.lre u'*^in"'\

, *h en .l-o chso4 t
irn 0ornpl-*,, m"{'c*.f,; &u, t.}-,'ofl
*he }<..a,1 }orrn of Yp tx) ,foJ-Io.^: l+re Ial1ot^rirn6

LW
rrtx) e'^d ;,,lX
F;ftr*, *1oo{e -l'' a,,. Cornbin''}-''o''l '[
urhich qYg '-9urn{qrJy tnd*p"^Jt,^*'
dEyivaliva
<w UYrtuino'&'on ia rn'/t-}+i p"}iod by
Sew.rd, +r^-tA -!'{h
x xh *nT *:,
po'l;w o* r Aqv
: ,
J*fury +v"* rnaker aU lfie _

xmatl norn-he6alive
ytt/^J "n*
*ermX rno$ J., be Aolulr'orn O| +he h'or"o XtneouA
h.bleh',,
 L*
H xq'tvJh"$* j +
Yt{ .-* "flYI +dy s xe[{sAx *ff
The 6<re*lo,nJ i-6 J.e w-ofl*ne-or'r't ay^al''on r,$

Y"dr'#Yr+-f3=o

fru fl i-['
retr
V
e"y,r*&'o?ry
I
rX :

h? 2-* +{ = CI
"{)-e

W= *ee
,"+ j
t

ThW *he {,*'} f J*rrn qrr^*q ffW "+"n L}r'firl S tx) 14

xf
p*(el bAK+ ce sinmJ
$t*: =L\-

+
tr{
tL €x
i

bAlc sivr Y*
$ Lx,) -cr{* 'n"

i.,,.J* nnd ol +1'.a

Thw uJ * c^xoA€ Poar*ic'^'t-q"r
a ,..' :

fOYrn
L4 (:cJ
JP \-",/ = x ex[ {&u +qf) tu{"{ + $.+ b, xlsin{

ul { v }
- Y, tx) + tU t ,, + to,x) b'sxa (bo+rl,';si'*]

* ( oor+a,xLS Sfnr + (box +b' xa) r'satl ,

s'; { x} Yp {"xJ

a> [au + 2-a,x) Sivrr + ( bo +zbr 9 to,ax * (qo+ ZQ,z) Sinx

+ i bu+ au,xJ LoAX - L r.o{*Q,*')(.w\L*[ b"x+b,")s;{
 7T

SubX *f luHn6 U.,e, in eTrxo,lroV

A , q*d
at-{er Airn P-0i fi e*&'or o u! 6 t*l ,
y'} -{ Y'? +'t W = e.P (L4t+2b') +*b''}c'xx +
{ (Lb,-,2 4o) - 44r* } si"x]
'Fs
Bg Trin g -*-(, e.q,.^o;*ioa O q*d 4! lcy
Cevn

-y^0, erut!;.ien*A o* €n ttax, €x Srnx , *e*6ax

a'.l x el Sinx , L^f p- tr*
I
(2-qt+ Lb,) =O, (Zb,*2a")= o

4b, = I -*Qt=O

The*tlwe xe*[ +b,sx+f,'xs;hrj

*
. l-l ernoe .4+^4, T\*"r4 56\t^$r'orr tx *

t*f Lb f,x s;"i

ft, blx
'+
t + c* s,'',{ + *
gtx) ; e*f(c, * *r) b,tx -+ ('^* | x") sl"xJ .
 -fq b! e,
ls.

Fb-r r-g-r*-"& on
yn' + {eyl +by = ?"(}tJ

Aux i-lia^rg e7'^lim tk

tnr-+ e\ + b = CI ,nsFr-h
ffi
fic,rrry *l {tzv*icutqr fr*t ul&'e 'r {-endi&'*v^}
"?n [ 4o+qtN+" +QrvXW q {oo* o"j {J}
rJ lA t"ro* 4i

t x*' t4o +qt x * e $ .+ ar#ry a r',t a €ss* u$ {T} *ff

k:u-[*ip}i e i*g"l*'
Px c€F* P ix Y.a* q vs&* oJ {rJ
€r

{ L X" e?* P !-8 q soo* *$ [r] #r

ut-"
h{ul* i P"$t c t'-$g
{art*x o€ {N {sX Lx +tZ Srhfx ix h** q €o*,& CI$
Sin yx
xh t Cf b,e Lx + (L xir Lx-] r L rx q tt'os"* o'f {f: s

ynuJ+iF-$ici$H *,hon
,
roPx
Ur +q,x+ c-.+ A***) , 7 i* hs* a voo* og (rJ
f5
x €' e?*

*"{ qo *Q,x + L s, + 8,n**) €?* f rA q -to+* o* ffi) ff*

lf q,j*i p-ti rr*H hu '|i
x?q furt Lfv #,s+ Qrx + '-'+ qo,x*) {Brt Lx + I f t6 hre,* a Vouk o$
x'{t St'rt Zx ( ba * bix + e ! " + b*ne.$ S,* Lx {r)
ryaof o$ {tJ 0 *
*uf&o + q,x* $..+ qm**) bvy ]t iy in a,
+ (bo * brx + - "+ bsu**J $tn ril
Ynujti pJ,'c{'*y r h,'!
F* Lnfrgst or
f tt €r* ( Cl {wrfx + ty Siny:x} (P+;Z) rA tne# q Yeo* s$ {f J

4 ff+i r) ifr q vao'$

t?* Sr'rn Yx xY er*{ c, {D,3 tx+ cz sin/ o$ tx) oJ-
r /i t ,*x Frr77t*
yut €?''fufrflx:
*{
(f+f L) rx Iw* q ros* *$ rJJ
'ri

xw €{*srn gx J 0#
4
frrr; r'4 q -rso# oi {f
*'m
t,r,*a"$ *,FJ,'(tly " *