MOT SO m OE VE DAY HOG TIENG ANH GHD THE MAM NDN

ThS. v o THI KHANH UNH-

Abstract: Learning English at preschool level isn't too early because at those ages young
children have the abilities of acquiring a new language naturally, enthusiastically and
instinctively. We have to understand the nature of language learning (ESL and EFL) of
young children in order to choose the adequate teaching methods, learning contents and
forms. In this article, the author mentions the stages of language acquisition of young
learners and recommends some appropriate teaching methods in each stage, some learning
contents suitable with the nature of language learning process and how to build a positive
language environment in the kindergartens.
Keywords: English for preschool children, teaching English, foreign language
environmen t...

T
rong xa hdi loan cau hda hien nay, tieng Anh - Giai doan 2: Im lang (quan sat). Ire se giu im
(TA) da trd thanh phi/ong tien giao tiep chung lang va khdng ndi, tre eung co the nhSc lai^nhuvet)
tren toan the gldi, nen nhu cau cho con tre hoc cac tu TA, tre se nghe nhieu va co the "bat chudc"
TAtrdnencapfliietvolnhieu gia dinh.Cac nghien cdu cac td nghe dupe. Tre CO the hieu dupc cac cu chl,
cho thay, tre dupc hpc TA tardc 6 hoac 7 tudi cd nhieu dieu bo {cung cd the phan ung b^ng each gat dau
kha nang ndiTAnhungi/cfi ban xdhcfnlanhung treb^t hoac iac dau).
dau hpcTA sau dptuadd Viec cho tre hpcTA dlua tua - Giai doan 3: Sudung tddffn hoic ngu da hoc
mam non khdng phai la qua sdm, vi tre nhd cd kha (noi vin tit va theo cong ffidc). Tre bk dau noi va su
i]angti/dgng thu nap ngon ngumotcach tunhien, hio dyng ngdn ngd mdi, thudng chi ndi cac hi"don hoac
ftt^gva/jafinang'.Vi vay, chung ta can hieu ro ban chat eym td don gian (nhu: Me down) hoac lap lai kji ndi
cua quatrinh hpc ngoa ngd(NN) cuati'ede li/a chpn eua ngudi khae. Giai doan nay tre ehuye'u phattrien
phucmg phap, npi dung va hinh thdc phu hpp. vd'n "ngon ngdtiep nhan" va "tdvung chu dpng".
L Q u a t r i n h h o c N N c u a t r e m a m non (TMN) - Giai doan 4: Noi cic ciu co cau tnic hoic td
Tre nhd tlep tiiu ngon ngd theo each tir nhien va vi/ngphdctap.Dan dan,trehinh thanh kha nang ndi
vd thtic, bdi tre van ap dung chien lupc hpc ngdn ngd cum td, batdau tao cau. Tre san sang giao tiep va su
edtinh "bat chudc" nhu khi hpc tieng me de vao qua dyng cae cau true cau cua rieng minh, ban dau la
trinh hpc TA. Tn/dc khi biet ndi lieng m e de, tre quan nhung cau kha dan gian va cdn sai ve ngdphap. Sau
sat, nghe va giao tiep b§ngcdchi..., khi hpc TA treed dd, treed ttie ndi cac cau ngSn dthi hien tai vase tien
the cung trai qua mpt glai doan nhu vay trudc khi cd bp dan dan theo thdi glan.
tiiendidupcTA.Khacvdingudi ldn hpc NN mpt each Kha nang tien bp cua tdng tre la khac nhau va tuy
cdythdc (chu yeu thdng qua cac bpsach ngdphap va thupc vaocac yeu to anh hudng den quatrinh hpc NN
giao trinh TA), tre nho sddung kha nang "bSt chude" euati'e.Cd rat nhieu yeu to chiphd'i den quatrinh I h u
dPn gian va hieu qua theo each rieng cua chung. Dieu (J5e ngon ngd" va kha nang tuang tac eua tre, gom:
do cd nghTa, tre se hoc "ngon ngu ndr mot each tu" + Nang khieu (mdtsd'ttecd kha nang NN tot han cac
nhien trudc khi chung biet doc va viet. Tre hpc NN tre khac); + Yeu to tam li (mot so tre cd dpng ca hpc
eung cd xu hudng phat am chinh xac han, cam thy NN tot hon hoac tinh each eua tre cung anh hudng
ngon ngdtothon do khananglj^t chudc tor va "tham nhieu den each tre tiep can vdi cac nhiem vu hpc tap,
thau" NN tunhien. mptsoti^cdi mdhon vasan sang tiep nhan tiiuthach
Theo nghien cdu cua Tabors - Snow, d TMN vdi ngdn ngd mdi); + Yeu to mdi tn/dng (mdi tmdng
thudng trai qua 4 giai doan eua qua trinh I h u d^c tti nhien, mdi tn/dng xung quanh tre, st; ttiich hop
ngdn ngd", gom: cua ehuongti^inh,su da dang cua tai lieu, each tide
- Giai doan 1: Chisudtjng ti&ighftJe. Trong ttidi
gian dau, tresevan sudung tieng frie,^6. * Tnrdng Cao dang Sir pham Trang mag Nha Trang

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 giao vien (GV) cua tnidng mam non hdtrptrong qua
trinh tuong tac vdi tre...).'
Ngoai ra, luang TA ma tre tlep nhan hang ngay
(language input) cung tao nen sukhae biet trong tien
bove NN cua fre. Thudng thi tre dupe dua vao trong
mdi tn/dng TA eang nhieu cang tot, do kieu hpc tiep
nhan ngdn ngdvd thdc va nang lue "bat chude" ngdn
ngddupcsddungdetiep nhan mpt NN khac cua tre.
2. Phuang phap day hpc TA cho TMN
Da phan TMN thudng la dd'i tuong hpc NN theo
kiaj 'Van dpng"va"cam giac tiep xuc", tre thucng thich
di chuyen vas§n sang sdvao mpl thdkhi hpc. Vi vay,
cac hoat dpng day hpc ludn phai hudng den thu hut
tre van dgng va tuang tac lln nhau. Tuy nhien, khdng
phai vi vay ma bai day cua G V chi tap trung vao cac
hoat dpng di chuyen, van dpng va xuc giac. GV can
ehu y can doi gida each hpc, nhan thuc eua tung tre
trong ldp, cac nhiem vy hpc tap can ket hpp giua eac
doift}png ngudi hpc cd phong each hpc tap khac nhau,
den viec sudung cac phuang phap phu hpp, nhu:
nghe ndi(aud\o-\\ngua\), nghe nhin {visua\),dffn dgc
(solitary),.. Moi tre d^u cd diem manh va diem yeu,
nen G V can chuyden viec dap ung day dunhu cau va
nang luc cua tdng tre trong qua trinh day TA. Hon
nim, G V can chu y tao ca hpi phu hpp cho tre tap noi
tddan, phattrien dan thanh ciim td, tien tdi cac cau toi
gian.Trenhdcung can eddutiidi gian dephat trien TA
thdng qua cac hoat (3png do GV dan dat, "ngam" y
nghia cua ngdn ngdtdcac hoatdpng nay. Theo thdi
gian, tuy thupe vao cae yeu td'va tan suat tiep xue vdi
TAmatrebatdaunoiduaetddankethppvdieymtd
hoaccaungin.
Ngoai ra, dmdi giai doan khac nhau, G V can luu
yap dyng eac phuong phap va hoatdpng khac nhau
nham phu hpp vdl trinh dp cua tre. C y tiie:
•Giai doan /.GV can chuy nang cao hdng ttiu
cua tre doi vdiTAva giup tre ttiay quatrinh hpc NN rat
thu vj va phan khieh. Co cho tre nghe cae bai hat,
bang dia b^ng TA va b^t chudc cac hinh anh, nhan
vat, hanh dpng... tren man hinh vdi nen bai hat, bat
chants (bai hat cd nhip dieu deu deu) hoac rhymes
(bai tho covan dieu) bang TA.
-G/a/dba/J:2.'Trong giai doan nay.trecan dupc
tiep xuc nhieu vdi mditardng TA thdng qua quan sat,
nghe dia nhae TA, van dong theo bai hat hoae tham
gia vao cac trd choi khong ddi hdi tre phai noi nhieu (vi
dy.cddpe ten mau s^eva tre chpn dung mau dedan
lenbang...). Phuang phip sudung ca^eypR(yo^\
Physical Response) ttiudng phu hpp vdi giai doan
52 Tap chi Gido due so 369
nay, G V sddijng tiivyng lien quan den van ddng eo
the (cho tre diln ta hanh dpng b^ng ngdn ngu hinti
the), Ngoai ra, GV can lap di lap lai nhiiu lan cac tdva
cau dan gian. GV yeu cau tre chi, sd hoae dung cu
chidieubpfrongkhihpcvachotrenghe nhieu nhung
khong ddi hoi tre phai tra ldi lai bang TA.
- Giai doan 3: + Su dung cau hdi yes/no va lo^ii
eau hdi lua chpn cai nay cai kia (eittier/or); •^ Chap
nhan cau tra Icri chi gom 1 -2 ti>cua tre; + Tao co hpi
cho tre tham gia vao mdt trong nhieu hoat dpng eua
Idp hpe; + Sddung tranh anh, vat ttiat khi dat cau hdi
cung nhu day tu vung de tre cd tiie nhan ra dupc
nghTa tn/dc khibiettiJ-TA lagi; + Xay dung vd'n tdcua
tre thong qua tranh anh,do vat (bSt daubing viec day
td cho tre ehd khong phai day eau); + Doc truyen
tranh: cho tre nghe doc tnjyen vatap trung nhieu vao
tdvung, khainiem. Hay xem ngdn ngdia phuang tien
chuyen tai chu khong phai la mdn hpc rieng biet; eo
gSng tuyet doi khdng d ich nghia cua td, de tre ti; hieu
bang khainiem (vidu, cdgtao cam quyen sach va ndi
"a book", CO ngoi xuong va ndi "sitdown"). Sau nhieu
lan lap di lap lai, treseti/hinh thanh khainiem vecactd
vung do. GV chi sudung tieng Viet ttong tn/dng hpp
giaitiiiehluatehoi.
-G/a/dban 4. + T o chdc nhieu hoatdpng khac
nhau phu help vdi s d thich, nang luc NN cua tre va
de tre ti/do chpn cac "hoatdpng gdc" ma minh ua
thich. Chang han, cung la chu de mau sic, GV cd
theth let ke hoat dpng bat dau td dpe ke tnjyen tranh,
dan va dgc ten cae mau s^c theo thutu len bang, trd
chai ddng vai gidi thieu mau yeu tiiich, hat bai hat ve
mau sac, td mau, ve cau vong... va mgt so cac hoat
dpng khac phdi hap vdiphy huynh tai nha. G V cijng
cd the to chdc cac hoat dgng phde tap han va yeu
cau su tuang tac lien tyc gida tre - tre va gida tre -
ngudi Idn, nhu: ddng kich, trinh diln, ke chuyen...
Cac hoat dpng hpc nay phai vui, da dgng va ng^n
gpn; + Phan Idn tre hpc TA thdng qua cac trd chdi,
qua trd ehoi tre cdn phattrien the chat, tinh cam -xa
hpi va tri thdng minh. Cho du khac nhau ve chu de
va loai hinh hogt dpng (Lam quen vdi Toan, Lam
quen vdi tac pham van hpc, TA...), nhung chai trd
ehoi ludn mang lai hieu qua hgc tap cao nhat. Cac
trd choi nhu gheptiJ,ddng vai theo chu de cung cap
von tuhieu qua hon cho tre; + Cd cdtiid'chpn nhdng
truyen cd npi dung don glan, hinh anh minh hpa dep
va dgc to cau truyen tn/dc ldp. Qua do, tre se trd
nen quen ttiugc vdi tdvi/ng, ngdphap va ngu digu
cua cau toiyen; + Cd sddung cae yeu cau, menh
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lenh phdc tap hon (kieu menh lenh gom 2 budc); freean duoc: day denhan biet eac phan cua mptcuon
+ Tap hat cac bai hat TA.GV chgn nhdng bai hated sach (nhu: bia trudc, bia sau, fren va dudi); hpc de
td ngu don gian. tiel tau vda phai (3e fre nghe rd va bietcac chd vatu ttieo tiidtt/h>trai qua phai, tu fren
hat ttieo dupc. Qua cac bai hat fre cdng hpc dupc xudng dudfl; de biet mgt cuon sach gom cd ten sach,
nhieutiJrvi/hg,ngdphap va glai iJieu;+Khuyen khieh do tae gia nao viet, do hpa sTnao ve minh hpa...
tre "ndf bang each gpi y va nhae "kheo" la! cau tnJc 4. Xay dung "moi trudng NN" trong cac
khi Ire can giup dd de diln dat; + Su dung c&u hdi trudng mam non
md, hoac cau hdi cd nhieu dap an, giup tre md rpng 4.1. Vaitrd cua GV mam non. GV mam non
giao tiep va lang ea hpi dam thoai. ddng vai trd chinh anh hudng den qua frinh hgc TA
3. Npi dung day hoc TA cho TMN eua tre; nguon dgng vien Idn va la ngudi tao ra mdi
3.1. ken luyen kha nang phat am va nhan biet ta/dng NN phu hpp c d \ u va khieh le fre hoe. Vai frd
am ti^cho rw/V.Nhan biet am tietlakhanang nhan cua GV mam non ddi vdi viec hpe NN cua fre ratquan
dien va tao ra am ttianh, Id dOj tao tiianh ngon ngu, trpng nhung cung nhieu thach thuc. Vi vay, GV phai
khong phuttiupe give nghia. Otivdng mam non, fre tao ra mpt mdi tn/dng hpe NN dam bao cho tre ttiay
ren luyen kha nang phat am ttiong qua viec: - Hgc thoai mai nhatva san sang debatdau "chuye'n hanh
each nhan bieteactiicdvanvanhjp;-Nghe dupc cac trinh" tiiu vj nay. G V phai nhiet tinh, quan tam, cham
am tieltrong Id; - Hgc each nhan bietcac am b§t dau sdc va luu y den tdng tiiay doi cua tre, lam cho tre cam
cuati>;- Noi cae am vdi tiJr. thay an toan, vui ve va thoai mai khi hge. Mot trong
3.2. Phat trien von tu vgng TA cho TMN: nhung yeu cau de day td't TA cho TMN la G V can cd
• Nhom tdvung quen ttiupc vdi Ire (nhu: cae bp phan nang liJC NN tot, phatam chinh xac (day la giai doan
COttie,quan ao, do chai, trai cay, rau cu qua, thde an, quan frpng xay dung ca sd nen tang eho fre phat am
douong, hinh dang, mau sac, mdi vi...);-Nhdm ti/ dung). De han che viec fre phatam sai (do GV phat
vung lien quan den eugc song hang ngay (cac dpng am ehua tot), GV phai tang cudng nghe va luyen
tij" chl hoat dpng trong ngay, cac ngay trong tuan...); phat am cac tdse day cho tre, lua ehgn nguon tai lieu,
-Nhom tdvung vemditiiidng ti/nhien (dpng vat, cdn bang dia TA chuan dua vao day hgc.
tning,ttiditiet...);- Nhdm t d v i ^ g ve gia dinh (eae do 42. Hgc lieu va moi trudng ldp hgc:
vat quen ttiugc ti^ng nha, cac phong trong nha, chi -Hgclieu:+ Truyen vatiuyen franh (dan ngdhoac
moi quan he frong gia dinh...); - Nhdm ti/ vung ve song ngu) vdi npi dun^ dan gian, it tdvung va it cau
trudng hgc, phdng hoc...; - Nhdm ti/vyng ve xa hpi tnic. Co va ehau ed tiie eung dgc fruyen va ttiUe hien
(nghe nghiep,eae phuong tien giao ttidng...);-Nhdm cae hoat dgng khac lien quan den ngi dung cau
td vifrig ve tinh cam (cac tu chi cam xuc...); - Cac td chuyen: tuy nhien, ngi dung cau chuyen se d l hieu
vt^ng can ttiiet khac... han neu cd va cac chau cung nhap vai frinh diln va
3.3. Phattrien khananggiao tiep TA dan gian dong kjch; + Cac bai hat, bai ttia cd van, bai chant rat
c/jo 7"AfW - Cac caufrdechao ha, gidi tiiieu ban ttian, li tudng trong khuyen khich phat trien viec phat am
ban be, nhdng cau giao tiep eo ban trong eugc sd'ng chuan cua tre mpt each vui nhpn, tu nhien. Cac bai
hang ngay...; - Cac eau tnic cau hoi va tra Idi dan gian hat, bai rhymes, chants phai ngan gpnva cd di kem
vdi who, what, where, when, why...;-Ndi vesdthich, van dpng; + Bup be va rdi tay (bup be va rcStay nay chi
cam xuc, tinh cam... bieindlTA);+Tr6choi (nhu: wort/gamesvapuzzfes);
3.4. Hinh thanh kha nang "dgc viet" TA cho + Cac tai lieu day hpc khae giup gay hung ttiu va ngac
TMN. Cae nghien euu cho ttiay, viec fre biet bang chd nhien cho tre, nhu: do choi, ao quan...; + Cactoaittiiet
ealvachdviet giup fre ttianh cdng trong quattinh hinh bi cdng nghe cao (may nghe nhae, (Jen thoai, may
tiianh kTnang dgc. Viec hpcTA cua TMN cung ti/Ong tinh, cac phan man hudng d i n hpc TA)cung la ngudn
h/nhuvay,suthanhttiaocac kTnang tren gdp vai fro tai lieu hdu dyng cho GV.
quan frpng giup fredat nang luc NNtdtve sau. Vi vay, -SipxepldphgchStrachovlechocTA.Laphgc
GV can giup tre: - Lam quen chu eai: Cac kT nang can dupc sap xep theo gdc hoc tap, hoat dpng va han
tiiich hc^ vdi TMN la rihan biet va gpi ten dupc cac chesuthaydoivitri nhim giup fre tiiuan lai trong qua
chOin vavietttiudng, blit dau lien hehinh anh cac chd frinh ligc. Vcri "moi ta/dng co djnh quen ttiupc", viec
cai va am ttianh eua cac chu cai do; - Nhan biet chd hgc tap se thuan lpi nhieu han vdi fre, tre ti/ hieu se
(hieu cae net dac tamg cua saeh va ehuviet). Vi vay (Xem ^ep trang 35)

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