Nava Bharath Vidyalaya senior

Secondary cbse school

Physics Project

Done By:
r.jasmitha shree

Bonafide Certificate
Project title:
OHM’S LAW AND ITS
APPLICATION
Certified Bonafide Record of Project
work Ms R. JASMITHA SHREE.
Submitted for the All India Senior
Secondary School, Physics.

Teacher’s sign signature of principal

Certificate
This is nearby to certify that, the
original work has been carried out to
investigate about the subject matter
and the related data collection has
been completely solely, sincerely
and satisfactory by R.JASMITHA
SHREE. Nava Bharath vidyalaya
senior secondary school (CBSE)
regarding their project “OHM’S
LAW AND ITS APPLICATION.”

Signature of the Teacher

Acknowledgement
 Primarily I would thank almighty
for being able to complete this project
with success.Then I would like to express
my special thanks of gratitude to our
Correspondent Sir R.Muthukrishnan as
well as our principal Mam B.Aruna for
providing me all facilities.
Then I would like to Thank my
Physics teacher Kayalvizli Nangai mam,
who give valuable guidance for me to
complete this project .
Secondly I would like to thank my
parents and family who helped a lot to
finish this project.
Thanks again all who helped me.
CONTENTS
 Aim
  Introduction
 History
 Current and Voltage
 Resistance
 Ohm’s law magic triangle
 Problems based on Ohm’s law
 Limatations of Ohm’s law
 Applications of Ohm’s law
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

AIM:
 To collect all informations about Ohm’s laws
and its application .
INTRODUCTION:
Most basic components of electricity are
voltage, current, and resistance. Ohm’s law shows a
simple relation between these three quantities.
Ohm’s law states that the current through a
conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points.
Ohm’s Law Formula
Voltage= Current× Resistance
V= I×R
V= voltage, I= current and R= resistance
The SI unit of resistance is ohms and is denoted
by Ω
This law is one of the most basic laws of
electricity. It helps to calculate the power, efficiency,
current, voltage, and resistance of an element of an
electrical circuit.
HISTORY:
Georg Simon Ohm was born in Germany, in
the year 1787 and entered that city’s university in
the year 1805, where he got a doctorate. He taught
mathematics in local schools of that city and
performed experiments in the physics subject in a
school’s physics laboratory, trying to master the
principles over electromagnetism. He became a
mathematics professor at the Jesuits’ College in
Cologne in the year 1817.
In the year 1826, G. Simon ohm published
papers giving a mathematical model in the way the
electric circuits conducted heat in Fourier’s studies.
In May 1827, G. Simon Ohm published “Die
galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet”, which
represent the relationship between electromotive
force(EMF), current(I), and resistance(R), later it
was known as Ohm’s law. Simon Ohm obtained the
experimental data by which he first formulated his
law on 8 January 1826. But his study got a silent
reception over its initial release, and he resigned his
position at Cologne, at last taking a new
professorship in Nurenberg in the year 1833.
 Ohm’s findings would organize new research
into electricity in the coming decades. In the year
1841, G Simon Ohm was awarded the Royal
Society’s highest award, the “Copley Medal”. The
term ‘Ohm’ was adopted as the unit of
electrical resistance in the year 1872.

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE:

Current: Current is defined as the flow of
positive charge from a source to a negative charge
source. The units for current are C/s for the amount
of charge (C) that travels per unit time (second).
The ampere (A) is the common unit of current equal
to 1 C/s and the symbol for current is I. 
Voltage: Voltage is the driving force of the
current, it is the electromotive force that pushes free
electrons from one atom to another in the same
direction. It is also known as potential difference.
Voltage is measured by the unit Volt(V).

Relation between I and V :

current is directly proportional to the voltage .
Graph between I and V:

RESISTANCE:
Resistance refers to
the amount that an
object impedes or resists
in an electric current. Electric current refers to the
flow of electrons.
In Ohm’s law , It is used as constant to remove
the proportionality between voltage and current.It is
denoted by “R” and its SI unit is ohm.

Factors on which the resistance of wire depends:

 Length of the wire: Resistance is directly
proportional to the length of the wire.
 Area of cross section: Resistance is inversely
proportional to the area of cross section of the
wire. 

OHM’S LAW MAGIC TRIANGLE:

PROBLEMS BASED ON OHM’S LAW:
1. If 0.6A current flows through a resistor .
Voltage of two points of resistor is 12V. What is the
resistance of the resistor?
Solution:
Here, Current I = 0.6A
Potential difference or Voltage, V = 12V
Resistance, R =?
According to ohms law questions we know,
V = IR
Or, R =V / I
=12V / 0.6A
=20 Ω
 Ans: 20 Ω

2.Resistance of an electric iron 50 Ω.4.2A

Current flows through the resistance. Find the
voltage between two points.
Solution:
Here, Resistance, R = 50 Ω.
Current, I =4.2 A
Voltage, V =?
From Ohm’s law,
V = IR
= 4.2 × 50
= 210V

3.Let the resistance of an electrical component

remains constant while the potential difference
across the two ends of the component decreases
to half of its former value. What change will
occur in the current through it?
Solution:
V = IR
⇒ I=V/R ... (1)
Now Potential difference is decreased to half
∴ New potential difference Vʹ=V/2
Resistance remains constant
So the new current Iʹ = Vʹ/R
= (V/2)/R
= (1/2) (V/R)
= (1/2) I = I/2
Therefore, the amount of current
flowing through the electrical
component is reduced by half.
LIMITATIONS OF OHM’S LAW:
1.Ohm’s law cannot be applied to unilateral
networks. Unilateral networks allow the current to
flow only in one direction. Examples of such
networks include diodes, transistors, etc.
2.Additionally, Ohm’s law is not applicable in
the case of non-linear objects. In these
components, the current is not proportional to the
voltage applied. This is because, for each value of
voltage and current, these components have
different resistance values. Examples of non-linear
components include the thyristor. 
3.Ohm’s Law will not work in the case of non-
metallic conductors.
4.Calculation using Ohm’s law can be difficult
in the case of complicated circuits.

APPLICATION OF OHM’S LAW:

 Ohm’s law is very useful and has several
applications. Here are some.
 It is widely used in circuit analysis.
 It is used in ammeter, multimeter etc.
 It is used to design resistors.
 It is used to get the desired circuit drop in circuit
design.
 Advanced laws such as Kirchhoff’s Norton’s
law, Thevenin’s law are based on ohm’s law.
 Electric heaters, kettles and other types of
equipment working principle follow ohm’s law.
 A laptop and mobile charger using DC power
supply in operation and working principle of DC
power supply depend on ohm’s law.

CONCLUSION:
Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing
through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied to it. To make a current
flow through a resistance there must be a voltage
across that resistance.
Ohm's Law shows the relationship between the
voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (R).
 ⇒V=IR
Where R is a constant called resistance of the
conductor. The value of this constant depends on the
nature, length, area of cross section and temperature
of the conductor.
The SI unit of resistance is Ohm which is
denoted by the symbol Omega (Ω)
The main applications of Ohm’s law are:
1. To determine the voltage, resistance or
current of an electric circuit.
2. Ohm’s law is used to maintain the desired
voltage drop across the electronic components.
3. Ohm’s law is also used in dc ammeter and
other dc shunts to divert the current.
Note:
For non-linear electrical elements with
parameters like capacitance, resistance etc, the
voltage and current won’t be constant with respect to
time making it difficult to use Ohm’s law. Ohm’s
law is not applicable for unilateral electrical
elements like diodes and transistors as they allow the
current to flow through in one direction only.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
o https://www.slideshare.net/PrakharSeth/
physics-investigatory-project-on-ohms-law-
56916071
o https://byjus.com/physics/ohms-law/
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_law
o http://sciencelife23.blogspot.com/2016/04/
numericals-based-on-ohms-law.html
o https://www.brainkart.com/article/Ohm-s-
Law--Solved-Example-Problems_38416/
o https://www.fluke.com/enin/learn/blog/
electrical/what-is-resistance
o https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-
class10th-physics/in-in-electricity/in-in-
circuits-ohms-law-resistance/v/ohms-law-
graph-verifying-ohms-law
https://www.slideshare.net/PrakharSeth/phys
ics-investigatory-project-on-ohms-law-
5691607
o https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/limitations-
and-applications-of-ohms-law/
o https://www.vedantu.com/physics/ohms-law