CHEMISTRYPROJECT

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the calcium

carbonate content of egg shells.

NAME: MADHUSUDAN PERIWAL

CLASS : XII SCIENCE

SCHOOL : SPANGLE PUBLIC SCHOOL

Sri ganganagar ( Raj)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MADHUSUDAN PERIWAL

of standard XII Science has completed the
Chemistry project in accordance with
curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EXAMINATION (CBSE).

This project was carried out at SPANGLE PUBLIC

SCHOOL laboratory during the academic year
2022-2023.

ExternalExaminer InternalExaminer

SchoolStamp Principal'sSignamre
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest regards to the principal

Mr.SHIV CHABBRA for providing us with the infrastructure
and facilities for the project .
I would further like to extend my thanks to my family and
Friends for their constant support throughout the project.

I also want to express my gratitude to the Chemistry

Department of the school under whose guidance this project
was performed. Last but not the least; I want to thank my
Chemistry teacher, Mrs. RAJNI CHALANA mam without
whom this project would never have seen the light of the day
INDEX
• Material Required

• Introduction

• Procedure

• Observation

• Calculations.

• Result

• Precautions

• Sources of error

• Bibliography
 AIM
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) content in egg shells.

INTRODUCTION
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is found in nature giving hardness and
strength to things such as seashells rocks, and eggshells. As hard as
this substance is, it will react readily with hydrochloric acid to yield
carbon dioxide gas (and two other products). In this experiment
students will design an experiment by reacting eggshells with 3 M HCI
to compare the calcium carbonate composition of white (chicken)
eggshells to brown eggshells.

A good quality eggshell will contain, on average, 2.2 grams of calcium

in the form of calcium carbonate. Approximately 94% of a dry
eggshell is calcium carbonate and has a typical mass of 5.5 grams,
although these values can differ depending on sources. Amounts as
low as 78% have been published. The remaining mass is composed
largely of phosphorus and magnesium, and trace amounts of sodium.
Potassium , zinc, manganese, iron, and copper. In the case of brown
versus white eggs, a definitive difference in calcium carbonate
amounts may be hard to uncover. However, consider this. The color of
the eggs is nothing more than a result of a different breed. The quality
nutritional value, and taste are identical between white and brown
eggs, though two notable differences are size and price. Brown eggs
are usually larger and slightly more expensive. The reason for the
price increase is because brown eggs come from larger hens, which
need to be fed more food daily. With a larger intake of calcium each
day, one might expect the produced egg to have a higher calcium
carbonate content. However, since the eggs are larger, it must be kept in
mind that the calcium is spread over a larger surface area during egg
formation. A brown eggshell's increased tendency to break, when
compared to white, is often attributed to this "thinningout" of calcium
during deposition.
Objectives
Students will be able to:

⚫ Design an experiment that quantifies the amount of

calcium carbonate present in a natural substance.

⚫ Relate the amount of a reactant or product of a

chemical reaction to another reactant or product.

⚫ Work collaboratively with their peers to solve a

given problem in the laboratory in a way that models
the scientific method.

⚫ Apply a common acid reaction between hydrochloric

acid and the carbonate ion.

Where Does This Experiment Fit into the

Curriculum?

Several aspects of a chemistry curriculum

• Studying reactions of acids

• Percent composition

• Stoichiometry of chemical equations

 MATERIALREQUIRED
Consumables
⚫ 2 different eggs (i.e. 1-white & 1-brown)

⚫ 50 ml of 3 M HCI

⚫ Filter paper

⚫ Lab equipment

⚫ Mortar & pestle

⚫ Standard vacuum filter apparatus (side arm flask, rubber

hose, funnel...)

⚫ Gas collection apparatus (one-holed stoppers with glass

tubes & compatible flasks. rubber tubing, gas collection
tubes/bottles. pneumatic troughs...)

⚫ Standard lab balances

⚫ Beakers (250 mL)

⚫ Graduated cylinders
 PRINCIPLE
Determination of Calcium Carbonate in Eggshells - Background

The major component of eggshells is calcium carbonate,

CaCO3(s). This analysis is done volumetrically by using a characteristic
reaction of carbonate compounds, namely their reaction with acids. Calcium
carbonate (limestone) is very insoluble in pure water but readily reacts in
acid according to the reaction below.

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) + HCl(aq) ………..(1)

(in excess) (limiting reagent) (urreacted)

This reaction cannot be used directly to titrate the CaCO3; because it is very
slow when the reaction is close to the endpoint. Instead the determination is
achieved by adding an excess of hydrochloric acid to react with all of the
CaCO3; and then titrating the remaining unreacted HCI with NaOH solution
to determine the amount of acid which did not react with the calcium
carbonate. The difference between the moles of the acid (HCI) initially added
and the moles of HCI left unreacted after the reaction, is equal to the moles
of HCl that did react with CaCO3. The reaction used to determine the amount
of unreacted acid by titration is given below. This type of analysis is
generally referred to as a back-titration.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) ……………….(2)

(unreacted)
PRODUCER
Using the available lab equipment, design an experiment to determine what
percentage of an eggshell's mass is calcium carbonate. Find the percent mass
of calcium carbonate in white and brown eggshells. Keep in mind that there
are several ways to execute this lab. You may not need all of the apparatus
that has been provided. When preparing the eggshell, remove the membrane
as it will interfere with the reaction. Assume that anything that doesn't react
with the acid remains solid.

1. To prepare the 3.0 M HCl. add 250 mL of concentrated HCl to 650 mL

of distilled water. Then dilute to 1.0 L using distilled water.

2. To prepare the eggshells, make sure that the inner membrane is

completely removed.
You may want to do this as pre-lab, or students can do it if time
Permits .

PROCEDURE1:

Add acid to eggshell (this can be whole or crushed), and stir. Wait until the
bubbling stops and the foam disappears. Then the mixture can be filtered, and
the remaining substance can be dried overnight. The leftover can be massed
once it is completely dried. The leftover substance is eggshell that is NOT
calcium carbonate. Therefore, the mass of calcium carbonate can be calculated,
and from that, the percent composition
PROCEDURE2:

Measure the mass of the eggshell and acid before the

reaction, then proceed as above. Then measure the final
mass of the mixture of acid and eggshell. The difference in
masses is equal to the mass of carbon dioxide released.
Using a balanced equation and mole ratio, the mass of
calcium carbonate that reacted can be calculated.

Safety
This lab uses a 3 M HCl solution. Goggles and aprons
are required for the duration of this lab. Students must
be reminded that excess hydrochloric acid may be
present at the end of the reaction. Students may NOT
heat solutions containing hydrochloric acid. All
students must have their procedures approved by the
teacher prior to beginning work.
OBSERVATIONSANDCALCULATIONS

The purpose and goal of today's experiment is to determine

the mass percent of CaCO; m an eggshell. The following logic
stream may be helpful to understand how you will reach that
goal. The calculation steps are reproduced at the end of the
written procedure in a more formal step-by-step manner. As
with all calculations, make sure to show all units and pay
close attention to significant figures.

Moles of HCL
201I
c

mass perceni ofCaCtincggshells

CaCOj
Use the following steps to calculate the percent mass of CaCO3 in an eggshell. Use the
correct number of significant figures and include all units.
A. Calculate the moles of HCI added to the eggshells.

B. Calculate the volume (L) of NaOH dispensed. C. Calculate the moles of NaOH
dispensed moles HCl reacted with eggshells.

D. Calculate the moles of HCI reacted with eggshells.

Total moles HCl = moles HCI reacted + moles HCl unreacted

E. From the balanced chemical equation, convert moles HCI to moles CaCO3.

F. Convert moles of CaCO3 to mass (g) of CaCO3. G. Calculate the mass percent of CaCO,
in an eggshell.

G. Calculate the mass percent of CaCO3 in an egg shell.

Mass = Mass of CaCO3 (in g) x 100
Mass of Eggshell (in g)

For Produce 1
White Eggshell Brown Eggshell
Mass of Eggshell 2.788g 3.560g

Mass of Filter Paper 1.010g 1.012g

Mass of Filter Paper 1.651g 2.151g

and unreacted eggshell

White Eggshell
1. Mass of unreacted eggshell- mass of filter paper & unreacted eggshell-mass of filter paper
Mass of unreacted eggshell 1.651-1.010-0.641g

2. Mass of CaCO3, in eggshell mass of eggshell- mass of unreacted eggshell

Mass of CaCO3, in eggshell = 2.788-0.6412.147g

3. % CaCO3, in eggshell = mass CaCO3 x100

mass eggshell

% CaCO3 = 2.147 g x100 =77%

2.788g
 Brown Eggshell

1.Mass of unreacted eggshell mass of filter paper & unreacted eggshell-mass

of filter paper.
Mass of unreacted eggshell= 2.151-1.012-1.139g

2.Mass of CaCO3 in eggshell=Mass of eggshell-Mass of unreacted eggshell

Mass of CaCO3, in eggshell 3.560-1.139=2.421g

3.% CaCO, in eggshell= mass CaCO3 x100

-------------------------------

mass eggshell

%Caco3 2421g x100 =68%

____________________________________________________________________________________________

3.560g

ForProcedure2:

White Eggshell Brown EggShell

I.545g I.657g
Mass of beaker 69.607g 68.506g
Mass of HCL 10.103g 10.403g
Total initial Mass 81.255g 80.593g
80.739g 80.098g
Final Mass of Co2 in last 0.516g 0.495g
White Eggshell
1. Mass of CO2: lost =Final mass of beaker&contents – total initial mass
Mass of CO2: lost 81.255 - 80.739 = 0.516g

2.Moles of CO2: lost Mass of CO2 x 1mol CO2 ____________________________________________________________________

= Moles of CO2
44.0g CO2

0.516g x 1mol = 0.01173 mol CO2

__________________________________________________

44.0g

3. Moles of CO. Moles of CaCO3(1:1 mole ratio according to balanced

chemical equation) 0.01173 mol CaCO3

4.Mass of CaCO3 =Moles of CaCO3 x 100.1g CaCO3 = Mass of CaCO3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

1 mol CaCO 3
0.01173 mol CaCO3 X 100.1g CaCO3 = 1.174g CaCO3 __________________________________+++_________________________________________________________________

1 mol CaCO3

5.%CaCO3 in eggshell = Mass CaCO3 x 100 = % CaCO3 ___________________________________________________________________________

Mass of eggshell
_
1.174g x100 =76% CaCO3
__________________________________________

1.545g
Brown Eggshell
 RESULT
\Vhitceggsl1clIcontainsabout7G%
ofcalciumcarbonate,whereas,bro\’neggslick
IcontainsapproximatclyG8”/ofit(forthesi •’cnsample.rcsulismayvaryfor
dilTcrcillsamples).

PRECAUTIONSANDSOURCES
OFERROR
Allapparatusshouldbecleanandwashedproperly.
•

• Alargebeaker( 250ml)Isrecommendedduetothelargeamountoffoami
ng.
• Theshellsshouldbedrytogetthebestresults.
• PeeloffallthemembranesfromtheInsideoftheshell.
• Precise weights should be measured to avoid propagation of error
Incalculations.
• Theeggshellsshould
bepreferablycrushedintoaflnepowderusingamortarandpestleforanal
ysis.
• Proceedfurtheronlywhenallthefoamingsubsides.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Wikipedia-thefreeEncyclopedia
• Website:http://www.icbse.com
• FoundationChemistry-12
• ComprehensivePracticaiChemlstry-12