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Criminology and Victimology: An Introduction

Method · July 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34867.96805

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Criminology and Victimology: An Introduction
Md. Sahin Miah1
Abstract: The study of crime victims remains the only emphasis of mainstream victimology in the modern
criminal justice system. This focus has resulted in a greater awareness and understanding of not only crime Page | 1
victims, but also the ways in which crime is measured and the role that victims play. In addition, society
as a whole has moral responsibility because the crime is the product of certain undesirable social
conditions. The main purpose of this Research Paper is to clarify the concept of criminology along with
that the additional afford is to identify the different approaches of victimology, constructive extension
and severe differences.

Keywords: Crime, Criminal Law, Criminal Intention, Criminal Motive, Comparative approach

Introduction: When we think about wrongdoing we oftentimes see at the casualty, this think about is
named Victimology, a department of Criminology. Victimology deductively considers the relationship
between a harmed party and an guilty party by analysing the causes and the nature of the ensuing
enduring. Particularly, victimology centres on whether the culprits were total outsiders, unimportant
colleagues, companions, family individuals, or indeed detainees and why a specific individual or put was
focused on. Criminal victimization oftentimes dispenses financial costs, physical wounds, and mental
harm. According to Brittanica, Victimology to begin with risen within the 1940s and ’50s, when a few
criminologists (strikingly Hans von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn, and Henri Ellenberger) inspected
victim-offender intelligent and pushed complementary impacts and part inversions. These forerunners
raised the idea that some of those who were injured or killed shared some culpability for their own
misfortunes with the lawbreakers. Costly mistakes could be found and risk-reduction strategies could be
determined by methodically studying the activities of victims.2

Although the field's initial focus was on varied degrees of victim blameworthiness, by the 1970s, studies
aimed at preventing victimization, improving the way complainants are treated by the police and courts,
and speeding rehabilitation had surpassed it. Numerous analysts and citizens have great eagerly when
saying for illustration,3 “Wear something less uncovering so you don’t pull in as well much attention” or
“Watch the sum of liquor you devour, somebody may take advantage of you”. But what happens when
that lady does get assaulted after a night out with her companions drinking, or a woman dressed in a brief
skirt and tall heels gets sexually attacked whereas strolling domestic late at night? Is it their blame that
these wrongdoings happened to them? Didn’t we caution them? Now, I am in no way bashing the calling
of Victimologists.4 It is imperative to get it the casualties enduring and to coach them through the method
of mending from the hurt the wrongdoing committed against them caused but, there does have to be a
more profitable and/or mentally sound way of preventing wrongdoing without bashing ladies for what

1
Researscher at the Hasty Head, E-mail: shahinshahlaw25@gmail.com
2
Jubaer, Shah. (2021). An introduction to statutory interpretation and the role of court with common law
approach of legal construction. 10.13140/RG.2.2.26073.03681.
3
Jubaer, Shah. (2021). The election and crime relating to elections: An observation under penal code,
1860. 10.13140/RG.2.2.11501.10728.
4
Jubaer, Shah. (2021). The Criminal Justice and Forensic Criminology: A Basic Rule.
10.13140/RG.2.2.20534.63049.
they wear or do. This can be where we turn back to the nuts and bolts, Criminology, where Victimization
stemmed from numerous a long time prior.

Criminology: Criminology is so critical since it tries to get it the root of the wrongdoing, the culprit. These
researchers think about perpetrator’s thought processes; what they were searching for whether it be for Page | 2
individual delight, to deliver fear or torment, or indeed for the unadulterated excite of committing a
wrongdoing and the adrenaline surge it may provide them.5 The consideration of Criminology centers on
the thought processes of the criminal and the social affect of the violations they commit. Agreeing to The
Adjust, they “look at each conceivable angle of freak behavior. This incorporates the impacts of
wrongdoing on person casualties and their families, society at huge, and indeed hoodlums themselves,”
according to The Adjust. Criminologists consider components just like the recurrence, area, causes and
sorts of wrongdoing, at that point work to create “effective and compassionate implies of anticipating it,”
The Adjust proceeds. This I accept is where Victimology stemmed from. The, “effective and sympathetic
implies of avoiding it”.

Victimology: Criminology, Victimology, and a slew of other social disciplines are required to fully
comprehend crime, perpetrators, and victims. Even the most brilliant scientists cannot comprehend the
human mind, people's actions, feelings, thoughts, and reasons. We need a large number of researchers,
as well as crime and victims, to understand why crime occurs in the first place and to be able to avoid it.
In spite of these similitudes, there are a few contrasts between criminology and victimology, a few of
which incorporate the center of the two concepts.6 Criminology, for occurrence, is more centered on the
ponder of wrongdoing in terms of its nature, the criminal behavior of suspects, reasons for committing a
wrongdoing, and the impacts of this wrongdoing on the culprits.7 On the other hand, victimology is more
fascinated by the relationship between the casualty and the criminal inquire absent to understand the
nature of wrongdoing and, thus, draw up a few designs of comparative wrongdoings to foresee future
patterns on the same violations and potential suspects who made the same profile.8 As specified, a few
of the perspectives that are centered on in victimology incorporate whether the casualty another
backstabber knew each other or were outsiders (Fitz-Gibbon et al., 2020).

As a result, criminology can be defined as the study of crime and its nature, as well as the investigation of
why and how offenders commit crimes. Victimization, on the other hand, is the study of the lessons
learned by victims and perpetrators in order to comprehend their relationship and, as a result, the nature
of crime and its causes. The focus on crime and criminal activity is a similarity between these two notions.
Another similarity is that the analysis of prospective suspects is based on the research of crime patterns,
which has determined the reasons. Victimology is the word proposes is the consider of casualties. The
Joined together Countries Statement of Fundamental Standards of Equity for Casualties of Wrongdoing

5
Jubaer, Shah. (2019). The method of findings the Criminal Intention and the consequential outcome of a
crime: A basic Guideline towards criminal law practitioners.
6
Jubaer, Shah & Hoque, Lipa. (2021). RIGHT REALISM AND THE REALIST CRIMINOLOGY: THE
AMERICAN CRIMINOLOGIST'S APPROACH. connexions • international professional communication
journal | revista de comunicação profissional internacional. 07. 199-212. 10.17605/OSF.IO/ZDVWC.
7
Jubaer, Shah. (2021). THE CRIME, CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, AND EXTENDED CRIMINOLOGY: A
CRITICAL SCRUTINY. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research. 08. 213-221.
10.17605/OSF.IO/62FKZ.
8
Jubaer, Shah & Hoque, Lipa. (2021). The Forensic science and Forensic Criminology: A comparative
narration for law practitioners. 10.13140/RG.2.2.11883.87848.
and Mishandle of Control, 1985 characterizes the expression “victim of crime” as a person(s) who,
separately or collectively, have endured hurt, counting physical and mental damage, passionate enduring,
financial misfortune or significant impedance of their essential rights,9 through acts or exclusions that are
an infringement of criminal laws agent inside the Part States, counting those laws proscribing criminal Page | 3
mishandling of power.10 The classification’s central point is the ‘behavior’ of casualties.11 Prior, casualties
had a great part to play in arrange to rebuff the guilty parties. They were given free rights to choose the
discipline. At that point with the Run the show of Law, Cutting edge Equity Framework made particular
changes concerning the same and the law started to center on the ‘offender’ as an entire. As a result, the
perpetrators became the focal point of legal attention, while victims were neglected in some way. In
general, crime detectives and courts focus their whole emphasis on criminals.12 They are only interested
in the crime victim for the purpose of detaining the perpetrator and substantiating or refuting the
prosecution's story.13 Criminology is primarily concerned with criminals, their social backgrounds, the
reasons of criminality, punishment tactics, and crime prevention strategies, among other things.14 The
victim has received little attention, either as a perpetrator of crime or as a deserving of the
administration's and society's care in order to be rehabilitated in an honorable and dignified manner.15

Constructive extension: Comparison between Criminology and Victimology Criminology may be a logical
consider of wrongdoing and criminal behavior with specific accentuation on the culprits of crime.16 This
teach started in Europe within the 18th century based on hypotheses of wrongdoing and discipline.17 A
few criminology categories are teach and incorporate political science, brain research, financial matters,
natural science, science, and advancement.18 Criminology has progressed since its beginning within the
early 18th century and ascribed criminal behaviors and wrongdoing to free will (Crittenden et al., 2020).19
This school of thought stipulates that individuals who commit violations get it what they’re doing, and

9
Wexler, D. B. (2016). Guiding court conversation along pathways conductive to rehabilitation:
Integrating procedural justice and therapeutic jurisprudence. Int'l J. Therapeutic Juris., 1, 367.
10
Sette, R. (Ed.). (2009). Cases on Technologies for Teaching Criminology and Victimology:
Methodologies and Practices: Methodologies and Practices. IGI Global.
11
Crittenden, C. A., Gateley, H. C., Policastro, C. N., & McGuffee, K. (2020). Exploring How Gender
and Sex Are Measured in Criminology and Victimology: Are we Measuring What we Say we Are
Measuring?. Women & Criminal Justice, 1-14.
12
Jubaer, Shah. (2019). A conceptual introduction of Crime: Systematic observations..
10.13140/RG.2.2.21779.81443.
13
Köhnken, G., & Steller, M. (1988). The evaluation of the credibility of child witness statements in the
German procedural system. Issues in criminological & legal psychology.
14
Greene, C., Sprott, J. B., Madon, N. S., & Jung, M. (2010). Punishing processes in youth court:
Procedural justice, court atmosphere and youths' views of the legitimacy of the justice system. Canadian
Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 52(5), 527-544.
15
Harkin, D. (2015). Police legitimacy, ideology and qualitative methods: A critique of procedural justice
theory. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), 594-612.
16
Walklate, S. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of victims and victimology. Routledge.
17
Jubaer, Shah. (2010). The most important issues of the Criminal Procedure Code of Bangladesh: A
guideline to court practioners.
18
Hoque, Lipa. (2021). Crime and Institutional Education: A comparative Global approach.
19
Friedrichs, D. O. (1983). Victimology: A consideration of the radical critique. Crime &
Delinquency, 29(2), 283-294.
they too get it the suggestion of the discipline.20 Victimology is the think about of the relationship between
the culprit and casualties by analyzing the causes of the wrongdoing and the results to the casualty.21
Other factors to evaluate include the relationship between the criminal and the victim, as well as whether
they were targeted for whatever purpose.22 Page | 4

The Criminal Justice Department and law enforcement agencies believe victimology and criminology to
be relevant when investigating crimes.23 Between criminology and victimology, there are significant
distinctions and parallels. Criminology and victimology are both concerned with crime and criminal
conduct.24These research all started with the goal of understanding the origins and effects of crime, as
well as trends and patterns that can be linked to predict future trends and criminal behaviors.25 Both
criminology and victimology analyze the designs of wrongdoing and look for to get it them at that point
the designs of wrongdoing and how they relate to the casualties and the backstabbers and so look for
ways to get it the potential suspects due to the profile given.26 Victimology may be a sub-branch of
criminology, and so the definition is additionally an clarification of the similitude (Fitz-Gibbon et al., 2020).
victimology and criminology have progressed over the a long time due to technological propels in
measurable science and other areas.27 These innovative propels our information has been utilized to
recreate wrongdoing scenes and so sustain the causes and potential nature of violations such as kill,
assault, and attack. DNA tests, for occurrence, have been utilized to profile criminal suspects and so
empower law authorization offices to track down potential suspects and meet them. Criminology and
victimology work together to help law enforcement authorities gain a better understanding of crime,
including its causes and nature. For example, criminology will investigate criminal conduct from the
perspective of the perpetrator, assessing the evidence left behind to determine the offender's motives
and the nature of the crime (Fitz-Gibbon et al., 2020). Victimology will aid the types of victims affected by
the crime by looking for a pattern among the victims in order to comprehend prospective suspects
through profiling.

20
Bradford, B. (2011). Voice, neutrality and respect: Use of Victim Support services, procedural fairness
and confidence in the criminal justice system. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(4), 345-366.
21
Jubaer, Shah. (2015). Logical relevancy, admissibility and the Relevancy of Fact: A procedural
evaluation.
22
Deb, Bishal. (2021). A Methodical Examination of the Concept of Crime and Criminal Laws.
10.13140/RG.2.2.19659.72485.
23
Hall, M. (2011). Environmental victims: Challenges for criminology and victimology in the 21st
century. Varstvoslovje/Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, 4, 371-391.
24
Hoque, Lipa. (2021). Education and wrongdoing: an analytical study. 10.13140/RG.2.2.15459.48163.
25
Jubaer, Shah. (2015). Criminal consequences under criminology. 10.13140/RG.2.2.16228.91520.
26
Jubaer, Shah. (2018). A Plain and sample narration of the Criminology. Criminal Justice Review.
10.13140/RG.2.2.28287.53920.
27
Fitz-Gibbon, K., Walklate, S., McCulloch, J., & Maher, J. (2020). Evolving Feminist Perspectives in
Criminology and Victimology and Their Influence on Understandings of, and Responses to, Intimate
Partner Violence. In The Emerald Handbook of Feminism, Criminology and Social Change. Emerald
Publishing Limited.
 Concluding Remark: We must too get it that having a wrongdoing committed against you isn't your blame
notwithstanding of what you wear, how inebriated you'll be, or indeed basically not being mindful of your
environment.28 No one merits to be harmed and we as a society have to be discover other ways of
understanding and anticipating wrongdoing instead of fair faulting the casualty to form wrongdoing less
Page | 5
of the reality that it is in our standard of living. Each wrongdoing produces a casualty.29 The wrongdoing
rate is developing at a quick pace in India particularly in organized wrongdoings such as sedate trafficking,
weapon culture, cash washing, kill for rent, blackmail, extortion, and human trafficking.30 As per the study,
wrongdoing against ladies is being detailed each two minutes in India.31 The information highlights the
critical got to ensure proper law and arrange circumstance within the nation additionally, plans for
casualty recompense.32 In spite of the fact that a silver lining can be seen within the later changes made
to the Code of Criminal Method, 1973 conjointly within the legal reaction there ought to be requirement
of more rigid laws for stipend as insignificant pardoning to the criminal would do no great.33 Pardoning
has no portion in clearing a criminal of his wrongdoing but recompense to a degree plays a imperative
part in diminishing oneself of the burden of being a casualty.34

28
Walklate, S. (2016). Criminology: the basics. Routledge.
29
Hough, M., Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2013). Legitimacy, trust and compliance: An empirical test of
procedural justice theory using the European Social Survey. Legitimacy and criminal justice: An
international exploration, 326-352.
30
Barnes, G. C. (1999). Procedural justice in two contexts: Testing the fairness of diversionary
conferencing for intoxicated drivers. University of Maryland, College Park.
31
Murphy, K., Bradford, B., & Jackson, J. (2016). Motivating compliance behavior among offenders:
procedural justice or deterrence?. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(1), 102-118.
32
Heydon, J. (2018). Sensitising green criminology to procedural environmental justice: A case study of
first nation consultation in the Canadian oil sands. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social
Democracy.
33
Walklate, S. (2016). Criminology: the basics. Routledge.
34
Barkworth, J., & Murphy, K. (2016). System contact and procedural justice policing: Improving quality
of life outcomes for victims of crime. International Review of Victimology, 22(2), 105-122.

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