A Mini-Project report on

Alcohol Sensing Alert With Engine Locking

System
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
BACHELOR OFofTECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

T. Sai Likhith (19P61A04I8)

S. Naveen (19P61A04H7)
P. Yugendhar (19P61A04G6)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

P. Prakash Babu

Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, Approved by APSCHE &AICTE)

Aushapur (v), Ghatkesar (m), Medchal Dist, Hyderabad-501301
2021

I
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project report “ALCOHOL SENSING ALERT WITH
ENGINE LOCKING SYSTEM” being submitted by T. Sai Likhith Kumar (19P61A04I8),
S. Naveen(19P61A04H7), P. Yugendhar (19P61A04G6), in partial fulfillment for the award
of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of a bonafide
work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision.

The result embodied in this project report has not been submitted to any other
University/Institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

P. Prakash Babu Dr. U. Poorna Laxmi
Assistant Professor

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

II
 CANDIDATES DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this Mini Project Report titled “Alcohol Sensing Alert With
Engine Locking System” submitted by us to the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, VBIT, Aushapur, Under JNTUH, is a Bonafide work
undertaken by and it is not submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of
any degree or diploma.

By

T. Sai Likhith Kumar (19P61A04I8)

S. Naveen (19P61A04H7)
P. Yugendhar (19P61A04G6)

III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset we sincerely thank God for having got my Mini project report completed in time.
Firstly, we would thank our parents who have been a motivating factor throughout our lives.
Secondly, we sincerely thank our principal Dr. PVS Srinivas and our Head of the department
Dr. Poorna Laxmi for their kind cooperation and Encouragement for the successful
completion of Seminar work and providing the necessary facilities.

We are most obliged and grateful to our project guide P. Prakash Babu, for giving us guidance
in completing this project successfully.

We express our sincere gratitude to our Project coordinators, Department of ECE and my other
faculty for attending our project seminars and for their insightful comments and constructive
suggestions to improve the quality of this project work.

By

T. Sai Likhith Kumar (19P61A04I8)

S. Naveen (19P61A04H7)
P. Yugendhar (19P61A04G6)

IV
 ABSTRACT

This project presents the design and implementation of an Alcohol Detection and Engine Locking
System for cars and other vehicles using an Arduino Nano as the MCU (Master Control Unit) and
a MQ3 Sensor as the detection device for alcohol. The system continuously monitors the alcohol
level in its affinity using the MQ3 sensor, and as soon as the concentration of alcohol goes beyond
the threshold level, the engine gets locked, and a buzzer starts to beep/buzz to give indication to
the nearby vehicles that the particular vehicle’s driver is drunk, and it is not safe to drive nearby
the vehicle and is a threat to other people on the road. The MQ3 Sensor senses alcohol and sends a
signal to the Arduino. On receiving the signal from the sensor, the Arduino sends a signal to the
Buzzer and the Relay, which cuts the power supply to the motor, making the car STOP and
preventing any mishap. This project aimed at the exiting efforts of accidents prevention system
developments, in hope of implementing it in the real life to increase roads safety.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATES I

CANDIDATE DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGMENT IV

ABSTRACT V

VI
LIST OF FIGURES
I
LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1-2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER-2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM..........................................................................3-13
CHAPTER-2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.....................................................................3
FEATURES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.....................................................................................................3
History and Future...........................................................................................................................................4
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS......................................................................................5
TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM...............................................................................................................5
Real Time Systems..........................................................................................................................................6
Overview of Embedded System Architecture..................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS..................................................................................................11
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................................................11
ARDUINO UNO............................................................................................................................11
External and internal interrupt sources............................................................................................12
MQ3 15
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................................................21
ARDUINO SOFTWARE IDE........................................................................................................21
CHAPTER-4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION........................................................22
BLOCK DIAGRAM......................................................................................................................................22
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM...................................................................................................................................25
HARD WARE IMPLEMENTATION...........................................................................................................27
SOFT WARE IMPLEMENTATION...........................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS.....................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION & REFERENCES..............................................................30
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

2.1 Blocks of hardware embedded system 9

3.1 Arduino uno 11
3.2 MQ3 sensor 15
3.3 Alarm 17
3.4 Relay 18
3.5 Block diagram 22
3.6 Circuit diagram 25
3.7 Usb cable 28

VII
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The project “Automatic Engine Locking System through Alcohol Detection” aims at preventing
accidents that occur due to drunk drivers. Drunk driving is the leading cause of road accidents not
only in India but all over the world. Alcohol Detection using breath analyzer requires the stopping of
vehicles and manual scanning of the driver. Also many people are made to blow into the same breath
analyzer, which is also not safe as it can be a medium for disease transmission. In this project, we
will go over how to build an alcohol sensor with an Arduino. The alcohol sensor we will use is the
MQ-3 sensor. This is a sensor that is very sensitive to alcohol, particularly ethanol, which is the type
of alcohol which is found in wine, beer, and liquor.

This type of sensor circuit can be used as a Breathalyzer to check a person’s blood alcohol level. Just
as we exhale carbon dioxide when we breathe out, we also will breathe out some alcohol if we have
alcohol in our blood. Any Alco-meter device can measure this alcohol content. The more ethanol in
your blood, the more it is in the air on exhalation.

We usually come across drunk and driving cases where drunk drivers crash their cars under the
influence of alcohol causing damage to property and life. So here we propose an innovative system
to eliminate such cases. Our proposed system would be constantly monitoring the driver’s breath by
placing it on the driver’s wheel or somewhere the driver’s breath can be constantly monitored by it.
So, if a driver is drunk and tries to drive, the system detects alcohol presence in his/her breath and
locks the engine so that the vehicle fails to start. The system uses an Arduino, PC fan, alcohol
sensor, and buzzer. The Arduino(microcontroller) on encountering high alcohol signal from the
alcohol sensor indicates alcohol detection through buzzer and stops the Fan to demonstrate as engine
locking. When alcohol is detected after the engine starts, the system locks the engine at that time.
This Project presents an innovative way of protecting automobiles from drunken drivers for
safeguarding

1
 OBJECTIVE:

Every system is automated in order to face new challenges. In the present days Automated systems
have fewer manual operations, flexibility, reliability and accuracy. Due to this demand every field
prefers automated control systems. We usually come across drunk and driving cases where drunk
drivers crash their cars under the influence of alcohol causing damage to property and life. So here
we propose an innovative system to eliminate such cases.

Our proposed system would be constantly monitoring the driver’s breath by placing it on the driver
wheel or somewhere the driver’s breath can be constantly monitored by it. So, if a driver is drunk
and tries to drive the system detects alcohol presence in his/her breath and locks the engine so that
the vehicle fails to start. In another case if the driver is not drunk while he starts the vehicle and
engine is started but he/she drinks while driving the sensor still detects alcohol in his breath and
stops the engine so that the car would not accelerate any further and driver can steer it to roadside.
So, the alcohol sensor is used to monitor breath and constantly sends signals to the microcontroller.

2
 CHAPTER-2
EMBEDDED SYSTEM

2.1-INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS :

Our day-to-day life is becoming more and more dependent on "Embedded Systems and Digital
Technologies‖. Embedded technologies are bonding into our daily activities even without our
knowledge. We know the fact that the refrigerator, washing machine, microwave oven, air
conditioner, television, DVD players, and music systems that we use in our home are built around
an embedded system. It is nothing but an intelligent embedded system. In your vehicle itself the
presence of specialized embedded systems varies from intelligent head lamp controllers, engine
controllers and ignition control Systems to complex air bag control systems to protect you from a
severe accident.

People experience the power of embedded systems and enjoy the features and comfort provided
by them. Most of us are totally unaware or ignorant of the intelligent embedded systems giving us
so much comfort and security. Embedded systems are like reliable servants- they don't like to reveal
their identity and neither do they complaint about their workloads to their owners or bosses. They
are always working behind the scenes and are dedicated to their assigned task till their last breath.
This book gives you an overview of embedded systems, the various steps involved in their
design and development and the major domains where they are deployed.

2.2-FEATURES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS :

The versatility of the embedded computer system lends itself to utility in all kinds of enterprises,
from the simplification of deliverable products to a reduction in costs in their development and
manufacture. Usually, a low power consumption CPU with a limited amount of memory is used in
embedded systems. Complex systems with rich functionality employ special operating systems that
take into account major characteristics of embedded systems. Embedded operating systems have
minimized footprint and may follow real-time operating system specifics. The special computers
system is usually less powerful than general purpose systems, although some expectations do exist
where embedded systems are very powerful and complicated. Usually, a low power consumption
CPU with a limited amount of memory is used in embedded systems. Some embedded systems
have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high temperature & humidity.

Many embedded systems use very small operating systems; most of these provide very limited
operating system capabilities. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design
engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and
performance some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Some
embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very high
temperature & humidity. For high volume systems such as portable music players or mobile
phones, minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration. Engineers typically select
hardware that is just "good enough" to implement the necessary functions. For low volume or
prototype embedded systems, general purpose computers may be adapted by limiting the programs
3
or by replacing the operating system with a real-time operating system.

2.3-History and Future:

Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems could not
possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the world's first
microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators
produced by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of
custom integrated circuits-one for each of their new calculator models. The 4004 was Intel's
response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a general-
purpose circuit that could be used throughout the entire line of calculators. Intel's idea was that
the software would give each calculator its unique set of features.

The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the next decade.
Early embedded applications included unmanned space probes, computerized traffic lights, and
aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode the waves of the
microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens (bread machines,
food processors, and microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and remote controls), and
workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit card readers).

It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase rapidly.
Already there are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market potential; light
switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems that don't inflate
when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and personal digital
assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly, individuals who
possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems will be in
demand for quite some time.

2.4-CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Embedded computing systems generally exhibit rich functionality complex functionality is usually
the reason for introducing cups into the design. However, they also exhibit many non- functional
requirements that make the task especially challenging:

 Real-time deadlines that will cause system failure if not met.

 Multi-rate operation.
 In many cases, low power consumption.
 Low manufacturing cost, which often means limited code size.

Workstation programmers often concentrate on functionality. They may consider the performance
characteristics of a few computational kernels of their software, but rarely analyze the total
application. They almost never consider power consumption and manufacturing cost. The need to
juggle all these requirements makes embedded system programming very challenging and is the
reason why embedded system designers need to understand computer architecture.

4
 2.5-TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM :

Based on functionality and performance embedded systems categorized as 4 types

1. Standalone embedded systems.

2. Real time embedded systems.
3. Networked information appliances.
4. Mobile devices.

1. Standalone embedded systems: As the name implies, standalone systems work in standalone
mode. They take i/p. Process them and produce the desire o/p. The i/p can be an electrical signal
from transducer or temperature signal or commands from human being. The o/p can be electrical
signal to drive another system an led or LCD display.
Ex digital camera, microwave oven, CD player, air conditioner etc.

2. Real time embedded systems: In this type of an embedded system a specific work has to be
complete in a particular period of time.
Hard real time systems: - embedded real time used in missiles. Soft real time systems: - DVD
players.

3. Networked information appliances: Embedded systems that are provided with n/w
interfaces and accessed by n/w such as local area n/w or internet are called network information
appliances.
EX. a web camera is connected to the internet. Camera can send pictures in real time to any
computers connected to the internet.

4. Mobile devices: Actually, it is a combination of both VLSI and Embedded system Mobile
devices such as mobile phone, personal digital assistants, smart phones etc. are special category of
embedded system. Embedded systems are based on the concept of the microcontroller, a single
integrated circuit that contains all the technology required to runan application.

 Central processing Unit.

 Input/output interfaces (such as serial ports).
 Peripherals (such as timers).
 ROM ,EEPROM (or) Flash memory for program storage.
 RAM for data storage Clock generator.

By integrating all of these features into a single chip it is possible to greatly reduce the number of
chips and wiring necessary to control an electronic device, dramatically reducing its complexity, size
5
and cost.

 Size & Weight: Microcontrollers are designed to deliver maximum performance for Minimum
size and weight. A centralized on-board computer system would greatly outweigh a collection of
microcontrollers.
 Efficiency: Microcontrollers are designed to perform repeated functions for long periods of time
without failing or requiring service.
 Micro Controller: It is a chip through which we can connect to many other devices and also
those are controlled by the program the program which burn into it. Here we are using Arduino as
the main device to control.

2.6-Real Time Systems :

One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As commonly defined, a real-
time system is a computer system that has timing constraints. In other words, a real-time system
is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or decisions in a timely
manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for completion. And, for all
practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer.

The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time system is part
of an airplane's flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passengers and crew to be
endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system is involved in satellite
communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data packet. The more severe the
consequences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is "hard" and thus, the system is a hard
real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion are said to have "soft"
deadlines.

All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers of real-time
system who is more delight in his work. He must guarantee reliable operation of the software and
hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives depend upon three
system's proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive paperwork.

Application Areas: Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded
systems. The embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are
used in very market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation,
biomedical engineering, wireless communication, Data communication, telecommunications,
transportation, military and so on.

Consumer appliances: At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital
camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-
conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about
20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation
etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded
systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and word
processing.
Office automation: The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying
6
machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.
Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control.
These include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity
generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out
specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and
then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send
information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where human
presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs. The
robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such
as hardware assembly.

Medical electronics: Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These
equipment’s include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray
scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc. Developments in
medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.

Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services
Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are
embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a
router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The
router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send
them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking
equipment’s, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are
embedded systems.

Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized

as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones,
ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment
includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite
modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems that provide
very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

Wireless technologies: Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting
applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade
of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication
while we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can
now be used to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure
such as base station controllers and mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems.

7
Insemination: Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters
such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems.
Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio
communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors.

Security: Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our
homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded
systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security devices
at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption
devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~ embedded systems.
Embedded systems find applications in. every industrial segment- consumer electronics,
transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control and industrial
automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the
data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems
using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user authentication in
banking applications as well as for access control in high security buildings.

2.7-Overview of Embedded System Architecture :

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit
(CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software
residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be
represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.

The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above the
operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system.

For small appliances such as remote-control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for
an operating system and you can write only the software specific to that application. For
applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a
case, you need to integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the
entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the
software will continue to run fora long time you don’t need to reload new software.
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As
shown in Fig. the building blocks are:

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Memory (Read-only Memory and (Random access Memory)
 Input Devices
 Output devices
 Communication interfaces
 Application specific circuitry

8
 Fig 2.1 Blocks of hardware embedded system

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its
main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory,
serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-
controller is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On
the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external
components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved
such as audio and video processing.

Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas ROM retains
the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power
is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed.
Input devices:
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There
will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task.
Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a specific
command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems used in
process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors or
transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

9
Output devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system
modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used
to display some important parameters.

Communication interfaces:
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a
few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE
1394, Ethernet etc.

10
 CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

ARDUINO UNO (ATMEGA 328)

The microcontroller used in our project is Arduino UNO. The Uno is a microcontroller board based on
the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC- to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO
without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip
for a few dollars and start over again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of
Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of
USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current,
past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

Fig 3.1 Arduino Uno

11
 The technical specifications are given below:

Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage 7-12V

(recommended)
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB
used
by boot loader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4mm

Weight 25g

Arduino UNO specifications

Programming: The Uno can be programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). Select
"Arduino/Genuino Uno" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). The ATmega328 on the Uno comes preprogrammed with a boot loader that allows one to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

(a) Power: The Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector. 14 The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20
volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board
12
may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 Vin: The input voltage to the Uno board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses
the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
 3.3V: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the Uno board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage
and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to
work with the 5V or 3.3V.

Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the boot loader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1
KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(),
and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. 15 Each pin can provide or
receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to
avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for
details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
13
 the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin
and the analog Reference() function. There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog dReference().
 Reset: Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication
The Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Uno b oard, or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial 16 communication, which is
available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2
firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows,
a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pin 0 and 1).

Features
 High performance, low power AVR 8 bit micro controller.

 Advanced RISC architecture.

• 331 power full instructions –most single clock cycle execution.
• 32×8 general purpose working registers.
• Fully static operation.
• Up to 20 MIPS throughput at 20MHz.
• On-chip 2-cycle multiplier.
 Special micro controller features.
• Power- on reset and programmable brown-out detection.
• Internal calibrated oscillator.

External and internal interrupt sources

• sleep modes: Idle ,ADC noise reduction, power save , power down.
 I/O and packages.
• 23 programmable I/O Lines.
14
 • 28- pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP , 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF.
 Operating voltages
• 1.8 - 5.5V.
 Temperature Range:
• 40°C to 105°C.

 Speed Grade:
• 0 - 4MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V.
• 0 - 10MHz @ 2.7 -5.5V.
• 0 - 20MHz @ 4.5 -5.5V.
 Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25°C.
• Active Mode: 0.2mA.
• Power-down Mode: 0.1μA.
• Power-save Mode: 0.75μA (Including 32 kHz RTC).\

MQ3 ALCOHOL SENSOR

The MQ3 alcohol gas sensor is a module used for detecting alcohol, CH4, benzene, gasoline,
hexane, CO, and LPG. It has a sensitive material SnO2 for alcohol gas detection, with lower
electrical conductivity in the fresh air. It is a semiconductor alcohol gas sensor that detects or
monitors the presence or absence of alcohol. It is also known as chemiresistors because sensing of
the sensitive material depends on the resistance change when the sensor is exposed to alcohol gas.

MQ3 Alcohol Sensor

15
When the sensor is pointed closer to the alcohol gas, the SnO2 conductivity increases. The increase
in sensor conductivity is directly proportional to the alcohol concentration. Therefore, the alcohol
concentration is measured by any microcontroller very easily. The MQ3 alcohol gas sensor is very
fast and has a high sensitivity to alcohol, smoke, and gasoline.  An Alcohol detector can be made
using this alcohol sensor.

The concentration of alcohol gas sensing range in fresh air or atmosphere by the MQ3 sensor is
0.04mg/L-4 mg/L, which is acceptable for breathalyzers. It consumes 150 mA and operates with a
5V power supply at -10°C to 50°C temperature.

MQ3 Alcohol Sensor Module Pin Out/Pin Diagram:

The MQ3 alcohol sensor comes in a 4-pin gas sensor module. The pin configuration/pin diagram is
shown in the figure below.

Pin Configuration of MQ3 Module

VCC: This pin refers to the positive power supply. To power up the sensor, the 5V positive supply is
connected to this pin
GND: This pin refers to the common ground connection.
Digital Output (Do): This pin generates the digital output signal by varying threshold limits with the
help of an onboard potentiometer. This pin is to represent the digital output as 0 or 1 based on the
alcohol gas present in the air.
Analog Output (Ao): This pin generates an analogue output signal in the range of 0V to 5V and it
depends on the alcohol gas intensity.
MQ3 Alcohol Sensor Features:
Technical Specifications:

The MQ3 alcohol sensor technical specifications are listed below.

16
 It requires a power supply of 5VDC (@ 165mA heater ON / 60mA heater off).
 Consumes 150mA current.
 Digital output Do: 0 and 1 TTL digital (0.1V and 5V).
 Analog output Ao: 0.1V to 0.3V (relates to pollution), voltage concentration is maximum of 4V.
 Alcohol Concentration detection: 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L.
 Interface: one TTL compatible input (HSW) and one TTL compatible output (ALR).
 Heater consumes: <750mW.
 Resistance of the heater: 33ohms±5%.
 Operating temperature: -10°C to 50°C (14°F to 122°F).
 Storage temperature: 20°C to 70°C.
 Load resistance is 200kilo ohms.
 Sensitivity Rs: ≥5: Rs(in the air) / Rs(0.4mg/L Alcohol).
 Sensing resistance Rs: 1Mega ohms to 8Mega ohms @ 0.4mg/L alcohol.
 Sensor dimensions:32x22x16mm.
 Humidity: <95%RH.
 Oxygen concentration: 21%
 Slope rate: ≤0.6.
 Preheating duration: 20seconds.

Use/Applications:
The applications of the MQ3 alcohol sensor are given below,
 Used as a gas level over-limit alarm.
 Portable alcohol detector.
 Breathalyzer.
 Stand-alone sensing module.
 Used in environmental monitoring equipment.
 Vehicle alcohol detector.
Please refer to this link for MQ3 Alcohol Sensor Datasheet.
Thus, this is all about an overview of the MQ3 alcohol gas sensor. It is used to detect/monitor
different alcohol gas concentrations in the air. The different MQ series alcohol gas sensors are
available in the market today. Choose the right one for the application.

Buzzer

An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or piezoelectric or

mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to sound. Generally, it
is powered through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc.
Based on the various designs, it can generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren.

17
 Buzzer Pin Configuration
The pin configuration of the buzzer is shown below. It includes two pins namely positive and
negative. The positive terminal of this is represented with the ‘+’ symbol or a longer terminal. This
terminal is powered through 6Volts whereas the negative terminal is represented with the ‘-‘symbol
or short terminal and it is connected to the GND terminal.
History

The history of an electromechanical buzzer and piezoelectric is discussed below.

Electromechanical

This buzzer was launched in the year 1831 by an American Scientist namely Joseph Henry but, this
was used in doorbells until they were eliminated in 1930 in support of musical bells, which had a
smooth tone.

Piezoelectric

These buzzers were invented by manufacturers of Japanese & fixed into a broad range of devices
during the period of 1970s – 1980s. So, this development primarily came due to cooperative efforts
through the manufacturing companies of Japanese. In the year 1951, they recognized the Application
Research Committee of Barium Titanate that allows the corporations to be cooperative competitively
& bring about numerous piezoelectric creations.

Specifications

The specifications of the buzzer include the following.

 Color is black
 The frequency range is 3,300Hz
 Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C
 Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC

RELAY:

A Relay is a simple electromechanical switch. While we use normal switches to close or open a
circuit manually, a Relay is also a switch that connects or disconnects two circuits. But instead of a
18
 manual operation, a relay uses an electrical signal to control an electromagnet, which in turn
connects or disconnects another circuit.

Relays can be of different types like electromechanical, solid state. Electromechanical relays are
frequently used. Let us see the internal parts of this relay before knowing about it working.
Although many different types of relay were present, their working is same.

Every electromechanical relay consists of an consists of an

1. Electromagnet
2. Mechanically movable contact
3. Switching points and
4. Spring
Electromagnet is constructed by wounding a copper coil on a metal core. The two ends of the coil
are connected to two pins of the relay as shown. These two are used as DC supply pins. 

Generally two more contacts will be present, called as switching points to connect high ampere
load. Another contact called common contact is present in order to connect the switching points.

These contacts are named as normally open (NO), normally closed(NC) and common(COM)
contacts.

We can use a Relay either in a AC circuit or a DC Circuit. In case of AC relays, for every current
zero position, the relay coil gets demagnetized and hence there would be a chance of continues
breaking of the circuit.

19
 So, AC relays are constructed with special mechanism such that continuous magnetism is provided
in order to avoid above problem. Such mechanisms include electronic circuit arrangement or shaded
coil mechanism.

How a Relay Works.

The following animation shows a simplified working of a relay.

 Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

 When the electromagnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field around it.
 Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to the load.
 In the relay, Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet.
 When the coil is applied with DC current, it starts attracting the contact as shown. This is called
energizing of relay.
 When the supply is removed it retrieves back to the original position. This is called De energizing of
relay.
There are also such relays, whose contacts are initially closed and opened when there is supply i.e.
exactly to opposite to the above shown relay.

Solid state relays will have sensing element to sense the input voltage and switches the output using
opto-coupling.

Relay Contact Types

As we have seen that relay is a switch. The terminology “Poles and throws” is also applicable for relay.
Depending on the number of contacts and number of circuits it switches relays can be classified.

Before we know about this classification of contacts we have to know the poles and throws of a relay
switch.

Poles and Throws

Relays can switch one or more circuits. Each switch in relay is referred as pole. Number of circuits a
relay connects is indicated by throws.

Depending on the poles and throws, relays are classified into

 Single Pole Single Throw

 Single Pole Double Throw
 Double Pole Single Throw
 Double Pole Double Throw
Single Pole Single Throw
20
A single pole single throw relay can control one circuit and can be connected to one output. It is used for
the applications which require only ON or OFF state.

Single Pole Double Throw

A single pole double throw relay connects one input circuit to one of the two outputs. This relay is also
called as changeover relay.

Double pole single throw

A double pole single throw relay has two poles and single throw and it can be used to connect two
terminals of a single circuit at a time. For example, this relay is used for connecting both phase and
neutral terminals to the load at a time.

Double pole double throw

A DPDT (double pole double throw) relay has two poles and two throws for each pole. In motor
direction control, these are used for phase or polarity reversal.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
ARDUINO SOFTWARE IDE
Arduino is an open-source project, enabling hobbyists to easily take advantage of the powerful ATMega
chips. The Arduino IDE is the software where you can write code and upload it to the ATMega chip.
The code is then executed on the chip. Most 3D-printer electronics are Arduino compatible, they use the
ATMega chip and enable the user to upload their code using Arduino. This includes Megatronics,
Minitronics and RAMPS. Before you can start using the electronics you need software f̳ irm-ware‘ that
translates machine instructions into actual movements. There are a few options here, including Marlin
and Sprinter and Repeater. The actual firmware is not discussed in this document. You can use Arduino
to upload this firmwareonto your electronics.To upload a firmware, you must first open the files using
File
→ Open. Select the .ino file from the directory containing the firmware. Arduino will open several tabs
with files. Next step is to select the correct electronics board. From the Tools menu, locate the Board
item. This item should include a few sub items, including Megatronics, Minitronics, Arduino mega 2560
(RAMPS with mega 2560) and Arduino Mega 1280 (RAMPS with mega1280). Select the board that fits
your electronics. Also we need to select the serial port the electronics is connected to. In the Tools menu,
locate the Serial port item. This should include at least one item if the board is connected and the drivers
are installed properly. If there are multiple items here, you need to find out which is the correct one by
unplugging the board and checking which port was removed. Once you have set the board and serial port,
you can upload the firmware by pressing File → Upload. Arduino will try to compile the firmware, if any
errors occur the process will stop and you will need to fix the errors before trying again. Once compilation
is complete, the actual upload will start. This may take a minute for a larges ketch.Arduino software is
the tool to burn the hex file on the chip.It provides the plat formfor circuit layout, circuit design and real
time simulation

21
 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power
Supply LCD

BUZZER
Arduino uno

MQ3 Or
Sensor
Arduino nano

DC Motor
(Engine
system)

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram

22
      

After completing the connections of the circuit and uploading the code, it is ready for use. To mimic
the presence of a drunk person, we have used alcohol based sanitizer as an alternative of alcohol.
Both alcohol and sanitizer being volatile in nature, tends to evaporate with time. This increases the
alcohol concentration in the surrounding, and this increase in concentration is sensed by the sensor.
When a drunk person comes near to the sensor (in our case, when the sanitizer is brought near the
sensor), it reads the increase in the alcohol concentration in the surrounding of the person, and the
sensor sends a signal to the Arduino about the reading.

If the value of reading is higher than the threshold value (800 in our case) then the Arduino sends a
signal to the buzzer, LED and relay. The buzzer starts to beep, the LED glows, and the relay stops
the power supply to the motor, thus stopping it, eventually stopping the vehicle. The Arduino will
continue to send the signal to the relay and buzzer as long as it is receiving a value higher than the
threshold value, from the MQ-3 sensor.

When the reading value of the sensor drops below the threshold value, the buzzer stops beeping, the
LED stops glowing and the relay no longer stops the motor power supply, so now the vehicle can
again run. We can avoided any kind of loss of life by using this system. All equipment are totally
tested and connected as required thereby giving us the much needed result.

ARDUINO SOURCE CODE:

/*

code started

   #define Sensor pin = A0;

      #define Motor pin = D8;

       code created by sai likhith

         */ 

      

 #define sensorDigital A0

#define Motor 9

#define buzzer 8

#define sensorAnalog A1

23
void setup() {

  pinMode(sensorDigital, INPUT);

    pinMode(Motor, OUTPUT);

      pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

        Serial.begin(9600);

    }

        void loop() {

          bool digital = digitalRead(sensorDigital);

            int analog = analogRead(sensorAnalog);

  Serial.print("Analog value : ");

    Serial.print(analog);

      Serial.print("t");

        Serial.print("Digital value :");

          Serial.println(digital);

  if (digital == 0) {

      digitalWrite(Motor, LOW);

          digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

            } else {

                digitalWrite(Motor, HIGH);

                    digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

           }

           }

24
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

25
Arduino
Arduino/ Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATMEGA328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header and a reset button. Arduino uno microcontroller can sense the environment by receiving input
from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators. The microcontroller is programmed using the arduino programming language (based on
wiring) and the arduino development environment (based on processing) .This controller can be used as a
general purpose device, which can read data, perform limited calculations depending up on the
program prepared for it, and control the other devices interfaced with this controller. The prime use of a
microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in rom
and that does not change over the life time of the system
Here ultrasonic sensors and push buttons areinterfaced with micro-controller at its input side, by
activating these devices command signals are generated for the controller; these are called set of
instructions. These instructions are used to move code and data from internal memory to the ALU. These
instructions in the form of above devices are coupled with pins to the IC package; these pins are
programmable, means capable of having several different functions depending up on the program
prepared for it. The microcontroller is concerned with getting data from and to its own pins; the
architecture and instruction set are optimized to handle data in bit, byte, and word size.

MQ3 Sensor
The both analog pins and digital pins are used as digital pins. The circuit connections are mentioned in
the above figure , according to the pin connections the code is created to perfom the task. Vcc pins of
MQ3 sensor are connected to the +5v and ground to the ground pin A0 to pinD0.

Relay

The power pin is connected to 5v and connected to Digital pin9.

LED and Buzzer

To wire your buzzer and led to your board, connect the following pins: Digital pin8

DC Motor

Connect engine to relay and give power supply to motor and connect a spst switch for on/off
Power.

26
 HARD WARE IMPLEMENTATION

 Switch on the kit.

 Connect the power supply to the module.
 Upload the code to Arduino uno.
 Now connect the MQ3 sensor to Arduino uno board.
 Connect the buzzer and led to Arduino board.
 Now connect dc motor with relay which is act as switch and then connect relay to
Arduino uno.

 Use spst switch between Arduino and power supply.

 Now when mq3 detects alcohol then the engine will be return off and led and buzzer
indicate to the person in the car.

SOFT WARE IMPLEMENTATION

PROGRAMMING ARDUINO

Once 46rduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with computer using USB cable.
Now open the 46rduino IDE and choose the correct board by selecting Tools>Boards>Arduino/Genuino
Uno, and choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port. Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino
programming language based on Wiring. To get it started with Arduino Uno board and blink the built-in
LED, load the example code by selecting Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the example code (also
shown below) is loaded into your
IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar. Once the upload is finished, you should see the
Arduino’s built-in LED blinking. Below is the example code for blinking:

ARDUINO – INSTALLATION
After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how to set up the
Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the Arduino board. In this
section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on our computer and prepare the
board to receive the program via USB cable.
Step 1: First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favourite board) and a USB
cable. In case you use Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or
Diecimila, you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you would connect to a
USB printer as shown in the following image.

In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to Mini-B cable instead as shown in the following
image

27
 4.3 USB CABLE

Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software.

You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino Official
website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your operating system (Windows,
IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.

28
 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS

• If an alcoholic person tries to command a vehicle the alcoholic sensor determines the existence of
alcohol and shut down the vehicle engine and sound alarm by which the nearby people will
exchange the seat. We can avoid any kind of loss of life by using this system. All equipment is
totally tested and connected as required thereby giving us the much-needed result.
• After completing the connections of the circuit and uploading the code, it is ready for use. To
mimic the presence of a drunk person, we have used alcohol-based sanitizer as an alternative to
alcohol. Both alcohol and sanitizer being volatile in nature, tends to evaporate with time.
• This increases the alcohol concentration in the surrounding, and this increase in concentration is
sensed by the sensor. When a drunk person comes near to the sensor (in our case, when the
sanitizer is brought near the sensor), it reads the increase in the alcohol concentration in the
surrounding of the person, and the sensor sends a signal to the Arduino about the reading.
• If the value of reading is higher than the threshold value (800 in our case) then the Arduino sends
a signal to the buzzer, LED and relay. The buzzer starts to beep, the LED glows, and the relay
stops the power supply to the motor, thus stopping it, eventually stopping the vehicle.
• The Arduino will continue to send the signal to the relay and buzzer as long as it is receiving a
value higher than the threshold value, from the MQ-3 sensor.
• When the reading value of the sensor drops below the threshold value, the buzzer stops beeping,
the LED stops glowing and the relay no longer stops the motor power supply, so now the vehicle
can again run.
• We can avoid any kind of loss of life by using this system. All equipment is totally tested and
connected as required thereby giving us the much-needed result.

29
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION & REFERENCES

CONCLUSION
• We have given an incredibly capable way to deal and to develop a smart system for vehicles to
diminish number of disasters caused in light of alcoholic driving.
• As the creating insight among people is that vehicle security is dynamically critical. Future degree of
this structure is to control the setbacks caused due to alcohol use.
• The system can be implemented on any 4-wheeler. It can help in preventing accidents that take place
due to drink-and-drive. It can be used as a monitoring device by Law Enforcement Agencies. It can be
attached with more advanced system to provide automatic safety system for vehicles.
• This system improves the security of individual and in this manner giving the convincing progression
in the vehicle business regarding decrease setbacks caused in light of driving.

REFERENCES
• MUGILA.G, MUTHULAKSHMI.M, SANTHIYA.K, Prof.DHIVYA.P- SMART HELMET SYSTEM
USING ALCOHOL DETECTION FOR VEHICLE PROTECTION[International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology (IJIRTSE) ISSN: 2395-5619, Volume 2,
Issue 7. July 2016].

• Dhivya M and Kathiravan S, Dept. of ECE, Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology- Driver
Authentication and Accident Avoidance System for Vehicles [Smart Computing Review, vol. 5, no. 1,
February 2015].

• Babor , AUDIT: The alcohol use disorders identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health
care. 1992, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

• Lee, Assessing the Feasibility of Vehicle-Based Sensors To Detect Alcohol Impairment. 2010,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Washington, DC.

30
31