Half of the knowledge is Ability to say

”I Don’t Know”
Pilot relaying scheme
✗ In these schemes, some electrical quantity at the two ends of
transmission line are compared and hence they require some sort of
inter connecting channel over which information can be transmitted
from one end to another
✗ Such an interconnecting channel is called a pilot.
 Translay Scheme
✗ This scheme is a balanced voltage scheme with the addition of a directional feature.
✗ Figure shows the schematic arrangement of the scheme. An induction disc type relay is used at each end of protected line
section
✗ The secondary windings of the relays are interconnected in opposition as a balanced voltage system by pilot wires
✗ The upper magnet of the relay carries a summation winding to receive the output of current transformers.
✗ Under normal conditions or external faults, no current circulates through pilot wires and hence through the lower magnets of
the relay. In those conditions no operating torque is produced.
✗ In case of internal faults, current flows through pilot wires and hence through the lower electromagnets of the relay. So relay
torque is produced by interaction of two fluxes.
✗ The current through lower electromagnet may be relatively small & so this scheme is suitable for fairly long pilots having loop
resistance up to 1000
✗ If the current at two ends of the line is unequal then the induction disc relay operates and disconnect the faulty line at both ends.
Translay Scheme
Carrier Current Protection
✗ On long lines carrier pilot relaying is cheaper & more reliable than pilot wire
relaying (2 wires are used to carry information from one end of protected
element to other), even though the terminal equipment is more expensive
& more complicated than that required for use with pilot relays.
Protection of
Alternators
Rotor protection
Field-ground fault
protection
✗ As the field circuit is operated
ungrounded, a single ground fault does
not affect the operation of generator or
cause any damage.
✗ However, a single rotor to earth fault
increases stress to ground in field and
thus can cause insulation. Thus,
probability of occurrence of second
ground fault is increased.
✗ In case a second ground fault a part of
field winding is bypassed, thereby
increasing current through the
remaining part of field winding. This
causes an unbalance in air gap fluxes,
thus creating an in balance in the force
on opposite sides of rotor. This causes
vibrations.
Field-ground fault
protection
✗ A relay with resistance to limit the
current is connected in the circuit. A
fault at any point in the field winding
will pass a current through the relay.
This will cause operation of earth-fault
relay. This relay will send a signal to
alarm circuit. Because first ground fault
will not causes any damage. Alarm call
is sufficient.
 Unbalanced
Loading
✗ Negative Sequence component of
Stator current produces rotating
magnetic field in a direction opposite to
rotor.

✗ This causes double frequency currents

to be induced in rotor causing rotor
overheating.
Loss of Excitation
✗ When excitation of generator is lost the
generator speeds up slightly and
operates as Induction Generator.

✗ Round Rotor Generators do not have

damper windings so they are not
suitable for such an operation as rotor
gets overheated quickly.

✗ The stator of both type of machine gets

overheated due to magnetizing current
being drawn by the machine.
Overload
Protection
 Overspeed
Protection
✗ Sudden Loss of load results in over-
speeding of generator because the
steam continues to flow into the
machine and it cannot be stopped
suddenly due to mechanical and
hydraulic inertia.
✗ The increase in speed can be detected
using a wattmeteric relay and a second
relay monitors steam input to the
turbine.
Overvoltage
Protection
Failure of Prime
Mover
 Carrier Current Scheme compares __________ to detect the fault.
a) Magnitude of Current
b) Phase of Current
c) Current Phasor
d) None of the above

Q1
Rotor Earth Fault can damage rotor of the machine.

Q2
When prime mover fails the Synchronous Generator starts to act as
Synchronous Motor.

Q3