0102Fluid Lab 2

Energy Losses and friction

Calculations for internal flow
("fluid lab - Bing", 2021)

Aya ElAlfy

CU2000529

Mechanical Engineering

School of engineering

Coventry University-The knowledge Hub Universities

10th April 2021

Engineering Application-TKH4028MAA

Lab instructor: Micheal Alaa William

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................2
List of Figures...............................................................................................................................................2
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................4
Types of flow...........................................................................................................................................4
Applications.................................................................................................................................................5
Objectives....................................................................................................................................................5
Description of Apparatus.............................................................................................................................6
Experiment Tasks.........................................................................................................................................7
Results.........................................................................................................................................................7
Task one..................................................................................................................................................7
Charts for task 1...................................................................................................................................8
Task Two..................................................................................................................................................9
Charts for task 2.................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................11
Reference..................................................................................................................................................12
Appendix A: theory....................................................................................................................................13

List of Figures

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Figure 1 Laminar flow (Retrieved,2021)…………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Figure 2 Turbulent flow (retrieved,2021)....................................................................................................6
Figure 3 Apparatus......................................................................................................................................8
Figure 4 Experiment Results Task................................................................................................................9
Figure 5 Task 1 chart Re vs velocity...........................................................................................................10
Figure 6 Task 1 chart diameter vs velocity.................................................................................................10
Figure 7 Task 1 chart pipe diamters used in the test.................................................................................11
Figure 8 Experiment results task 2............................................................................................................11
Figure 9 Fitting type vs Minor Loss Coefficient (k).....................................................................................12
Figure 10 Effect of valve opening on Minor head losses, for a pipe of D= 16.5 (mm)................................12
Figure 11 Effect of valve fitting type on Minor Head losses, for a pipe of D= 26.5 mm.............................13

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Introduction

Liquids like water or petrol flow much easier that other liquids like oil. The greater the viscosity of the

fluid, the more time and energy required to move it. The energy is lost because of the dissipation of the

heat, it occurs in valves and fittings. The type of the path through the fittings and valves determines the

amount of energy losses. When the circuitous increase the energy losses increase. The energy may be

losses due to the flow on the valves and fittings that exceed due to flow in pipe. Decreasing in the size

of the pipe and fittings, increasing the losses. (Retrieved,2021)

Types of flow

There are two types of flow laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow shown in figure 1: the fluid

appears to move sliding; the particles move in observable and definite paths. Turbulent flow shown in

figure 2: the fluid moves in random way. The movement of the particles fluctuates up and down, it has

greater energy loss than laminar because of the resistance to flow. ( Retrieved,2021)

Figure 1 Laminar flow (Retrieved,2021) Figure 2 Turbulent flow (retrieved,2021)

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Applications

In everyday industrial processes fluid flow is important and found in manufactures across all the

industries such as, HVAC, Petroleum, automotive, and mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineers in

the petroleum industry oversee the research, design, manufacturing, assembly, and testing of

mechanical and rotating parts, equipment, and machines including motors, pumps, generators, and

pipelines. All of these are used in oil and gas refining and processing at both offshore and onshore

plants. (Michea,2021,p.1)

Objectives

The key objective for this experiment is to observe and comprehend the nature of fractional flow of

the fluid in the pipe and its relationship with fluids Reynolds Number. The losses of energy are called

head losses. Head losses is classified as minor and major head losses. Minor can be defined as the

energy lost due to fixtures, while major is defined as losses of energy due to the frictional resistance.

(Bulumulle, Millevithanatchy & Ying Lim, 2014)

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Description of Apparatus

Figure 3 Apparatus

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Experiment Tasks

Energy losses in different pipes and flow friction experiment. By different pressures, the flow type has

have been determine whether laminar or turbulent. Calculating the major and minor losses in the pipe.

The head loss by friction varies with high velocities along a cylindrical test pipe has been investigated.

The surface roughness on head loss has an effect that’s way this is different surface roughness in the

experiment. Measuring four different pipes with different surface roughness and different diameter.

(Michea,2021,p.1)

Results

Task one
In task one four pipes has been gives shown in figure4 with its surface roughness and diameter. By

opening the flow to path through the pipes to get the height before ad after to start calculating the

velocity. Reynolds number to know the type, friction factor, and head loss major. In pipe 2 and pipe 3,

both have the same surface roughness which is 0.32 but because of the diameter one has 17 and the

other have 23, the head loo major in pipe 2 is very high because of its small diameter.

Pipe Surface Roughness (Ꞓ) Flow Rate Q(L/hr) Flow Rate Q(m^3/s) Dinner (mm) Dinner (m) Area (m^3) hBefore (mm) hAfter (mm) ȟ h (m) V (m/s) Re Lminar/Turbulent Friction Factor ( ݂) h Loss-Major

0.0015 1000 0.000277778 16.5 0.0165 0.000214 435 305 0.13 1.299093 16400.17 0.097894686 0.510857
Pipe 1
0.32 1000 0.000277778 17 0.017 0.000227 605 155 0.45 1.223799 15917.82 0.501823797 2.255623
Pipe 2
Turbulent
0.32 1000 0.000277778 23 0.023 0.000415 449 296 0.153 0.668578 11765.34 0.756938862 0.750553
Pipe 3
0.0015 1000 0.000277778 26.5 0.0265 0.000552 372 352 0.02 0.503635 10211.43 0.078277357 0.038227
Pipe 4

Figure 4 Experiment Results Task

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Charts for task 1

Figure 5 Task 1 chart Re vs velocity

Whenever the velocity increases and Re increases so Re and velocity are directly proportional.

Figure 6 Task 1 chart diameter vs velocity

Whenever the diameter decreases the velocity increase, so they are indirectly proportional.

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 Figure 7 Task 1 chart pipe diamters used in the test

When the surface roughness is 0.0015 or 0.00number id doesn’t make any effect on the head loss

even if the diameter is large or small by when it is 0.32 or 0.numer it effect on the head loss with the

need of the diameter, when the diameter is large the head loss decreased and when it got smaller the

head loss increased.

Task Two
In task two eight different fittings shown in figure5 were given with their K and the pipe diameter.

When the flow enters the pipe in every fitting, the height before and after has been known. After getting

the total height the velocity of the pipe and the head loss minor has been calculated. With diameter

16.5, increasing the K the head loss decreased and velocity of the pipe has been increased. With

diameter 26.5, increasing the K the head loss decreased and velocity of the pipe has been increased. As

shown in the following figure 5, whenever the diameter increases the head loss decreases.

Fitting K Q (L/hr) Q (m^3/s) Dpipe (mm) HBefore (mm) HAfter (mm) Δh (m) Area V pipe (m/s) h Loss-Minor
Angle valve (completely open) 5 455 294 0.161 41.34721269
16.5 0.000214 1.2990925
Angle valve (1/2 open) 12 550 213 0.337 99.23331046
Gate valve (completely open) 2 369 355 0.014 2.485756081
Gate valve (1/2 open) 5.6 478 259 0.219 6.960117027
Double elbow at 90 Degree 1.8 1000 0.000278 393 342 0.051 2.237180473
Regular radius elbow at 90 Degree 0.75 26.5 382 346 0.036 0.000552 0.50363536 0.93215853
Short radius elbow 90 Degree 0.9 375 350 0.025 1.118590237
Regular radius elbow at 45 Degree 0.4 372 351 0.021 0.497151216
Long radius elbow at 45 Degree 0.35 371 349 0.022 0.435007314

Figure 8 Experiment results task 2

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Charts for task 2

As shown in figure6, Angle valve has the highest K and the highest head loss minor, and long radius

elbow at 45 degree has the lowest K with the lowest head loss minor. So, Head loos minor and K are

directly proportional.

Figure 9 Fitting type vs Minor Loss Coefficient (k)

As shown in figure 7, this is the effect of valve opening on minor head losses for a pipe of diameter is
16.6.

Figure 10 Effect of valve opening on Minor head losses, for a pipe of D= 16.5 (mm)

As shown in figure8, the effect of valve fitting type on minor head losses for diameter 26.5 .

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 Figure 11 Effect of valve fitting type on Minor Head losses, for a pipe of D= 26.5 mm

Conclusion

There are three types of flow. To determine each type, Reynolds number have helped to know. In this

experiment the surface roughness has effect on head loss, the same as velocity has effect on the major

head loss.

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Reference
1. fluid lab - Bing. (2021). Retrieved 15 March 2021, from https://www.bing.com/images/search?
view=detailV2&ccid=r939vyKo&id=B09C834B818DB39D48BE4EC6223E6C1756BCCA3E&thid=
OIP.r939vyKocKsHWitcXtfzjgHaE8&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid
%2fRafddfdbf22a870ab075a2b5c5ed7f38e%3frik%3dPsq8VhdsPiLGTg%26riu%3dhttp%253a
%252f%252ftkmce.ac.in%252fwp-content%252fuploads
%252f2016%252f10%252frsz_fm_lab_2.jpg%26ehk%3dfZdyV
%252b6DmknsLBKPWf0quWwP6GNoKffoY0zX%252bcebKCk%253d%26risl%3d%26pid
%3dImgRaw&exph=1067&expw=1600&q=fluid+lab&simid=608024918712258314&ck=1C374EC
CFD981C3D36976E6A248EF4F2&selectedIndex=7&FORM=IRPRST&ajaxhist=0
2. (2021). Retrieved 5 April 2021, from
https://mechanicalengineering120.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/lecture-6_energy-losses-in-hydraulic-
systems.pdf
3. Bulumulle, R., Millevithanatchy, D., & Ying Lim, Z. (2014). Frictional Flow in Pipe Lab Report.
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/28234816/MEC2404_Frictional_Flow_in_Pipe_Lab_Report_Done_by
4. 1.4: Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes. (2021). Retrieved 5 April 2021, from
https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Civil_Engineering/Book
%3A_Applied_Fluid_Mechanics_Lab_Manual_(Ahmari_and_Kabir)/01%3A_Lab_Manual/
01.4%3A_Experiment_%234%3A_Energy_Loss_in_Pipes
5. Michal Alaa,M .A., (2021). Fluid lab Energy losses and friction calculations for internal flow.
Engineering Application, TKH4028MAA.

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Appendix A: theory

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