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1 - Introduction To GIS - GEM - vt09 - KL
1 - Introduction To GIS - GEM - vt09 - KL
Geographical
Information
Systems, GIS
Karin Larsson
karin.larsson@nateko.lu.se
046 – 222 4093
Vad är GIS
What is GIS?
Answer:
A computerised information system for
management and analysis of spatial data
1
Questions we try to answer with GIS:
DIGITAL MAPS & ANALYSIS IN COMPUTERS
1. Where is something?
2. Why is something at a certain place?
3. Where is it in relation to something else?
4. Can we find spatial patterns?
5. Which size has something?
6. Which relationsships exist between different
variables??
7. Which processes are working?
8. What happens if...?
2
Why use computers?
Simplifies geographical analysis and
presentation.
Common databases
More effective.
Integration between different disciplines
and authorities are facilitated.
3
Summary
We can do more with GIS
We can do it easier with GIS
BUT : Knowledge about spatial data and
geographical analysis is important!
SINCE
4
Geographical data I
Geometric data: Attribute data:
Object with a Data that bescribe the
spatial structure. geometric objects.
For example:
For example:
Speedlimits for roads.
roads,
Owner of houses.
buildings,
vegetation and
topography
+ Inhabitants in a city.
Geographical data II
Geographical data has a location.
We can tell where they are. in X, Y, (Z)
150°W 180°
135°W 165°E
90°W 120°E
75°W 105°E
60°W 90°E
45°W 75°E
30°W
60°E
15°W 45°E
0° 15°E 30°E
5
Geographical data are often
represented in a map.
What is a map?
6
Divide data into
thematic groups. With the same
spatial referens.
Simplify
Features into discrete objects
Represented as:
1. Points (houses, wells, bore holes)
2. Lines (roads, rivers, electric lines)
3. Polygons (lakes, estates, forest)
Continuous surfaces
into discrete entities
with fixed intervals
Represented as: Matrices.
Topography
Precipitation
Temperature
7
Attribute data – non spatial
8
Spatial data properties
Spatial - geometric, locational
properties.
Topologal properties
Concern
relations between object
9
Topologal properties
Concern
relations between object
Topologal properties
Concern
relations between object
10
Geographical data in computers I
1. Geometric data are stored as numbers
Vector data – Raster data
11
Geographical data in computers III
In vector GIS the geometric objects (map data)
are often connected to attributes (e.g. tabels)
through LINKS
LINK = ID-NUMBER
Functions in a GIS
In- &
output
Management
Manipulation GIS Analysis
Presentation
12
Geographical analysis
Can tell us position
about: size
distribution
form
coexistens
covariation
DYNAMIC
MODELLING
ANALYSIS
SEARCH / VISUALISE
13
Search and visualise
Kemira
tidningen
14
Search and visualise
15
Buffer zones & overlays
How many children live within ½ km
from a certain school?
16
E.g. spatial relations
Landuse in Rönne å catchment
Kilometers
17
Connectivity – network analysis
13 3 5 5 00 13 3 6 0 00
Nätverksanalys
Snabbaste väg Närmsta väg
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18
Change – Historical maps
19
Are ”extreme weather” becoming more common?
my r
Bökholm
Emmaljunga
Björstorp
Hyngarp
Frös boholma
Hörlinge
Skeinge-
s jön
Gundrastorp Verum
Snärs hult
M alseröd Brogården Gubbarp
Tågarp Skeinge säteri
Lönsholma Vit tsjön Stavs hult
Magnarp
Väster markU bbalt
Tulat orp
Höjalen Vittsjö Kulleröd Hagnarp
Lehult Funnarp
Häst hult Länekärr
Hagsjö Hemmes trö Sparrarp
No electricity 7 days
Ingelst orp
Stensmy r Hårsjö Porrarp Olastorp Åbuen
Mannarp
Dalsjö
Mårnarp
Brunnshult Tågarp
Äskeberga Boarp
Slät taröd BjärnumTof ta
Tviggasjö Troedst orp
Hågnarp Hästveda
after the hurricane.
Änglarp N Åkarp
Hillarp Piparp Ky rkbyn
Slät tsjö Rams berga Högahult
Fäjemyr
Farstorp Lur Tot tarp
Önnarp Bjärnums skog Gerastorp
Lursjön
Fredskog Skärs eröd
Algust orp
Haras- HörrödBubbarp
t orp Hörröd
Humlesjö M att eröd Rävninge
Aggarp Kråkeberga
Röshult Ot tarp
Tock arp
Äljalt Pålst orp Mala Sjömellet
Hult shult Röke Florröd
Sjöt orp
Karlsnäs
Galthult Röe
Källstorp Vedema Lien
Tullst orp
Ballingslöv Ranseröd
Gunnarst orp Näs
Hörja Rättelöv
Barkhult N Sandby
Hörlinge Ask a
Kungsgården
gård
Strand-
böke Rya
Vankiva Arkelst orp
Rullabygget OlahusSkea
Saxtorp
Öraholma Stoby Fjärlöv Gumlösa
Hiss - Ljungdala
mossa Tyringe Finja Grant inge
Hässleholm Långaröd
Elesåkra
Röinge Brödåkra Sjunkaröd Hultahagen
M jölkalånga Sjörröd
V Torup Attarp
Smålanden
Sörby
Svenstorp Skälsbök e Gulastorp
Skyrup Finjasjön
Tågeröd Ignaberga Boarp
Deleberga Bjära
Matteröd Tyk arp
St. Kampholma L. Oberöd
Hovdala Göingaåsen
Tormestorp Åraslöv
I saks- Lommarp
Attarp torp Öllstorp
M aglehult Mil. övn. omr. Vinslöv
Nösdala
M yrarp Vanneberga
Brönnest ad At tarp
Svenst orp Sandåkra Röe Kialt
Horröd Lunnahöja Näv linge Nävlingeåsen
Järseke
Björke-
berga Rammen
Maglö
N Mellby Krokaröd
Vannaröd
Adseke
Sösdala Bodarp Ö Eja-
röd
Ljungarum Maglehult
Vätt eryd
Store mosse
Röslöv
Bjärröd
Häglinge
Kolstrarp Ankhult
Bosarpasjön
Sjöberga
Bosarp
20
myr
Bökholm
Emmaljunga
Björstorp
Hyngarp
Frösboholma
Hörlinge
Skeinge-
sjön
Gundrastorp Verum
Snärshult
M alseröd Brogården Gubbarp
Tågarp Skeinge säteri
Lönsholma Vit tsjön Stavshult
M agnarp
Väster markU bbalt
Tulatorp
Höjalen Vittsjö Kulleröd Hagnarp
Lehult
Tullstorp
Ballingslöv Ranseröd
Gunnarstorp Näs
Hörja Rätt elöv
Barkhult N Sandby
Hörlinge Aska
Kungsgården
gård
Strand-
böke Rya
Vankiva Arkelstorp
Rullabygget OlahusSkea
Saxtorp
Öraholma Stoby Fjärlöv Gumlösa
Hiss- Ljungdala
mossa Tyringe Finja Grantinge
Hässleholm Långaröd
Elesåkra
Röinge Brödåkra Sjunkaröd Hultahagen
Mjölkalånga Sjörröd
V Torup Attarp
Smålanden
Skälsböke Gulastorp Sörby
Svenstorp Skyrup Finjasjön
Tågeröd Ignaberga Boarp
Deleberga Bjära
M atteröd Tykarp
St. Kampholma L. Oberöd
Hovdala Göingaåsen
Tormestorp Åraslöv
Isaks- Lommarp
Attarp t orp Öllstorp
M aglehult M il. övn. omr. Vinslöv
Nösdala
M yrarp Vanneberga
Brönnestad Attarp
Svenstorp Sandåkra Röe Kialt
Horröd Lunnahöja Nävlinge Nävlingeåsen
Järseke
Björke-
berga Rammen
M aglö
N M ellby Krokaröd
Vannaröd
Adseke
Sösdala Bodarp Ö Eja-
röd
Ljungarum M aglehult
Vätteryd
Store mosse
Röslöv
Bjärröd
Häglinge
Dispersion models
21
02 Dec 2002 kl:
01 kl: 01.00
04.00
07.00
10.00
13.00
16.00
19.00
22.00
22
Dam construction increases risk for landslides
23
Soil type, slope angle, land cover and
management, etc …
Different
features
are
combined
24
Final result is presented in map form showing areas with
land slide hazards
25
Precision cultivation and
hydrological models
Andreas Persson, INES
Yield ton/ha
Landscape reconstruktion
with fossile pollen
26
Pollen-Vegetation relationship
deposition
sedimentation
storage
size of basin
Digitalal maps
Modelled Real
regional vegetation regional vegetation
sjö
Hellman och Broström 2003
27
Does landuse influence species differentiation?
Fredrik Haas, Dept. of Zoo Ecology
System architecture
28
Development of methodology –
generalisation – Lars Harrie
Automatic
generalisation
29