EVOLUTION Evidence of Change

The fossil record Similarities in body structure Similarities in early development Similarities in chemical compounds Distribution of species

PALEONTOLOGY

The fossil record

PALEONTOLOGY

The fossil record

PALEONTOLOGY

The fossil record

Organisms have evolved in a historical sequence
Relative dating
geology

Not always reliable

radiochemistry Numerical/ radiometric dating

Can determine older than X but younger than Y

PALEONTOLOGY

The fossil record

The present is linked to the past
Baleonoptera musculus (blue whale)
Modern marine mammal

Basilosaurus
king lizard

Ambulocetus natans
walking whale that swims

PALEONTOLOGY

The fossil record

PALEONTOLOGY

The fossil record

Fossils form by chance Quality of fossils varies Fossil reconstruction requires thorough knowledge of anatomy

Why is Brontosaurus now called Apatosaurus?

Dating of fossils is achieved through various methods

COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY

Similarities in early development

COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY

Similarities in early development

Closely related organisms ~ similar embryonic development Tail Pharyngeal slits/ pouches/arches

Vertebrate embryos: (A) fish, (B) turtle, (C) chicken, (D) mouse, (E) human

COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY

Similarities in early development

Similarities in early development Similar genes at work Shared heritage from a common ancestor

Vertebrate embryos: (A) fish, (B) turtle, (C) chicken, (D) mouse, (E) human

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Similarities in body structure

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Similarities in body structure

Homologous structures

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Similarities in body structure

Analogous structures

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Homologous structures are due to divergent evolution (adaptive radiation)
One species gives rise to many species that appear different externally but are similar internally

Similarities in body structure

Analogous structures are due to convergent evolution
Unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Similarities in body structure

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Similarities in body structure

Vestigial structures
Examples
in humans: coccyx, ear muscles, appendix(?) in pythons, boas: anal spurs (tiny leg bones)

Evolution is a remodeling process: ancestral structures that functioned in one capacity become modified as they take on new functions

BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A B C

Similarities in chemical compounds

BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Species pairs
vs. chimpanzee A

Similarities in chemical compounds

% difference in nucleotide sequences
2.5 5.1 9.0 15.8 42.0

vs. gibbon B vs. old world monkey C

vs. new world monkey D vs. lemur E
A B C

Similarity of DNA b/w individuals of a sp.: related indivls > unrelated indivls (e.g., you & your parents vs. you & your classmates)
E

Two spp. judged to be closely related by other criteria have a proportion of their DNA in common than more distantly related spp.

BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Similarities in chemical compounds

BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Similarities in chemical compounds

***

Central dogma of mol bio:

DNA RNA proteins

Structure of proteins dictated by DNA sequence Similar proteins ~ similar DNA sequence ***Hemoglobin: protein that transports O2 in blood

BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Similarities in chemical compounds

Degree of similarity Degree of in chemical compounds ~ relatedness Similarities in monomer sequences Sequences must have been copied from a common ancestor

Common genetic code: passed on along through all branches of evolution

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Distribution of species

BIOGEOGRAPHY
A
D

Distribution of species
Observations about marsupial distribution
Found in the Americas, Australia, New Guinea Not observed to swim across the Pacific, nor are found in Asia No apparent routes of migration between the 2 continents

Marsupials of Australia: (A) wombat, (B) koala, (C) kangaroo, (D) wallaby

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Distribution of species
Marsupials didnt need a migration route from one part of the world to another; they rode the continents to their present positions

Gondwana: an ancient supercontinent that broke up around 160 MYA eventually forming modern Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia-New Guinea, and New Zealand, as well as Arabia and the Indian subcontinent

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Distribution of species

We find modern species where they are because they evolved from ancestors that inhabited those regions
Species are not distributed everywhere that they could survive

Islands have many species of plants and animals that are endemic but closely related to species of the nearest mainland or neighboring island

On a final note
vs.

Avril Lavignes Girlfriend (2005) The Rubinoos I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend (70s)

vs.
Orange and Lemons Pinoy Ako (2005) Cares Chandeliers (80s)

References
Main reference Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (1995). Biology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Other references
Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. (2004). Biology (7th ed.). Menlo Park, California: Benjamin Cummings. Miller, K.R. and Levine, J. (2002). Biology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W., and Villee, C. (1993). Biology (3rd ed.). Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing.

Image sources:
Boy with question: http://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/category/stud0003.html Slide 2, 3 Gallery of fossils: Concepts and Connections by Campbell Slide 4, 5 Sedimentary rock layers: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6024&page=12 Slide 4, 6 Ambulocetus: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/432.shtml Slide 6 Blue whale: http://www.whale-info.com/bluewhale.html Basilosaurus: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/seamonsters/factfiles/basilosaurus.shtml?img1

Slide 7, 8 Apatosaurus: http://www.geocities.com/EnchantedForest/Glade/5350/brontosaurus.html

Slide 8 Barney: http://74.52.59.146/~amk/invitations/barney-printable-invitation.jpg

Image sources:
Slide 9, 10, 11 Mouse embryo (10 days): http://www.hfsp.org/pubs/brochures/Pub_Brochure.php?page=8 Fish embryo: http://viewnews.com.au/bm/bm.pix/fish-embryo.s800x800.jpg Turtle embryo: http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/musc_dev/working_hypothesis.php Chicken embryo (10 days): http://flickr.com/photos/egosumdaniel/315040615/ Human embryo (4 weeks): http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/lifecycle/50.asp Slide 12, 13 Homologous structures: Biology by Solomon et al Slide 12, 14 Dragonfly wing: http://www.flickr.com/photos/joi/698898343/ Slide 14 Bat wing: http://www.nurseminerva.co.uk/adapt/bat.htm

Slide 16, 17 Appendices: http://www.evolutionfairytale.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=1483

Slide 17 Anal spurs: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_spur

Image sources:
Slide 18, 19 Chimp: http://web.scc.losrios.edu/evanst/ Gibbon: http://andfinally.tv/2009/06/baby-gibbon-mothered-247-by-human/ Proboscis monkey: http://www.datensklaven.de/?tag=animals Tamarin monkey: http://eco-stride.blogspot.com/2007/10/monkey-mobilized-incolumbia.html Lemur: http://www.naturalphotos.com/sekercioglu/madagascar/pages/MG8-TnZooRTLE.htm Human (stick figure): http://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/clip/stk-fgr5.html Slide 20 Central dogma: http://phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/translation/overview.html Slide 21 Protein comparison: Concepts and Connections by Campbell Slide 23, 24 Wallaby, wombat: http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites/animals/2624.php Kangaroo: http://kritterkorner.wordpress.com/2008/10/20/another-macropod/ Koala: http://www.geocities.com/cacaupe/zoo09.html

Image sources:
Slide 25 Gondwana: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/eden/media/sttnq.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ed en/media/sttnq.html

Slide 27 Rubinoos: http://www.amazon.com/Rubinoos/dp/B00000C2MS Care: http://www.amazon.com/Diamonds-Emeralds-Care/dp/B000006X9L Avril: http://www.amazon.com/Best-Damn-Thing-Avril-Lavigne/dp/B000NA1OXY OnL: http://www.amazon.com/Pinoy-Ako-Philippine-Music-CD/dp/B000BUEYJM

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