are

These collisions pertectly elastic so

there is no loss of kinetic ener Amoenle

UNIT

ss
that

moring
wth

yelocity
Acds ak

9 during collisions.

the
two successive a
Between collisions,

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES molecule moves

with uniform velocity.

molecules do not exert force

The any

attraction or on each other

of repulsion
Wih thermodynanics one can calculate almosteverything crudely, with kineric thneory one can during molecules
except collision.(The

calculate fewer things, but more accurately Eugene Wigner do not posSess any potential energy and
is
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
the energy wholly kinetic.)
Figure 9.1 (6)
Collision of
a molecule
are
gThe collisions instantáneous.) The with the wall
In this
unit, the student time spent by a molecule in each
is to
exposed random
is small compared to the The of the gas are in
molecules
of collision very
necessity kinetic theory of and
with each other
the microscopic gases
origin ofpressure and time elapsed between two consecutive motion. They collide
As the
temperature BQT8GP also with the walls of
the container.
correlate the internal energy of the gas and translational kinetic energy of gas molecuies collisions. is no
in nature, there
meaning of degrees of freedom molecules obey Newton's laws collisions are elastic
the total 10.These a change in momentum
calculate degrees of freedom for mono atomic, diatomic and triatomic molecules move of energy, but
law of motion even though they loss

(L
of equipartition of
energy
calculation of the ratio of Occurs.
and CyC, randomly.
mean free path and its dependence with pressure, temperature and number density of the gas exert pressure
The molecules
Brownian motion and its container due to collision
microscopic origin on the walls of the
9.2 each collision,
the molecules
on During
PRESSURE EXERTED BY wall.

it.
the
momentum to
9.1 9.1.2 Postulates of kinetic A GAS
impart
Due to
certain

transfer of momentum,
the walls

KINETIC The force

THEORY theory of gases a continuous force.
experience
of the walls ofthe
for per unit area
Kinetic
theory is based on certain 9.2.1 Expression experienced
the pressure exerted by
a
assumptions which makes the pressure exerteQpy gao container determines
the total
to determine
9.1.1 Introduction treatment simple. None ofthese
mathematical
of N molecules
the gas. It is essential
the molecules
in
assumptions transferred by
monatomic gas momentum
Thermodynamics
We
is
basically a macroscopic
are
strictly true yet the model based on these
Consider
each having
a
a
mass
m inside a cubical
a short interval oftime. e
be applied to mass m moving
discussed all in with
science macroscopic assumptions can gases. side lhs shown the Figure9.1
container of of
like A molecule
parameters pressure,

volume of thermodynamical
temperature and

in unit
All the molecules
of agas are identical, a
velocity
having components
Since we
tv
have
systems side
elastic the wal.
hits
8. In this unit

origin of
we
pressure
discuss

and
the microscopic

temperature
2
spheres
The molecules of different
gases are
OR assumed
right

that the collision

same
is elastic,

and
the

its
by rebounds with speed
different particle
considering
a
thermodynamic system as This is shown
3. The number of molecules in a x-component
is reversed.
collection of particles or molecules. Kinetic gas is of
9.1 (b). The components
very large and the in the Figure
theory relates pressure and
temperature to average separation BQS4IC after collision
are
between them is of the molecule
larger than size of the velocity
molecular motion of sample of a gas and it
gas molecules.
isa bridge between Newtonian mechanics 4. The molecules of the
of a gas are in a of momentum
and thermodynamics. The present chapter continuous random motion.
state of
The x-component collision
=mv
introduces the Gas molecuic Container before molecule
kinetic nature
of gas 5. The molecules collide with
molecules. one another molecules
of gas
and also with the walls 9.1 (a) Container
of the container. Figure
OF GASES
THEORY
UNIT 9 KINETIC
 of
The x-component of of the molecules on the wall is independent
momentum
molecule after
P=nmv (9.5)
area of the wall
collision=-m (A)
The change is assumed to move in
in
momentum of the ince the gas random
moleculd
in x direction direction,it has no preferred direction

(the effect of on the 9.2.2 Kinetic interpretation

Final momentum- initial of motion gravity
momentum implies that the vof temperature

=
is neglected). It
m,-m -2m 1olecules
has in all the of
According tolaw of conservation
olecule same average speed To understand the microscopic origin
of linear
momentum the change in momentum
three direction. So =vThemean temperature
in the same way,
of is
thewall=2mv.
LP v++-3
square
speed writtenas

Rewrite the equation 0.6 b meeules

Note
In

momentum
before
x direction,

collision
of the
is
the
total
sy'stem
cqual to
Figure 9.2 Number of Using this
in equation (9.5), we get
3
PV-Nm (9.7)
momentum of the molecule molecules hitting
or P= 9.6
(mv) since the
momentum of the
the wall
P-mmv v
with ideal gas
wall is equation (9.7)
zero. Comparingthe
According to the law
of
conservation of momentum
Not all the n molecules will move to the equation PV=NKT,
total momentum of system
the

after
right, therefore on an
average only half of
inference can be made NkT
Nm
the collision The following
must be equal the n molecules move to the right and the
to total
the above The pressure (9.8)
equation.
momentum
The
of system before collision. other half
moves towards left side.
from
on KT-m
momentum exerted by the molecules depends on both
of the molecule by 3/2
(in x The number of molecules that hit the that Multiply the above equation
after the
direction) collision is right
G) Number density n=.Itimplies
and Pside wall in a time At sides,
=m
after
the momentum of the wall
interval
if the number density
increases then
the collision is
2mv. So total Av. At 9.1) pressure
will increase. For example (9.9)
momentum of the
system after the air inside the cycle
In the same when we pump
(21v-mv) = mv,
collision interval of time
is
which Arthe
total the number is called average
or car tyre (R.H.S of the equation(9:9)
issame as the total momentum of the momentum transferred by the
molecules
tyre essentially
a single molecule (KE).
as a result the kinetic energy of
system density increases and
before collision.
Ap=Av Atx2mv=A mnat (9.2) increaseS. kinetic energy per molecule
From Newtons
pressure Theaverage
The number
side wall in a small
of molecules

interval
hitting the right
of time At
is
momentum in a
second law, the change in
small interval of time
gives
(ii) Mass of the molecule
arises due to momentum
Since the pressure

transter to KE ekT (9.10)

thetemperature
Equation (99)
calculated as follows. rise to force. mass will have larger implies that
the wall, larger
As a of a gas is a
measure of the average
fixed
The molecules within (Theforce exerted momentum for a speed. of
the distance of by the molecules on the per molecule
from
vAt willincrease. translational kinetic
energy

=
the right side wall and walin result the pressure

theright will hit the wallin

the time
moving towards

At F
magnitude)
Mean square speed
For a fixed mass
thegas SP A

A nmA?
interval (ii) the average this with the
This is shown in the (9.3) if we increase the speed, Compare
Figure 9.2\The number P =force As a result the ot temperature
Pressure, definition
Fofmolecules that will hit the divided
by the area of will also increase. Note

m
classes:
right side wall the speed studied in lower
in a time At is wall will increase.

of volume
interval

(Av At) and number density

equal to the product

of the P (9.4)
pressure

For simplicity the cubical

containeris taken Temperature
or coldness
is the degree ot hotness

())Here A is
is true
molecules area
of the wall andn Since all the The above result resut
molecules into consideration.
is number are
moving as the area 9.10 is a very important
of molecules per unit volume of the container Equation
can infer the
We have
completely in random
they do not
for any shape of gas. We
assumed that the number is have same speed. manner,
in the final expression from kinetic theory
density
Sowe can A does not appear
exerted by gas
this
same replace the term from equation.
the
throughout the cube.
by the average in equation (9.4) 9.6). Hence the pressure
following

UNIT 9 KINETIC OF GASES

THEORY OF GASES UNIT 9 KINETIC THEORY
 ( The average kinetic
energy of the

U-MR
Crom the equation

mean
(9.14Mpressure is equal to
kinetic
From equation (9.6)

absolute
molecule is
directly

temperature
proportional

of the gas.
The
to

Since Nk=R. Here /u

is number ofmoles
213 of energy
unit
per volume.
P-m (9.15
equation (9.9) gives the connection where and v are the mean square speed
9.2.4 Some elementary number
Gas constant R=8.31 molk
between the are the
N, and N,
deductions from
macroscopic world for two gases and
kinetic
(temperature) to of gas molecules in two different gases.
of gases
microscopic world T=273+27=300K
motion of molecules).
Temperature theory
300 = 1869.75) At same average
kinetic

The
molecule
average kinetic
energy
of each
This
U-x0.5x
is approximately
8.31 x

equivalent to the Boyle's law

the

energy
temperature,

per molecule is the

same for two
depends only on temperature
(9.12),we know
of the gas not on mass ofthe
molecule
kinetic energy of a
man of 57 kg running From equation that/PV=5 gases.

In other words, if the temperature with

a speed of 8ms' But the internal energy of an ideal gas is equal
of an ideal is measured N times the average kinetic energy (E) of
gas using to

thermometer, the (9.16) we

kinetic each molecule. (9.15) by
average
Relation between Dividing the equation
9.2.3
energy
calculated
of each

without
molecule

seeing the molecule

can be
pressure and mean kinetic U=NE getN, =N sometimes
through naked eye. energy (For a
fixed temperature, the average This (is Avogadros law It is

or
kinetic will remain referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis
From earlier
section,(the
internal energy of translational energyE
By multiplying the total number of gas that Principle.
the gas is It implies Avogadros
molecules with given by constant,
average kinetic energy of
each molecule, the internal ofthe Ne Thus PV=constant

is
energy gas UNKT Root mean square
obtained.
The above can also be written as Therefore, pressure of
a
given gas
is inversely 9.2.5
Internal energy of ideal gas
=
U-PV
equation

proportional
to its volume

constant.
provided
This is
speed ()
the as the
By using equation (9.9)
temperature_remains
Root mean square speed (v)isdefined
PV=NKT
since
law. o) root of the mean of the square
of speeds

P-2
Boyles
square

MAT/P (9.11)

From we
(9.12) Charles' law
ofall molecules.
It is denoted by v=v
From equation (9.11), we understand that
the equation (9.12), can state
From
the equation (9.12), weget( PV=u Equation (9.8)
can
be re-written
a
that the
the internal energy of an pressure of the gas is to two
ideal gas depends
of internal
equal
(For a fixed
pressure,
the volume of
the gas
mean speed
v=SA (9.17)
only on absolute temperature and is thirds energy per ynit volume or the gas
square
to internal energy of

(
is
independent of and volume. internal
energy (u= proportional
and the root mean square speed,
pressure density

in terms of mean
or average kinetic energy of
the gas
SA
EXAMPLE 9.1
A football at 27°C has
0.5 mole of air
Writing
energy
pressure

density lusing equation (9.6)

kinetic
average
kinetic energy

to absolute temperature.
is directly proportional

It implies that -173 (9.18)

molecules. Calculate the internal energy of (P-v-pv (9.13) VaTor=constant

T From the equation (9.18) we infer the

air in the ball. where

p
number density)
nm = mass
density (Note n is This is Charles' law. (S following

() rms speed
is directly proportional
to

and
Solution
Multiplyand divide
Avogadro's laws temperature
square
root of the temperature
root
constant to square
by 2
NKT. (9.13)
The internal energy of ideal gas= we get R.HSbfequation This law states that at
of all
inversely proportional
volumes gases molecule. At a given
and equal of mass of the
The number of air molecules in
pressure,

(-
is of of lighter
given
contain the same number molecules/For
temperature
the molecules

terms of number of moles so, rewrite the (9.14)

two gases
at the same temperature mass move faster on an average
than
as follows different of
expression to kinetic theory masses.

P-KE and
gases,
pressure)according
the molecules with heavier

169
(168 UNIT 9 KINETIC THEORY OE GASES
THEORY OF GASES 12 UNIT 9 KINETIC
 (b) The average kinetic
energy per
Example: Lighter molecules like
EXAMPLE 9.2 9.2.7. Most probablespeed
hydrogen and helium have
high than A room contains oxygen
and
lhydrogen
molecule
isKT It
depends ( mp
heavier molecules such as oxygen and The temperature
3:1. only on absolute
in the ratio
temperature
molecules It is most of
nitrogen at the same temperature. The molar mass of 0, of the gas and is defined as the speed acquirca oy
the room is 27°C. of

is
() Increasing the will
of is 2 g mo. The value the nature of
independent
the molecules of the gas
32 g mol'and ofR H,8.32J
temperature molecules. Since
increase the r.m.s
speed of molecules is mol' K1 both the
gas molecules are at (9.22)
constant the
of gas V m
We can aso write the
v, in terms of gas
same temperature, they have the
constant R. Equation (9.18) can be Calculate same average kinetic
rewritten energy per (9.23)
as follows
and molecule. kis Boltzmaan constant.
(a) rms speed of oxygen hydrogen is
The øf equations (9.20), (9.22)
3NKT derivation
rms
V m Where N is
Avogadro molecule x1.38x10x
300=6.21x10 J beyond the scope of the book
number kinetic energy per oxyYgen

SinceNk=RandN,m =M (molar
(b) Average
and per hydrogen (C) Average kinetic of
Comparisonof Vandv,
Theroot mean square speed or r.m.s speed
mass) molecule

molecule Oxygen molecules=

energy

NKT where
total

Among the speeds v is the largest and

v
kinetic energy of N- number of oxygen molecules in is the least

(c) Ratio of average

(9.19) the room
molecules and hydrogen
oxygen
kinetic
The equation (9.6) can also be written in molecules
Average energy of total Ratio-wise,

=N,KT
terms of rms

since =v
speed pnmv
Solution
hydrogen
where Nr
molecules
number of
hydrogen
V35: 2-1732:1.6:1.414

molecules in the room.

Root mean square speed

(a) Absolute Temperature It is giventhat
the number of
oxygen
EXAMPLE 9.3
the same as
T-27C-27+273-300K. 3 of
Note is not
average
molecules is times more than
Ten particles moving at the speed
are

speed. Average speed is 0.92 Gas constant R=8.32 J

mol k number of hydrogen molecules in 2,3, 4,5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7 and 9 ms'. Calculate
timesof r.m.s speed the room. So the ratio of average rms speed
and most
Molar mass speed, average
For Oxygen molecule:
of in nature: kinetic energy of oxygen molecules probable speed.
Impact v SM-32 g=32x10 kg mol

M with average kinetic energy of

1. Moon has
no atmosphere. speed v=SR 3x8.32x 300
Fms v hydrogen molecules is 3:1 Solution
The escape 32x10
speed of gases on the surface Theaverag
of Moon is much less than the root mean 483.73 m s484ms 5+6+6+1+-52ms
2+3+4+5+5+5+6+6+7+9
square speeds of gases due to low gravity. For Hydrogen molecule: 9.2.6 Mean (or) average 10

Due to this all the

gases escape
from the
Molar mass M =2x 10" speed (7 To find the rms speed, first calculate the mean
kg mol
surface
ofthe Moon. defined as the mean (or) average of all
Square speed y

2. No hydrogen in Earth's atmosplhere. ms speed v=SRM

p 3x8.32x300
It is

2+3 +4 +5+5+5+6
v=- +6+7+9
the speeds of molecules
2x10 10
As the

hydrogen
root

is
mean square speed
much greater than that
of

of Note that the

=1934ms=1.93 km S
ifv, vv. are the individual speeds of
30.6m s
rms is

++N
speed inversely then
nitrogen, it easily escapes from the earthis
proportional
to M and the molar mass of molecules
SRT8KT (9.20 The rms speed
atmosphere. is 16
Oxygen times higher than molar mass Tm
TM Y

In fact, the presence of nonreactive of hydrogen. It

implies that the rms speed
Here M- Molar Mass
V

and m mass of the

=V=30.6 553ms
nitrogen
instead combustible ofhydro is 4 times
greater than rms The most is 5ms because
of highly probable speed
speed of molecule.
deters disastrous oxygen at the
hydrogen many same temperature. three of the particles have that speed.
consequences. 1934 4 m
(9.21)

484
UNIT 9 KINETIC OF GASES
THEORY OF GASES ONIT 9 KINETIC THEORY
 the rms speed of each molecule Toknow
awthenumberofmoleculesintherange
50 m
EXAMPLE 9.4 we calculated
ofspeed
between and 60 m Interestingy once the

and not the speed

of each molecule which is swe gas molecule attains
the rms speed, scenario we can find Note
Calculate average speed dificult, In this to TN cquilibrium, the
number of
and
the most probable speed of 1 mole of
rather

the number of gas molecules

that move with
need integrate
dv molecules in the given range

hydrogen molecules at 300 K. Neglect the

thespeed
of5 to 10 ms
ms or 10 ms'to N(50
to 60
1ns )In general
the
of speeds are fixed. For example

molecule initially moving with

if
a

massof electron 15 ms etc. In general

our interest is to find
number of molecules within
speed
the 12 m s', collides with some other
how many(gas molecules have the range v and v+dv
range of speed
is to 9
Solution to v+
dy, *his is given by given bymolecule
and changes its speed

The hydrogen
of speed from v ms', then the other moecule
initially
one proton and one
electron. The mass
atom has

of electron is negligible
Maxwells speed distribution
function.
aTved=Noi moving with
the speed 12
different speed reaches
m
s' due to another
compared to the mass of proton. collision. So in general
once the gas
Mass of oneproton= 1.67 x
107kg N-4R ve (9.24) The exact integration is beyond
he book. But we can infer the
the
scope of
molecules attain equilibrium,
the

One hydrogen molecule =2 behavior of

number of molecules that lie in the
atoms =2 x 1.67 x 10"kg.
hydrogen

is shown
gas
molecules from the
graph.
range of
v to v+dv is always fixed.

The above expression graphically

The average speed
as follows ) Thearea under the
graph will give the
total

VSkT
- TtmV 1.50 m number of molecules
number of gas molecules in the
system 9.3
The
having speeds ranging
from y H) Figure 9.4 shows the speed distribution DEGREES OF FREEDOM
ay
=l.605x10)x(300
to cquals the area of for two different
graph temperatures.
=178x10'ms
V21.67 x10 the rectangle,N, dv
As temperature increases, the peak
of the curve

s
Constant k =1.38 is shifted to the
(Boltzmann x 10-3JK) right.
9.3.1 Definition
avg It implies that the
average speed of
Themsspeed 173 ms each

area
molecule will

under each graph

increase) But
is same since
the(The minimurm

COordinates needed to
mumber

specify
of
the
irndependent
position
and

41
.38x10)x(300)1.93x10' ms system in
it the total number of gas of a thermo-dynamical
21.67x10) represents configuration

molecules. space iscalled the degree offreedom of the system.

Mostprobable speed v
38x10)x(300) 200
=14 157x10'ms T=300 K
2(1.67x10)
160
Note that Figure 9.3 Maxwell's molecular speed VavE
distribution
120
VmpV rms

9.2.8 Maxwell-Boltzmann From the Figure 9.3, it is clear for a

that 80
speed distribution function
given temperature the number of molecules r-900
lower increases parabolically
In a classroom, the airnolecules are moving having speed
BR12.
in random directions. mv
speed of each
(The ()but
molecule is not the same even
decreases
exponentially (e*T) 1200 1400 1600
after most probable 600 800 1000
though reaching speed Therms 0 200 400
macroscopic parameters like v
temperature speed, average speed and most probable (m/s)
and pressure are fixed. Each molecule
speed are indicated in the Figure 9.3. It can
collides with every other molecule and
theybe seen
thaf the
rms speed is
greatest among distribution graph for two
different temperatures
9.4 Maxwell
exchange their speed.)In
the section Figure
previous thethree

UNIT 9 KINETIC OF GASES

THEORY OF GASES UNIT 9 KINETIC THEORY
 of freedom due to vibrational Non-linear triatomic molecule
two degrees
due of at the vertices
motion one
to kinetic energy In this case, the three atoms lie
motion o

.
Example:
A free

needs only
particle moving
one coordinate
along
to specify
x-axis
Translational
the center.of
mas vibratión

energy
and

(Figure
the other

9.5c).
is

So
due to potential

totally
there are
of a triangle
as shown in the Figure
9.7

it
seven degrees of freedom.
completely
one
So its degree
of freedom is

O
2. Similary a particle

has two degrees of freedom.

moving over a plane

CM
7)
Nitrogen, Oxygen.
3. A particle moving
degrees of freedom.
in space has three

Rotational motion
about
Examples: Hydrogen,

H H
Suppose if we have N number of gas the z axis molecules
9.3.4 Triatomic
molecules in the container, then the total

numberof degrees of freedom is f= 3N. There are two cases.

But, system has qnumber ofconstraints

ifthe
A non-linear triatomic
Linear triatomic Figure 9.7
of
restrictions in motion) then the degrees molecule
molecule
freedom decreases and is equal tof=3N-q In this two atoms lie on either side of
it
type,
where N is the number of particles.
b the central atom as shown in the Figure 9.6

translational degrees of freedom

(It has three
of
and three rotational degrees freedom)
9.3.2 Monoatomicmolecule Vibrational about three mutualy orthogonal
axes. the
moirc
the
f=6
A monoatomic

nature has only three

molecule by
translational
virtue of

degrees
its

WwwM
total degrees

Example:Water,
of freedom,

Sulphurdioxide.
L
of freedom.

Therefore f=3
Figure 9.5 Degree
of freedom of 9.4
Example: Helium, Neon, Argon diatomic molecule LAW OF EQUIPARTITION
OF ENERGY
9.6 Alinear triatomic molecule
Figure
9.3.3 Diatomicmolecule
There are two cases.
about

(Ggure
three mutualy

9.5 b).
perpendicular
But (the moment of inertia
axes
Linear triatomic molecule( has
LA three
We
average
have seen
kinetic energy
in Section 9.2.1

ofa molecule
that the

moving
own
1.AtNormal temperature about its axis of rotation
is
negligible translational degrees of freedom. It has two in x direction
ism T
(about y axis in the Therefore, it because it is
A molecule of a diatomic consists of figure 9.5). rotational degrees of freedom)
gas when the motion is iny
has only two there is direction
force rotational degrees of freedom similar to diatomic molecule except Similarly,
two atoms bound to each other by a

(one rotation is about Z and another

an additional atom at the At normal
and motion along
of attraction. Physically
the molecule can
rotation is about
axis
X axis).Therefore totally
center.
triatomic
mv=RT for the

be regarded as a system of two point masses temperature, linear molecule

fixed at the ends of a massless elastic

spring
there are five degrees of freedom. will have five degrees
of

has two additional vibrational

freedomAt high zdirection.mv2 Ose
lies in the center of the temperature kinetic
it
The center of mass According to kinetic
theory the average
linear triatomic
diatomic molecule. So, the motion of
(the
degrees of freedom) Sqa of system of molecules
in thermal
of energy
molecule has seven degrees freedom. T is
center of mass requires
three translational2.AtHigh Temperature
equilibrium
at temperature uniformly

degrees of freedom
the diatomic
(igure
molecule
9.5

can
a).

rotate
In
(At a very high temperature
the diatomic
such
as
5000
K, Example: Carbon dioxide
distributed to all degrees of freedom (xory or
addition/ molecules possess additional

UNIT KINETIC THEORY UNIT THEORY OF GASES

9 OF GASES 9 KINETIC
 )
zdirections so that each diatomic gas molecules by 1°C it require more
of motion) For one mole, the molar specific heat at
degree of
heat energy than monoatomic Solution
freedom
will
getkT of energy. 7ieis called dU molecules
The specific heat of one mole of a monoatomic
C,rl
lawof equipartition
Average kinetic
of energy

energy of a monatomic
constant volume

gas CR
ForH,mofe,Cy R C R
f-3)= The
molecule (with of one mole of a diatomic
3xkT AT i) Triatomic molecule specific heat

kinetic C,=C,+R-R+R=R gas

Average
molecule at
energy
low temperature
of

(with
diatomic

f= 5)
The ratio of specific heats, a) Linear molecule
CR
Energy ofone mole= kTN, =RT For y,mole,
The specific heat of
C,uR C the
R
mixture at constant
Average kinetic of a
energy diatomic
G
molecule at high
temperature (with f =7)
molecule
5RT vohume C,HRHR
i) Diatomic The specific heat of the mixture at constant

Average kinetic energy of linear triatomic

Average

molecule
kinetic

atlow temperature
energy
of

=kT
a
diatomic

C,C+R-R+R-
pressure
CRHR
molecule
(with f=7)- 7xkTT Total energy of one mole of gas R 128
The adiabatic exponent
YC3,+54
Averagekineticenergyofnonlineartriatomic
7
molecule (with f=6) 6xT 3AT ATxN,=RT 9.5
is
(Here, the total energy purely kinetic)
b) Non-linear molecule
MEAN FREE PATH
9.4.1 Application of lawN For one mole heat at constant
mole =
Specific

ofequipartition energy in volume Energy of a kTxN,=RT=3RT Usually the average speed of gas molecules
specificheat of a gas several hundred meters even
is per second
dT at room Odor fromn (27°C).
Meyer's relation
C C= R connects the
Cp=Cy +R=3R+R=4R
temperature
an open perfume bottle takes some time to
two specific heats for one mole of an ideal

3-135A
But
C,=C,+R=R+R=R reach us even if we are closer to the room.
gas.
R The time delay is because the odor of the
Equipartition law of
energy is used to
1- %-140 Note to kinetic
molecules cannot travel straight to us as it

of C,-C,and
calculate the value that theory
the ratio according a lot of collisions with
undergoes the nearby
of gases the heat capacity at
model specific
between them y Here y is called airmolecules
and moves in a
zigzag path

adiabatic exponent.
C Energy of a diatomic
molecule at high
constant volume and constant pressure are
Thisaverage distance travelled by the moteetde-
of temperature. But in reality it
temperature is equal toRT
2
independent
between
collisions is called mean free path
The heat capacity
(D Monatomic molecule
is not sure.

with the temperature.

specific vare w) We can calculate the mean free path
on kinetic theory
based
Average kinetic energy of a molecule
C, C,+R=%R+R Expression
for mean free
path
EXAMPLE 9.5
Total energy
of a mole of gas Note
c,-
that the C,and C, are
uA higher for diatomic
Find
mixture
the

of
4,
adiabatic

moles of
exponent
monoatomic gas
at
Y for

normal
We know

motion
from

that the molecules

and they
postulates of

collide
kinetic

of a gas are in random

with each other.

theory

molecules than the mono atomic molecules. and 4, moles of a diatomic gas a molecule
Between two successive collisions,
It that to
implies increase the
temperature of
temperature (27°C).
UNIT 9 KNETIC THEORY OF GASES THEORY OF GASES
UNIT 9 KINETIC
 that Brownlan motion is due to
proposed
moves along a straight path with uniform EXAMPLE 9.6 the bombardment of suspended particles
xelocity 1his path is called mean free (9.26) An molecule is in air
path. oxygen travelling
by molecules of the surrounding fluid But
Consider a system of molecules cach with The (9.26)
that the
mean at 300 K and atm, and the diameter of people did not accept

1
implics century
cquation during 19th
1.2 x 10-m. Calculate
diameterd Letnbe thenumber of
molecules free path is inversely proportional
to
number Oxygen molecule is that every matter is made up of small atoms
per unit
volume density When the number density increases the the mean fre path of oxygen molecule or molecules. In the year 1905(Einstein
increases so decreases of Brownian motion
Assumethat only one molecular collisions

it
molecule is in motion gave systematic theory
and all others are at rest as shown in thec the distance travelled by the molccule before Solution based on kinetic theory and
he deduced the

Figure 9.8 collisions.

From (9.26) average size of molecules.)
the equation (9.26) using 27tnd
Case1:Rearanging According
to
kinetic theory (any
m (mass of the molecule)
We have to find the number density n
in a liquid or gasis

8-o particle suspended

By using ideal gas law bombarded from all the
continuously
so mean free

mn=mass unit volume of

n T
101.3x10
1.381x10x300
directions

almostnegligible) This
a random
that
the

leads to the motion

and
path is

But per pdensity =2.449x 1035 molecues/m ofthe particlesin zig-zag

Mean free
theggas) manner as shown in Figure 9.9. But whenwe
Figure 9.8 path
it causes no random
our hand
in water
put
so
2xTx2449x10x(1.2x10 the mass of our hand is
(9.27) motion because
lf a molecule moves with average speed v in a
large thaf
the momentum transferred by the

timet,
the distance travelled is In this time t, is not enough to move
15.65x10 molecularcollision
consider the molecule to Also we know that PV=NkT
movein an imaginany our hand.
cylinder of volume
ndFvt) It collides with any A0.63x 10 m
molecule whose
center is within this cylinder P-AT=nkT Brownian motion

number of collisions is
Therefore(the equal BRAVLH
to the number of molecules in the volume of
o O
the imaginary

The total path

collisions

Mean
in

free path,
time
cylinder.

length

tis the

A=
It is

divided by

mean

distance
equal
the

free
to
ndfvtn
number of

path.

travelled
Substituting

2-kT
n
J2nd P
P
in equation (9-26),-we get

LA 028)
9.6
BROWNIAN MOTION
oo
Number of colisions (In 1827, Robert Brown,a botanist reported

Tdvt md
(9.25)
The
equation (9.28) implies the following
that grains
of pollen suspended

moves randomly
in a
liquid
from one place to other
o oo
Mean free path increases with The random (Zig Zag path)
motion
Figure 9.9 Particles in Brownian motion
Though we have assumed that
increasing

one temperature.)
As the
temperature
of pollen suspended in a liquid is called
molecule is moving at a time and
In fact we can observe
other
molecules are at rest, in actual
Aincreases, the average speed of each Brownian motion)
practice all the molecule will increase. It is the reason the dust in water moving in Factors affecting Brownian Motion
particle
molecules are
relative speed of
in random

one
motion. So the

molecule with
average why the smell of hot
sizzling food random directions.
This discovery puzzled ) 1. Browmian motion increases with
to
respect reaches a lot
several meter than smell of scientists for long time. There were
away
other molecules has to be
taken into move increasing temperature
account cold food. of explanations for pollen
or dust to
After some detailed
calculations you will learn 2. free 2. Brownian motion
decreases
with bigger
Mean path increases with in random directions but none of these
in higher the decreasing and
classes) correct expression for particle size, high viscosity density
pressure of the gas were found adequate.
After
mean free path
gasmolecules
and

S
diameter

L
of the explanations

a systematic study,
Wiener and Gouy of the liquid (or) gas.
)
UNIT 9 KINETIC THEORY OF GAsES KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
UNIT 9
 11,Shortanswer questions
5. Derive the ratio of two neat
specific
1.What is the
microscopic origin of capacities of monoatomic, diatomic
pressure?
2.What is the
1 b andtriatomic molecules 176,7
microscopic origin of 6.Explain in detail the Maxwell

3Why
temperature?
moon has
h7
no
Boltzmann distribution

the expression
function. 17
atmosphere? )70 Derive for mean free
4 Write the
expression for rms speed, path ofthegas. 117, 118
average speed and most 8. Describe the
probablespeed Brownian motion.

5.
ofa gasmolecule.
What
69 1T
IV
is the relation
between the Numerical Problems
average kinetic energy and pressure?)6% ,161. A fresh air is
composed of nitrogen
6 Define
the term
degrees of freedom. /73 N7896) and oxygen O,(2196). Find the
rms speed of N, and O, at 20°C.
State the
law ofequipartition ofenergy
75176
TL 8. Define mean free path and write down Ans:For
N,Vm51l ms
its
expression. 17773 For O,= 478 ms
9. Deduce Charles law based on 2. If the rms speed of methane in
kinetic gas
theory. 67 the Jupiter's
atmosphere is 471.8 ms',
show that the surface temperature of
10. Deduce Boyles law based on kinetic
Jupiter is sub-zero.
theory. 161
11. Deduce Ans:-130°C
Avogadros law based on
3. Calculate the temperature at which the
kinetictheory.
12.
S velocity of a gas triples its value at
List the factors mean
affecting the free
S.TP
path.7 (standard temperatureT=273 K)

T,= 2457 K Ans:

13. What is the reason for Brownian
4. Agasis
motion?17 attemperature80°Cand pressure
5x 10-10Nm What is the number
of molecules per
III. Long answer questions
if
m
Boltzmann's
constant is 1.38 x 10-3JK1

1. Write down the of

postulates kinetic Ans: 1.02 x 101
T theory of gases. 5. If 1020
oxygen molecules per second
2. Derive the expression of pressure strike 4 cm? of wall at an angle of 30°
exerted by the gas on the walls of the with the normal when moving at a
container 1Gs,1 speed of2x10 ms', find the pressure
3. Explain in detail the kinetic exerted on the wall. (mass of one
interpretation
of temperature./L7,/L oxygen atom =2.67x 10-20 kg)
Describe the degrees of freedom
4. total Ans:
46.2 Nm
for monoatomic molecule, diatomic 6. During an adiabatic
process, the
molecule and triatomicmolecule. |7L 11Pressure of a mixture of monatomic EM
and diatomic is
gases found to be

87
8 UNIT 9 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 185