2

Engineering Technology
bxcsfkare ;dlaIKfõoh

ksmqK;djh 04
f.dvke.s,s boslsÍï lghq;=j,oS úêu;a Ydia;S%h f;dr;=re
wkq.ukh lrhs'
 f.dvke.s,s boslsÍï lghq;=j,oS úêu;a Ydia;S%h f;dr;=re wkq.ukh lrhs'

udkj YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNfha isg udkjd ;u uQ,l

s wjYH;dj,ska tlla
jk jdiia:dk imhd .ekSu i|yd .,a .=yd" .ia fnk jeks iajdNdúl wdjrK
Ndú; fldg we;' ld¾ñl úma,jfhka miq f;dr;=re ;dlaIK hq.h olajd
ixj¾Okh ùfïoS o tu uQ,l
s wjYH;djh u; jdiia:dk imhd .ekSu iu.dój
ixj¾Okh ù we;'

boslsÍï lafIa;f
% ha boslsÍï øjH j,g m%Odk ;ekla ysñ fõ' isfuka;s"
je,s" fldkal%SÜ .,a" oej" ùÿre" c, k<" ;Ska; wdosh fï i|yd WodyrK
lSmhls'

 ksIm
a dokh m%Njh wkqj boslsÍï øjH m%Odk fldgia 02 lg fnosh
yelsh'

1' iajNdúl - Wod - je,s" oej" l`M.,a

2' ksIamdos; - Wod - isfuka;"s ùÿre" ;Ska; j¾.

1
  flfrk ld¾hh wkqj boslsÍï øjH fldgia 03 lg fnosh yel'

1' yegqï øjH $ msrjqï øjH (Structural materials)

f.dvke.s,,
a lska wfmalaId lrk uQ,l
s wjYH;d jk Yla;sh" ia:dhs;dj"
yevh' l,ameje;au wdosh ,nd oSu yegqï øjHj, uQ,l
s ld¾hNdrh fõ'
Wod - .fvd,a" oej ùÿre

2' ne÷ï øjH (Bonding, materials )

yegqï øjH tla lr r|jd ;nd .ekSu i|yd ne÷ï øjH Ndú;
flf¾'
 nodu j,oS ne÷ï øjH f,i c,h iu`. isfuka;s fyda ueá fhdod .kS'

3' wdrlaIK øjH (Preservatives materials)

wdrlaIK øjH u`.ska my; m%fhdack ,efí'
 fõhka" .=,,
a ka jeks i;=kaf.ka jk ydks j<lajd .ekSu'
 ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl idOlj,ska wdrlaId lsÍu'
 fmkqu Tmj;a lsÍu'
 c, frdaOkh yd os,r
S md,kh

Wod - oej wdrlaIK" u, ksjdrK ;Ska;

 boslsÍï øjH f;dard .ekSfïoS my; .=Kdx. flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;h
= '
 Yla;h
s
 l,ameje;au
 >k;ajh
 fi!kao¾hd;aul nj
2
  fi!LH' foaY.=Ksl yd mdßißl fhda.H;dj
 úYajdikSh;ajh
 n, Yla;s msßueiqu
 m%;p
s l%SlrK yelshdj

boslsÍï øjH j¾.SlrKh

ridhksl ixhq;h
s wkqj boslsÍï øjH fldgia 05 lg fnosh yel'

1' f,day (Metals)- úúO f,day wkqmd; ñY%

lsÍfuka idok ,o jeä oshqKq l< ñY% f,day
úfYaI kQ;kfha Ndú;d fõ'

2' nyq wjhúl (Polymers)- m%Odk jYfhka iajdNdúl yd lD;su hkqfjka

fjka flf¾' ish¨ rn¾ yd ta wdY%s; ksIamdok iajdNdúl nyq wjhúl
fõ' lD;Su nyq wjhúl ;dm iqúld¾h (Thermoplastic) ^Wod PVC,
UPVC) yd ;dm ia:dmk (Thermosets) f,i;a ^Wod - PVC& j¾. flf¾'

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3' iqueá øjH (ceramic materials) ùÿre" ms`.ka
ueá yd fmdaisf,aka j¾. firñla (ceramic)
.Khg wh;a fõ' úúO ueá j¾. wêl
WIaK;jhlg ms,i
s aiSfuka fuu øjH
ksIamdokh flf¾'
4' mqk¾ckkSh øjH (Renewable Materials)
kej; kej; ckkh jk øjHhhs' Wod - oej" msÿre

5' ixhqla; øjH (Composite Materials)

fl|s ùÿre (Composite materials) fyj;a ùÿre yd fldkalSÜ
% fï
i|yd WodyrK fõ'

boslsÍï øjH i;= .=Kdx.

boslsÍï øjH i;= .=Kdx. m%Odk fldgia 04 lg fjka l< yelsh'

 fN!;sl .=K (Physical properties)
 hdka;sl
% .=K (Mechanical properties)
 ;dmSh .=K (Thermal properties)
 ridhksl .=K (Chemical properties)

 fN!;sl .=K
boslsßï o%jH i;= >k;ajh" l,ameje;au" fmkqu" msßjeh"
WmfhdacH;dj ^tlu øjH úúO ld¾hhka i|yd fhdod .ekSfï
yelshdjhs' Wod - fldkal%Ü
S jeks fN!;sl .=Kdx. fï hg;g .efka'

4
 hdka;%sl .=K
boslsÍï øjH i;= iïmSvk Yla;sh" wd;;H Yla;h
s " oeä nj"
iqúld¾h;dj" m%;Hia:;dj" kuH;dj jeks hdka;%sl .=Kdx. fï hg;g
.efka'

 ridhksl .=K (Chemical properties)

úLdok m%;f
s rdaOh
jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iu`. m%;l
s %h
s d lr f,day Tlaihsv iEoSu
úLdokhhs' boslsÍuloS fuh je<elaùug wdjrK fyda wdf,amk fhdod
.ekSu úLdok m%;f
s rdaOhhs'

PH w.h
isfuka;s wekSfïoS Ndú; l< hq;f
a ;a PH w.h 7 g wdikak c,hhs'
PH w.h 7 g jvd wvq jqjfyd;a wdï,sl fõ'

 wdYla;s n,h
hï øjHhla >k øjHhl mDIaGh fj; we;s flfrk wld¾IKh
fyda úl¾IKh wdYla;s n,h kñka ye|skafõ'
Wod - ùÿre n÷klg c,h wdl¾IK n,hlao ùÿre n÷kl riosh
úl¾IK n,hlao we;s lrhs'

 boslsÍï øjH i|yd jQ m%ñ;s

fï wkqj uQ,l
s f.dvke.s,s øjHhka i|yd ksl=;a lr we;s m%ñ;s wxlhka
my; oelafõ'
1' isfuka;s - SLS - 107,515,1247 yd 1253
2' osh.eiQ yqKq - SLS - 682
3' f.dvke.s,s yqKq - SLS - 552
4' .fvd,a - SLS - 39
5' íf,dla .,a - SLS - 855
6' jdfka lïì - SLS - 26 yd 375

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 7' cS'whs' k< - SLS - 859
8' mS'ù'iS' k< - SLS - 147

 isfuka;s i|yd mÍCIK

Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s ld¾hdxYh úiska isfuka;s i|yd flfrk mÍCIK
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
1' iïmSvH;d Yla;s (Compressive strength) mÍCIKh
2' iú ùfï ld,h (Setting time) uekSfï mÍCIKh
i). s iú ùu (Initiate Setteing )
uQ,l
ii). wjidk iú ùu (Final Setting)
3' ishqï nj (Soundness) uekSfï mÍCIKh
4' fhda.H;d (Soundness) mÍCIKh
i). m%idrKh (Expansion )
ii). ixfldapkh (Contraction)

 Y%S ,xld fjf<|fmdf<a we;s boslsÍï øjH j,g wod< jQ m%ñ;s

SLS 107 : 2008 idudkH fmdaÜ,kaâ isfuka;s (Ordinary Portland Cement)

idudkH fmdaÜ,kaâ isfuka;s Y; j¾I foll muK ld,hla f,dalh mqrd nyq,j
Ndú; jk isfuka;s úfYaIhls' fuys 100] la u isfuka;s wvx.= fõ' nyq ld¾hh
isfuka;s úfYaIhla jk fuh"
 w;a;j
s drï fldkalSÜ
% oeóu'
 ilal .,a neñ ne|Su'
 .fvd,a" íf,dla .,a neñ ne|Su'
 l=¨kq" nd,al iy mqjre $w;¨ (Slabs) ,skag,a wdos ish¨ fldkal%Ü
S jev
iy lmrdre lsÍu'

jeks ld¾hhka i|yd Ndú; flf¾'

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SLS 515 : 2003 fïika isfuka;s (Masonry Cement)
fïika isfuka;s Y%S ,xldfõ oekg ksIamdokh fkd flf¾' oekg jir 35 lg
muK fmr tjlg ;snQ Y%S ,xld isfuka;s ixia:dj u.ska ksIamdokh fldg
fjf<|fmd<g y÷kajd fok ,oS'
ixhq;sh - isfuka;s 40]
wuq yqKq.,a 60]
fuu isfuka;s Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa'
 .fvd,a neñ  l`M .,a neñ
 íf,dla .,a neñ  lmrdre jev
wdosh i|yd muKs'

isfuka;s wvx.=j we;af;a 40] la muK neúka fldkal%Ü

S jev i|yd lsif
s ia;a u
fuu isfuka;s j¾.h iqÿiq fkdfõ'

SLS 107 : 2008 fmdaÜ,kaâ fmdafid,dkd isfuka;s (Portland Pozzolana

Cement)
fmdaÜ,kaâ fmdafid,dkd isfuka;s jir 80 lg jvd jeä ld,hla mqrd f,dalfha
úúO rgj, Ndú; fjhs' isfuka;s 75] o fmdafid,dkd 25] o f,i fuys ixhq;h
s
fõ'

fmdafid,dkd hkq .sksl÷j,ska msg jk w`M jeks l=vq ye|skafjk kduh hs' tfia
u bka msg jk ,djd .,d hk mia mDIaGh o wêl WIaK;ajhlg by< hhs' tu
mia o fmdafid,dkd kñka ye|skafõ' fmdafid,dkd c,h iu`. ñY% l< úg >k
njg m;a jkafka ke;' tfy;a isfuka;s ksIamdokfha oS wuqøjH f,i Ndú; lrk
yqKq.,a yd úfYaIs; ueá wêl WIaK;ajhkag Ndckh ùfuka iEfok zla,k
s al¾Z
iu`. fmdafid,dkd ishqï j wUrd ñY% flf¾' Ndú;fha oS c,h iu`. ñY% lsÍfï
oS ridhdksl m%;l
s %h
s djla ;=<ska isfuka;s iú fõ'

fuu isfuka;s j¾.h iú ùfï oS wvq ;dmhla ckkh flfrk w;r úúO ,jK
wvx.= lgql mßirhkag idudkH fmdaÜ,kaâ isfuka;sj,g;a jvd Tfrd;a;= fok

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iq¨h' uqyÿ
q nv m%foaYj, boslsÍï lghq;j
= , oS c, ldkaÿj fkdue;s ks¾ñ;
i|yd fnfyúka fhda.H h' fmdÿfõ .;a l< idudkH fmdaÜ,kaâ isfuka;s Ndú;
lrk úúO wjia:d i|yd fhdod .; yels h'

SLS 1253 : 2003 fmdaÜ,kaâ yqKq.,a isfuka;s (Portland Limestone Cement)

fmdaÜ,kaâ yqKq.,a isfuka;"s idudkH fmdaÜ,kaâ isfuka;j
s ,g yqKq .,a l=vq
^20] muK& ñY% lr ksIamdokh flf¾' yqKq.,a l=vq ñY% lsÍfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka isfuka;s wxY+ w;r we;s ysveia wju lr fyd| ksudjla yd l,ameje;aula
,nd oSuhs'

SLS 682 : 1984 osh .eiQ yqKq (Slaked

Lime)
yqKq.,a ms,i
s aiSfuka w`MyqKq ,nd f.k" w`M
yqKqj,g c,h tl;= lsÍfuka osh .eiq yqKq
idod .; yels h' fuu m%;l
s %h
s d my;
iólrKj,ska oelaúh yels h'

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

^yqKq.,a& ^w`M yqKq& ^ldnkavfhdlaihsâ&
CaO + H2O Ca (OH)2
^w`M yqKq& ^c,h& ^osh .eiQ yqKq&

w`MyqKq osh .eiSu ;dm odhl m%;l

s %h
s djla fyhska wêl ;dmhla yd m%idrKhla
we;s fõ' ta fya;= fldg f.k w`MyqKq' ishqï wxY+ njg m;afõ' fuu l%h
s dj,sfha
oS mqo.
a , wdrlaIdj .ek ie,ls,u
s ;a úh hq;= h'

2
SLS 552 : 1982 f.dvke.s,s yqKq
w`M yqKq (CaO) f.dvke.s,a yqKq
f,i ye|skafõ' osh .eiQ yqKq
ksIamdokh i|yd Ndú;d fõ'

SLS 39: 1978 ms,i

s aiQ ueá .fvd,a (Burnt clay Bricks)
fuys oS my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j msßú;r imhd we;'
 kdñl ñkqï
 yevh
 iïmSvk m%n,;dj
 c, wjfYdaIK m%;Y
s ;h
 c, ;Hd.S;dj
fï ms<sn| j jeä úia;r .fvd,a neñ fldgfia
olajd we;'

SLS 855 : 1989 isfuka;s íf,dla .,a (Cement Blocks)

fuys oS my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j msßú;r
imhd we;'
 kdñl ñkqï
 yevh
 iïmSvk m%n,;dj
 c, wjfYdaIK m%;Y
s ;h

jer.ekajqï lïì (Reinforcement Bars)

SLS 26, SLS 375, SLS 95, BS 4449, BS 4482

3
uDÿ jdfka lïìj, wd;kH m%;Hdn,h
ms<sn| j msßú;r my; oelafõ'
 uDÿ jdfka lïì $kdrá jdfka
250 N/ mm2
 o`.r jdfka 460 N/ mm2
 we,a lr mK fmdjk ,o(QST)
- 500 N/ mm2
 ;dm hdka;sl
% m%;l
s ¾u fh¥

óg wu;r j jer.ekajï
q f,i we;eï wjia:dj, m%idß; oe,a o Ndú; flfrhs'

4
  boslsÍï lafIa;f
% haoS Ndú; jk wdjqo WmlrK u`.ska bgq lr .kq ,nk
ld¾hhka'
wdjqo - lemSfuka fldgia fjka lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrk oE wdjqo kï'
Wod - lsh;

WmlrK - lemSula isÿ fkdjk ld¾hhka j,oS Ndú; jk oE WmlrK

kï fõ'
Wod - ñáh

Ndú; lrk l%uh wkqj wdjqo yd WmlrK m%Odk jYfhka ldKav

follg fjka lrkq ,nhs'
1' w;a wdjqo $ WmlrK (Manual tools & equipment's)
2' n,fõ. wdjqo $WmlrK (Power tools & equipment's)

5
6
7
 øjH ksIamdokfhaoS yd Ndú;fhaoS we;shk mdßißl .eg`M yd úl,am øjH
f;dard .ekSu'

jeäjk ck.ykh;a" cSjk rgdjka yd ne÷Kq wiSñ; b,a¨ula iu`.

iajdNdúl iïm;a flfrys wys;lr n,mEï we;s flf¾' ta wkqj iajdNdúl
wuqøjHhka blaukska laIh ùfï wjodkula o mj;S' tjksu iajNdúl wuqøjH
M,odhS f,i Ndú;hka" úl,am wdfoaYl" øjH y÷kd .ekSu;a isÿ l< hq;h
= '
úl,am øjH ;j;a wdfoaYl øjH f;dard .ekSfï Yla;h
s " l,ameje;au"
fi!kao¾hd;aul nj" mdßisßl fhda.H;dj" n, Yla;s msßueiqu yd
m%;p
s l%ShlrK yelshdj wdoS .=Kdx. flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;h
= '

.fvd,a iy .fvd,a neñ

bxcsfkare .fvd,l ;snsh hq;= .=Kdx.

1. iïu; os.' m<," Wi ;sìh hq;h

= '

bxcsfkare .fvd,l iïu; ñkqï

l=i;
a r
= rys;j l=ia;=r iys;j
os. 220mm 230 mm
m<, 105mm 115 mm
Wi 65 mm 75 mm

8
 2. iDcq odr iys;j ksuúh hq;h
= '
3. uqyK
q ;a iu;, úh hq;h
= '
4. kshñ; mßos ms<siaiS ;sìh hq;h
= ' yrialv j¾Kh
taldldÍ r;= ÿUqr j¾Khlska úh hq;h
= '
5. .fvd,a folla tlg .eàfïoS f,day folla .efgk
úg yef.k Yíohg (Metalic rings) iudk Yíohla
ksl;
= a úh hq;h
= '
6. .fvd,l Tt uqyK
q ; me;a; ìug m;s; jk fia 1.2m l Wil isg ìug
w;yeßh úg .fvd, fkdleã ;sìh hq;h
= '
7. .fvd,l idudkH nr 2kg muK úh hq;h
= '
8. .fvd,la meh 24 la c,fha .s,j
a d ;enq úg tys c,h Wrd .kakd m%;Y
s ;h
.fvdf,a úh<s nfrka 20] m%udKhla blaujd fidhd hq;h
= '
9. .fvd,aj, msßú;r'

.fvd,a Ndú;hg .ekSug fya;=j'

1. .fvd,aj, by< iïmSvk Yla;shla ;sîu'
2. nr ork ì;a;s iy nr fkdork ì;a;s i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu'
3. blaukska jev ksulr .; yels ùu'
4. úúO neñ rgd wkqj .fvd,a weisßh yels ùu'
5. .skakg Tfr;a;= oSu iy ;dm mßjrK ,laIK ;sîu'
6. ksuyï lsÍfï myiqj'

9
Ndú;fha mj;sk .fvd,a j¾.

1&' w;ska ;ekq .fvd,a (Hand made Bricks)

idudkH f.dvke.s,s bos lsÍfïoS
Ndú; flf¾' fuu .fvd,a fhdod ilia
flfrk ì;a;s lmrdre l< hq;h
= '

2&' lïìfhka lemq .fvd,a (Wire cut bricks)

fuu .fvd,a fyd| ksudjlska hqla;h w,xldrh i|yd lmrdre
fkdlrk ì;a;s i|yd Ndú; flf¾'

3&' iïmSä; .fvd,a (Compressed bricks)

jeä iïmSvkhlg ,lajk ia:dkj,g tkï jeä jYfhka fmd<jg
fhdod .kS'
Wod - mosl fõosld" WoHdk

4&' .sks .fvd,a (Fire bricks)

jeä WIaK;ajlg uqyK
q fok boslsÍï i|yd fhdod .efka' jeä
WIaK;jhlg Tfrd;a;= oSu i|yd hfndr ^hlv ksIamdokfha w;=re
M,hls'& l=vd m%udKhla ueá j,g ñY% flf¾'

10
 Wod - fmdareKq j,

5&' l=yr iys; .fvd,a (Hollow bricks)

nr fkdork ì;a;s i|yd fhdod .; yelsh'

.fvd,a j, .=Kd;aul Ndjhg wuqøjH j, ixhq;f

s ha n,mEu'

.fvd,a ksmoùug .kakd ueáj, ;sìh hq;= ,laIK

 ishqï nj - ueá wxY+ 0'075 mm g jvd l=vd úh hq;h

= '
 je,s ixhq;h
s - ueá iu`. 20] - 30] - w;r je,s m%udKhla ñY%j ;sîu
jeo.;ah' fuu je,s m%udKh iajdNdúlj mj;sk ueá" i<lhs' je,s jeä
jq úg .fvd,a bß;e,Sï msmÍ
s ï we;sfõ'

 wmøjHhkaf.ka f;dr ùu - Ydluh wmøjH ueáj, wka;¾.; fkdúh

hq;h
= '

 .,a fndr¨j,ska f;dr úh hq;h

= - .fvd,a úh<SfïoS .,a fndr¨ .e,ù
hdfuka l=yr we;s úh yelsh'

11
.fvd,a fldgia Brick Bats

A- ගඩ ොල ( Brick)
B- ආනබාන්දුව ( Queen Closer)
C- මා බාන්දුව ( King Closer)
D- පට්ටම් බාන්දුව ( Bevelled Closer)
E- මයිටර් බානදුව ( Mitred Closer)
F- ගල් බාගය ( Half Bat)
G- ගල් තුන්කාල ( ¾ Bat)
H- පට්ටම් බාගය ( Bevelled Bat)
I- වටනාස් ගඩ ොල ( Bullnose Brick)

.fvd,a neñ
.fvd,a j,g iajdNdúl ne|Sfï iajNdjhla fkdue;s ksid tajd lsishï
rgdjlg we;sÍu u`.ska ne|Sula we;s lrkq ,efí'

12
.fvd,a neñ j,oS fhfok mdßNdIs; mo

.fvd,a neñ j¾.

neñ j¾.h kï lsÍu i|yd neïfï bosß fmkqu ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lr
we;'

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T`M.,a neïu (Header Bond)

 iEu jßhlau T`M.,a j,ska iukaú; fõ'

 jßhla yer jßhla wdrïN jkqfha ;=kaldf,a .fvd,la nv.,a wdldrhg
fhdod f.kh'
 wju m<, .fvd,ls'
 <sx ne|Su" wdrlal= wdoshg fhdod .efka'

nv.,a neïu (Stretcher Bond)

14
  nv.,a uqyK
q ; bosßhg osiafõ'
 m<,ska wvqu neñ j¾.hhs'
 neïfï m<, .fvd,l m<,g iudk fõ'
 jßhla yer jßhla wdrïN lrkqfha .fvd,a 1$2 lsks'
 ;sria os.g 3m muK mr;rfhka l=`MKq msyg
s qúh hq;h
= '
 wdOdrhla fkdue;s 1.5 m lg jvd Wilg ne|Su kqiqÿiqh'
 fjka lsÍï ì;a;s jeks flá ì;a;s i|yd iqÿiqh'

bx.%Sis neïu (English bond)

15
  nr ork ì;a;s i|yd fhdod .efka'
 neïfï wju m<, .fvd,l os. fõ'
 nv.,a jßhla yd T`M.,a jßhla" jßhla yer jßhla fhfoa'
 m<uq T`M.,g miq wdk ndkaÿjla fhdohs'

*af,ñIa neïu (Flemish bond)

 tlu jßfhls udrefjka udrejg

T`M.,la yd nv.,la msyg
s hs'
 T`M.,lska wdrïN jk iEu jßhlu
ms<sfj<ska T`M.," wdk ndkaÿj yd nv.,
uq,k
s a msyg
s hs'
 úis;=re fmkqula we;'
 bxY%Sis neïug jvd Yla;f
s hka wvqh'

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*af,ñIa neïu talsh *af,ñIa
oaú;aj *af,ñIa

 idudkH .fvd,a neñ i|yd 1(5 isg 1(8 olajd ^is'je'& nodu fhdod .kS'
 .fvd,a ne|Sug fmr c,fhka f;ud .; hq;h
= '

.fvd,a neñ ikaê lsÍu (Junctions)

බිත්තියකට අංශක 90 ( සෘජුඩකොණී ) ඩවනත් බිත්තියක් මුණ ගැඩසන තැන් හි L හා T
සන්ධි ඇති ඩේ.

.fvd,a l=`MKq ks¾udKh

l=¨kq j¾. 2 ls'
1' fjka l< fyda ;ks fyda l=¨kq
(Detached or Isolated piers)

17
2' hd l< l=¨kq fyj;a neos l=¨kq
(Attached piers)

íf,dla .,a- ( Blocks)

íf,dla .,a j¾.

1' l=yr rys; ^>k& íf,dla .,a (Solid blocks)
2' fldaI iys; íf,dla .,a (Cellular blocks)
3' l=yr iys; íf,dla .,a (Hollow blocks)

18
1' l=yr rys; íf,dla .,

 nr ork ì;a;s i|yd Ndú;d flf¾'

 os." m<," Wi 400 x 100 x 200 mm fyda
400 x 200 x 200 mm fõ'

2' fldaI iys; íf,dla .,a

 midre fkdjk isÿre
lsysmhla we;'
 nr fkdork ì;a;s i|yd
fhdod .efka'
 os.' m<," Wi 400 x 150
x 220 mm fyda
400 x 100 x 200 fyda
400 x 220 x 200 mm úh yel'
 ;dm yd Yío mßpdrl f,i l%shd lrhs'

3' l=yr iys; íf,dla .,a

1'33 rEmh
 jer.ekajq fldkalSÜ
% l=`MKq njg m;a l<
yel'
 nr fkdork ì;a;s i|yd fhdod .; yel'

íf,dla .,a neñ

by; ish`Mu j¾.fha íf,dla .,a neñ bos lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kafka
nv.,a neñ l%uhhs' fuys isfuka;s ( je,s wkqmd;h 1(5 úh hq;h
= '

19
r`M.,a neñ Ndú; jk wjia:d
 md,ï yd fndlal= j, me;s neñ
 w;a;j
s drï i|yd
 /|jqï ì;a;s i|yd
 f.dvke.s,s boslsÍu i|yd
 mi fidaod hdu je<elaùu i|yd

r`M.,a neñ j¾.SlrKh

1' r`M.,a W`Mju (Rubble masonery)
2' wdYaf,aIk W`Mju ashlar masonery)

r`M.,a W`Mju Rubble masonery

 nodu iy tlal .,a j,ska r`M.,a w;r yeveia mqrjd we;'

wdYaf,aI W`Mju (Ashlar Masonry)

 úhou wêlh'
 w,xldr neïuls'
 fyd| ksudjlska hq;= .,a j,ska
neïu ksujd we;'

20
r`M.,a neñ ks¾udKfhaoS ie<ls,u
s ;a úh hq;= lreKq'
 w;a;j
s drï ldKqjl ldKq m;=f,a r`M.,a ;ekam;a lsÍfïoS r`M.,a me;,s
me;a; m;=,g isák fia ;ekam;a lsÍu fkdl< hq;= fõ' tu`.ska w;a;j
s dru
ls|d neish yelsh'
 w;a;j
s drï m;=,g l`M.,a t<sfïoS yels iEu wjia:djloSu w;a;j
s drï
m<,g .e<fmk m<,la iys; ;ks .,a iEu osla ógrhlg jrlau
(1500mm = 180mm) mdfya Ndú; lsÍfuka w;a;j
s drï Yla;h
s ;yvqj
flfrhs'
 neïfï m<, ieliSug fomig f,dl= r`M.,a oeñfuka miq l=vd ila;.,a
ta w;rg oud msrúh hq;h
= '
 r`M.,a" neñj, Yla;sh i|yd isria lia;r
= uka jk fia neosh hq;h
= '
 r`M.,a neñ j,oS f,dl= .,a w;r ysveia l=vd ila;.,a j,ska msrùfïoS
tajd w;r iEu úgu nodu ;Ügqjla iys;j .,a fhosh hq;h
= ' iEu úgu
.,g .,la fkdj nodu ;Ügqjla iys;j .,a ;ekam;a l< hq;h
= '

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