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Engineering Technology
bxcsfkare ;dlaIKfõoh

ksmqK;djh 04
f.dvke.s,s boslsÍï lghq;=j,oS úêu;a Ydia;S%h f;dr;=re
wkq.ukh lrhs'
04

1
 jy, (Roofs)
´kEu f.dvke.s,,
a l by,skau msyá
s wjhjh jy,h fõ' tu.ska f.dvk.s,,
a g
uQ,l
s wdjrKh iy wdrlaIdj ie,fia 'wdl¾IŒh fmkqula i|yd úúO fiú<s
øjH Ndú;d flf¾'
jy, ks¾udKfha§ jeisÈh wmyrKh" kv;a;= yd fiajd wju ùu hk lreKq
flfrys ie,ls,u
s ;a úh hq;h
= ' ;jo mj;akd m%dfoaYh
S foaY.=Kh g .ef,fmk
yd wjhj yd fiú,s øjH imhd .ekSu myiq wdldrhg ks¾udKh l, hq;h
= '

jy,hlska f.dvke.s,a,g ,efnk m%fhdack

1. f.dvke.s,f
a ,a wdrlaIdj ( Safty)
2. wdl¾IŒh fmkqu (Attractive appearance)
3. oDv;dj ,nd §ug (Rigitity)
4. iqÿiq wNhka;r mßirhla (internal enviroment) we;slr,Su'

jy, j¾.SlrKh ( Classification of Roofs)

jy, j¾.SlrKh lrk wdldr my; mßÈ fõ'

1' ndysr yevh wkqj (External shape)
2' mrdh;kh wkqj (Span)
3' yegqï ie,iqï wkqj ( According to Structural plan)

ndysr yevh wkqj (External shape)

me;,s jy,h
ndysr Flat Roof
yevh ;ksm, ^single roof) jy,h
wkqj

wdk;s $nEjqï jy,h

Pitched Roof fom, jy,h
Double Roof
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me;,s jy, Flat roof
;srig wxYl 10 g jvd wvq wdk;shla iys; jy, ;sria jy, fõ'
fuu jy, f.ìu f,i o Ndú;d l, yel'
;sria iq,Õ u.ska n,mEula we;s fkdfõ'
wdk;s $nEjqï jy,h Pitched Roof

fïjd wkqlu
% k jy, f,io ye¢kafõ' wdk;s jy, ;ksm, yd fom, f,i
j¾.SlrKh fõ'
;sri iuÕ 10˚ - 70˚ w;r wdk;shla mj;ajd .kshs'
fiú,s øjH wkqj wdk;sh$nEjqu$wkqlu
% kh fjkia fõ'
úúO fiú,s øjH Ndú;d l, yels ùu fuys jdishls'
iq,Õ u.ska we;sjk m%;f
s rdaOh wêl ùu fuys we;s wjdishls'

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;ksm, jy,h Mono pitch Roof
 wdk;s jy, j, ir,;u jy,h fuh fõ'
 ;sria ì;a;h
s u; 30˚ muK wdk;j mrd, fhfoa'
 tu mrd, yrialv 100mm x 50 mm m%udKh fõ'
 ksjil ì;a;s y;frka Wiska jeä ;%sfldaKdldr ì;a;s l=frka;s (f.an,a
Gable) ì;a;s fõ' tAjdg m%;ú
s reoaOj fhfok flá ì;a;s mj;sk
f.dvke.s,,
a l ì;a;h
s g fya;;
a = lr idokqfha ;ksm, jy, fõ'
 fuu fya;;
a = ;ksm, jy, ( Leon- to – roof) mrd, ysi, fmalv ., (Corbel
Plate) la u; msyg
s jkq ,enQ hg,Sh( Wall Palate) u; msyg
s jhs'
 mrd, mdoh ì;a;s hg,Sh u; ;eïm;a ù b;sßh 900mm-1000mm muK
w.=j (Eavee) lrd È.= fõ' ì;a;s fol w;r mr;rh 2500mm g iSud fõ'

ì;a;s hg ,S u; § mrd,h ,siaid hdu je,elaùug brsmm

a q uQÜgqjla^ Birds mouth
Joint & fhdokq ,efí'

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fom, jy,h ( Double Pitch Roof)
;srig 30˚ l muK wdk; mrd, hq., folls' tu mrd, ysi, hq.,h uqÿka hg
,Sh u;g iïnkaO jk w;r mrd, mdo ì;a;s hg ,S folla u;a msyg
s q fõ'
ì;a;s >Klu jeä fkdfõkï jy, nrg ì;a;s fomig ;,a¨ ù hd yels w;r
tu ksid mdrdhkh 3500 mm -3600 mm mrdihl mj;ajd .kS'

mrdhkh wkqj (According to Span )

jy,h /f|k wdOdrl ì;a;j
s , wNHka;r mDIaG w;r we;s meyeos,s
;sria ÿrl mrdhkh (span) kï fõ' mrdhkh wvq wjia:dj, mrd, muKla
fhdod .; yels jqjo mrdhkh jeä jk úg oej wjhj jy,hg tl;= úh
hq;h
= ' tkï mrdhkh wkqj jy,hla fldgia 03 lg fjka l< yelsh'

 ;ks jy,h - Single roof - mrd, muKla fhdod .kshs'

 oaú;aj jy,h - Double roof
mrdhkh jeä jk úg mrd, folla ikaê lr uqÿka hg,Shg yd
ì;a;s hg ,Shg iudka;rj wdOdrlhla f,i w;=re hg,Shla$wÜgjd,
,Shla fhdod jy,fha wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lrhs' tys§ uqÿka hg,Sfha isg
wÜgjd, ,Sh olajd tla mrd,hl=;a tys isg ì;a;s hg,Sh olajd ;j;a
mrd,hl=;a f,i mrd, folla fhfok ksid oaú;aj jy, f,i ye¢kafõ'
 ;%s;aj jy,h - Triple roof
;j ÿrg;a mrdhkh jeä jQ úg mrd, ;=kla tlsfkl ikaê lr
fhfoa' túg wÜgjd, ,S folla fh§ug isÿ fõ' Bg wu;rj jy,hg
fhfok wjhj jeä fõ' mrd, uqÿka hg,S" ì;a;"s hg,S' wÜgjd, yd rduq
$ ;dmam hk ;=kaj¾.hu fhdod .kshs'

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3' yegqï ie,iqï wkqj ( According to Structural plan)

yegqï ie,eiau wkqj fom, jy, my; mßos j¾.SlrKh flf¾'

 hq.u
a jy, (Couple roof)
 mshjq hq., jy, (close couple roof)
 lr ;,d| jy, (collar roof)
 wÜgjd, jy, (purlin roof)
 ldmam jy, (Trussed roof)

1' hq.au jy, (Couple roof)

mrd, hq.,hla ;srig

30o muK wdk;j fuu
jy, iEfoa' mrdhkh
3500mm - 3600mm
muK úh hq;h
= ' ì;a;s
hg ,S u; § mrd,h
,siaid hdu
je,elaùug b,smamq uQÜgqjla^ Birds mouth Joint & fhdokq ,efí'

2' mshjq hq.au jy, (close couple roof)

ì;a;s hg ,S hq.,h
yryd wd;;slhla (Tie)
iïnkaO lr we;' fuksid
mrd, hq.,h msg;g we§
hdu j,lhs'wd;;slh yd

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 ì;a;s hg ,S w;r we;s lrk uqÜgqj ±;s uqÜgqjhs (Cogged joint)
'mrdhkh 5500mm blaujd fkdhk f.dvke.s,s i|yd iqÿiqh'

Cogged joint
3' lr ;,d| jy, (collar roof)

mshjQ hq.u
a jy,fha fh¥ wd;;slh jy,fha Wiska my< isg 1$3l
Wil§ iú flf¾' th lr ;,d|h f,i ye¢kafõ' mrdhkh 4500mm
muK úh hq;h
= ' lr ;,d|h yd mrd,h w;r we;af;a l;a;u
= ,a,s fyj;a
wvm¨ uqÜgqjhs' (Dovetail halved joint)

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4' wÜgjd, jy, (purlin roof)

jyf,a mrdhkh jeäj;au wÜgjd, tlla fyda lsym

s hla fhdod
.ekSug isÿfõ' fujeks jy,j,a wÜgjd, /|ùu i|yd nd,al yd l=remd
fhosh hq;h
= '

5' ldmam jy, (Trussed roof)

wÜgjd, jy, j,§ isÿjk úYd, ±j tAll marudKhla Ndú;d

lsÍu wmyiq ksid Bg úl,amh f,i ldmam jy, Ndú;d fõ' w;S;fha§ o
úYd, ±j o~q tl,ia lr rc l=remd ldmamh ( King post roof truss)"
wdk l=remd ldmamh ( Queen post roof truss)" " f.dvke.+ ldmam( Built
up roof truss)" wd§ ldmam Ndú;d jqks'

ldmam Ndú;fha§ ish¨ wjhj fj; Ndrhka fn§ hhs' tuksid wvq yrialvlska
hq;a tAll Ndú;d l, yel'
ndysr n,hlska yevh fjkia l, fkdyels uQ,l
s cHdñ;sl yevh ;%sfldaK jk
ksid ldmam ioyd ;%sfldaKdldryev Ndú;d lrhs' wÜgjd, i|yd wdOdr f,i
ldmam Ndú;d fõ'
ldmam msyg
s qjkafka hg ,S u;kï mrdhkh 3000mm-45000mm muK fõ'
j¾;udkh jk úg"
mdie,a f.dvke.s,"s /iaùï Yd,d" Y%jH yd oDYHd.dr" l¾udka;Yd,d" .nvd"
jeks f.dvke.s,s i|yd ldmam Ndú;d fõ'
j¾;udkfha§ ;=kS ±j má j,ska iE¥ ldmam fyj;a wdia;ÍlD; ldmam (
Laminated Roof Truss) "±j yd jdfka lïì fyda .e,ajks; hlv k< j,ska
ieÈ ldmam tkï ixhqla; ldmam ( Composite Roof Truss) " Ndú;d fõ' ±j
imhd.ekSfï wmyiqj ksid jdfka ldmam ( Steel Roof Truss) nyq,j Ndú;d
fõ'
ldmam uQÜgq lsÍu"
±j - ±j uQÜgq

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 f,day wjhj - ñáhï lsÍu ( Riveting) $ weK yd uqßÉÑ fh§u (
Nut and Bolt) $ mEiaiSu ( Welding)

 jy,hl m%Odk fldgia 02 ls'

1' jy, rduqj
2' jy, wdjrKh

f.dvke.s,s ì;a;s fyda lKq u; rduqj f.dvk.hs' ±j " f,day fyda fldkalSÜ
% fï
ioyd Ndú;d lrhs'

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10
,xldfõ nyq,j Ndú;d lrk jy,

jy, rduqj
 uqÿka hg,Sh (Ridge plate)
fuh jy,fha fld÷ kdráhhs' fom, jy,hloS mrd, hq.,j, ysia
uqÿka hg,Sh fomioS tlg uqK .efia' uqÿka hg,S uqÜgq lsÍu i|yd
lhsfkdlal= uqÜgqj (scarf joint) fhdod .efka' 150mm x 50mm / 175mm x
50mm jeks yrialv iys; ±j Ndú;d fõ'

 ì;a;s hg,Sh (Wall plate)

ì;a;s Wv ì;a;shg iudka;rj fhdok hg,S fï kñka ye|skafõ' jy,fha
nr ì;a;s fj; iïfm%aIKh lrhs m, y;f¾ jy,hl§ ì;a;s hg ,S
tlsfkl fþokh fõ' túg l;sr wvm¨ uQÜgqj Ndú;d fõ' tys§ ,S folu

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 tlu uÜgulska .uka lrk ksid ,S foflysu .Uqßka wvla lmd o~q fol
tlsfkl jeoa§u isÿ lrhs'

 wÜgjd, / w;=re hg,Sh

ì;a;s w;r mrdhkh jeäjk úg mrd, È. jeä fõ tys§ wOdrlh
f,i fuh Ndú;d fõ' yrialv ñkqï 125mm x 100mm fyda 125mm x
75mm fhdod .efka' fhdod .efka mrd, wÜgjd, iu`. iïnkaO jkafka
;ks fyda oaú;aj oe;s uqÜgqjlsks' (Single or Double cogged joint)

 uq,mamrd, (Hip Rafters)

jy, mDIaGhka folla tlsfkl uqK .eiSfïoS tu ia:dkfha
ks¾udKh jk ndysr fldaKfha w.h 180o blaujd hkafka kï tu
s (Hip) kï fõ'
fÊokfha Tiafia os.= lrk ,o f¾Ldj fk;a;h

 ldKq mrd, (valley Rafler)

jy, mDIaGhka folla tlsfkl uqK .eiSfïoS tu ia:dkfha
ks¾udKh jk ndysr fldaKfha w.h 180o blaujd fkdhkafka kï tu
fojk uy, mDIaGh iïnkaOj jk f¾Ldj ldKqj (valley) kï fõ' ta
Tiafia fhdokafka ldKq mrd,hhs' (valley Rafler) fuys yrialv ñkqu
uq,mamrd,fha ñkqï j,g iudk fõ' tkï 175 x 50 fyda 150 x 50 fõ'

 mrd, (Rafters)
uqÿka hg,Sfha isg ì;a;s hg,Sh blaujd w.=j olajd osfjk oej
wjhjh mrd,hs' yrialv ñkqï 100 x 50 fõ' fiú,s øjH weianeiafgdaia
kï mrd, folla w;r mr;rh ^ueoska ueo& 900mm muK úh hq;h
= '
fiú,s øjH rg W`M kï tu mr;rh 600mm muK úh hq;h
= '

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 Ímam (Reepers)
fiú,s øjH r|jd ;nd .kq msKsi mrd, u; iú lrkq ,nk ;sria
oej wjhj Ímam kï fõ' Ímam folla w;r ^ueoska ueo& ÿr udkh $ñïu
(Gauge) f,i y÷kajhs'

fiú,s øjH wkqj Ndú; l< hq;= Ímamj, yrialv yd ñïu my; oelafõ'
fiú,s øjH Ímamfha yrialv (mm) udkh$ñïu (mm)
rg W`M 50 x 25 275 - 300
w¾O jD;a;dlr W`M 37 x 12 75 - 100
^isxy, W`M&

jäïnq ,E,a, (valance board)

ì;a;s hg,Shg iudka;rj we;s oej wjhjhls' mrd, mdo fl<jr
iú lr we;' yrialv 175 x 20 ñkqu isg 225 x 20 olajd muK fõ' tkï
wvq >klula we;s oej mqjrejls'

merKs f.dvke.sj, oejfhka l< úis;r

= e fudaia;r olakg
,enqKo j¾;udkfha weianeiafgdaia ;yvq" .e,ajkhsia fyda we`Mñkshï
;yvq Ndú; flf¾'
jäïnq ,E,s fhoSfï wruqKq
 mrd, fl<jrj,a f;ó osrd hdu je<elaùu'
 jäïnq ,E,s u; jeys mS,s iú lsÍug yelsùu'
 w,xldr ksudj'

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ndcq ,E,a, (Barge board)
fom, jy,hl f.an,a fk;a;s fl<jfrys uqÿka hg,Sh" ì;a;s
hg,Sh yryd w.=j olajd iú flfrk oej mqjrej fï kñka ye|skafõ'
fuys yrialv jäïnq ,E,af,a ñkqug tkï 175 x 20 iy 225 x 20 mm
olajd fõ'

jy, jeiau ^wdjrKh&

rduqj u; th iïmQ¾Kfhkau wdjrKh jk fia tkï w.=j o we;=`M
f.dvke.s,,
a u wdjrKh jk fia fiú,s lrk fyda iú lrk fyda t<k øjH
jeiauhs'
Wod - W`M j¾." ;yvq j¾. jeks ksIamdos; øjH o fmd,a w;=" ;,a w;="
msÿre jeks iajdNdúl øjH'
jy, jeiau $ fiú,s øjH

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jy,h oej fldgia i|yd uqÜg

lhsfklal= uqÜgqj - scarf joint

l;sr w`vm¨ uqÜgqj (ross half lap

joint )

හැඩ මූට්ටුව - Splayed Joint

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l;a;=u,a,s fyj;a wvm¨ uqÜgqjhs' (Dovetail halved joint)

jeis osh wmyrKh

jy, u;g jefgk jeis osh fmdf<dj fj;g iïfm%aIK lsÍu jeis osh
wmyrKh kï fõ' j¾;udkfha fï i|yd PVC (Poly Vinyl chloride) j,ska ieos
Wmdx. Ndú; fõ'

 m%jdykh myiq ùu"

 ieye,a¨ ùu'
 wjYH mßos lemSu" keùu iy iú lsÍug yels ùu"
 ñf<ka wvq ùu wdoS lreKq u; PVC Wmdx. Ndú;h ckm%sh ù we;'

jeys mS,s Wmdx. iy ld¾hhka

jy, w.=j Tiafia jäïnq ,E,s u; mS,s w,a¨ ( Gutter Brackets) u.ska jys mS,s (
Gutter) iú lsÍu isÿ lrhs' jy, fk;a;s fl<jf¾§ k, folla 90˚ tlsfkl
iïnkaO lsÍug uhsg¾ uQÜgq ( Miter Joint) Ndú;d lrhs' mS,s fofl,jr jeiSug
mS,s w. jeiqï( Left & Right end cap) Ndú;d lrhs'
mS,s folla tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍug jeys mS,s msßoaÿula ( Gutter Joiner) Ndú;d
fõ'

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jy, ldKq mS,,
a wi,§ há l=re flïysi ( Down Spout Head) Ndú;d fõ'
tu.ska jy, follska meñfKk jeä c, mßudjla tl;= lr.; yel'mS,s ueoÈ
c,h c, niakd k, ( Down Pipe) fj; iemhSu i|yd .,dldr ysi (Running
Head) Ndú;d fõ' j¾:udkh jk úg iskl
a a- we¨ñkshï jeys mS,s Ndú;d fõ'

kduh ld¾hh
1' .,dldr ysi osh niakd k<hg osh fhduq lsÍu
2' mS,s w. jeiau mS,,
a l fl<jr ueiSu
3 mS,s ikaêh mS,s msßoaosu
4' mS,s w,a¨j mS,s /|ùu

osh niakd k< moaO;shla

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jy, wdk;s (Roof slopes)

fiú,s øjH wd;;sh

úh<s l,dmh f;;a l,dmh
1' /<s iys; weianeiafgdaia
2' /<s iys; we¨ñkshï 100 - 200 22 ½ o - 30o
3' /<s iys; .e,ajkhsia hlv
4' /<s iys; mdroDYH
5' W`M 22 ½ o
w¾:ljdldr W`M 30o - 45o
fm;s W`M 26 ½ 0
mEka ghs,a 30o

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