PRODUCTION OF RICE

P R E PAR E D BY :
MOHD RIDZUAN ABDUL RASHID
WAN AMINUDDIN WAN AMAN
AMIR AFUAN NORDIN 1
 PRODUCTION OF RICE

This topic covers detail

description of rice production
including plant morphology,
physiology and post harvest
handlings.
PRODUCTION
OF
RICE

Oryza sativa
RICE MORPHOLOGY
&
DEVELOPMENT

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 RICE MORPHOLOGY

❖Cultivated rice is considered a semiaquatic

annual grass, although in the tropics it can
survive as a perennial, producing new tillers
from nodes after harvest.
❖At maturity the rice plant has a main stem
and a number of tillers

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 MORPHOLOGY: PLANT’S PARTS
Rice plant with 5 tillers

Panicle

Tiller Leaf

Stem

Roots
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A tiller is a shoot which includes the roots, stem and leaves. It may or may not have a panicle
 MORPHOLOGY

Paddy plant can be divided into 2 major parts:

1) Vegetative parts
- Roots
- Main stem or culms
- Leaves
2) Reproductive parts
- Panicle
- Spikelet of rice is covered by husk
- Grain appears from pinnacle

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Oryza sativa
 MORPHOLOGY

PADDY PLANT PARTS

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTIVE

Roots Panicle

Main stem/
Spikelet
culms

Leaves Grains 8
 MORPHOLOGY: VEGETATIVE PARTS
Roots
- Plant supporting & anchorage
- As the underground portion of the plant,
- To draw food and water from the soil
- To store foods
- Consist of primary, secondary & crown roots
- They are fibrous and consist of root hairs.
- The embryonic roots, or those which grow out of the seed when it germinates, have few
branches. They live for only a short time after germination.
- Secondary adventitious roots emerge from the underground nodes of the young culm and
replace the embryonic roots.
- The root system of rice is relatively shallow.

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Oryza sativa
 MORPHOLOGY: VEGETATIVE PARTS
Main stem @ culms
- To support the leaves and reproductive structures
- To transfer nutrients between the root, leaves and reproductive structures
- The stem is made up of a series of nodes and internodes
- Cylindrical, smooth, hollow leaf
- The internodes are hollow, with a smooth surface. The lower internodes are shorter than
the upper ones. The shorter the lower internodes, the more resistant the plant will be to
lodging.
- Each node has one leaf and one bud that can develop into a tiller.
- From the nodes of the main stem, other stems, called secondary tillers, grow and can in
turn produce tertiary tillers.

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Oryza sativa
 MORPHOLOGY: VEGETATIVE PARTS

Leaves
- For photosynthesis and respiration
- Contain chlorophyll-containing cells which convert sunlight into chemical energy
- The leaves grow alternately on the stem, with one leaf per node.

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Oryza sativa
 The node or nodal region of the culm will bear a leaf.
 The topmost leaf below the panicle is the flag
leaf.
 Rice plants have both auricles and ligules and a
ligule at every internode. This characteristic is
often helpful in differentiating between rice and
grassy weeds, which can have auricles or a ligule
but not both.
MORPHOLOGY: VEGETATIVE PARTS

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20
 MORPHOLOGY: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS

Panicle
- Also known as flower cluster
- Divided into primary, secondary, tertiary
- Sometimes the branches contains the spikelet
- The terminal component of the rice tiller is an inflorescence called the panicle. The
inflorescence or panicle is borne on the uppermost internode of the culm. The panicle
bears rice spikelets which develop into grains.
- One single panicle can bear between 50 and 500 spikelets.

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Oryza sativa
 MORPHOLOGY: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS

PANICLE

Spikelets

Secondary Branch

Flag leaf Primary Branch

Panicle Base

Uppermost Inter-node 24
 MORPHOLOGY: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS
Spikelet
- Contains a set of floral parts flanked by the lemma and palea
- Have 6 stamens (pollen or sperm) and a pistil (style, stigma and ovary- ovule or “egg”)
- Each individual spikelet contains a set of floral parts flanked by the lemma and palea.
- The flower consists of six stamens and a pistil.
- The stamens (which contain pollen, or "sperm") are composed of two-celled anthers borne
on slender filaments.
- The pistil consists of the ovary (containing the ovule, or "egg"), the style, and the stigma.

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Oryza sativa
27
During reproduction, the stigma catches pollen from the stamens and conducts it down to the
ovary, where it comes into contact with the ovule and fertilization occurs.
 MORPHOLOGY: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS
Anther
Awn Stamen
Filament

Lemma Palea

Stigma

Style Pistil

Ovary

Rudimentary Glumes

SPIKELET 30
 MORPHOLOGY: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS

Grain
- Seed of rice plant
- Have embryo for germinating to produce a new plant
- Consists largely of endosperm
- Containing starch, proteins, sugar, fats, crude fiber and inorganic matter

31
Oryza sativa
RICE GRAIN
• The rice grain is the ripened ovary, with the lemma, palea, rachilla, sterile lemmas
and the awn firmly attached to it.
• The remaining part of the grain consists of the endosperm and the embryo.
• The endosperm provides nourishment to the germinating embryo.
MORPHOLOGY: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS

Awn

Palea

Lemma

GRAIN
Starchy
Endosperm

Embryo

Rachilla
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MORPHOLOGY: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS

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 MORPHOLOGY: PARTS OF RICE SEED

- The hull is the hard cover of the

Awn seed

Hull
- The endosperm is made up
mostly of starch, sugar, protein
& fats. It is the storehouse of
food for the embryo
Endosperm
- Almost 80% of the endosperm is
Kernel starch. The food needed for seed
germination is in the endosperm
Embryo
- The embryo develops into the
shoot and the roots, that
development is called seed
Seed Seed cut lengthwise germination 36
 SEED GERMINATION

125 Hrs

100 Hrs

75 Hrs
50 Hrs
0 Hrs

Seeds are
soaked in
water

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Growth of the embryo will depend on temperature and availability of water and air
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF
PADDY RICE CROP
 PHASES & STAGES OF RICE

The morphology of rice is divided into 3 phases

and 9 stages:
1) vegetative
- germination & seedling
- tillering stages
2) reproductive
- including panicle initiation & heading stages
3) ripening
- flowering to mature grain

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 PHASES OF THE PLANT
t

- Days in vegetative phase

g h

120-day DIFFER with variety

Variety
i
t H e

- Reproductive & ripening

phase are CONSTANT for
a n

most varieties
l
P

- Panicle formation to
Days from sowing to harvest
flowering is 35 days

- Flowering to harvest
requires another 30 days

- Sowing to harvest may be

REPRODUCTIVE 105 to 120 depend on the
VEGETATIVE PHASE PHASE (35 days) RIPENING varieties
(55 days) PHASE (30 days) 40
 GROWTH STAGE OF THE PLANT

In seed germination, 3 conditions are needed: Water, air & warm temperature
There are 3 phases in the paddy growth & development
They are vegetative phase, productive phase and ripening phase
Under vegetative phase, there are another 2 stages involved; 1) Nursery stages, 2) Recovery
& tillering stage

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Oryza sativa
 PHASES OF THE PLANT

1. NURSERY STAGE

2. RECOVERY & TILLERING STAGE

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTIVE RIPENING

PHASE PHASE PHASE

1 2 3

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Oryza sativa
 PHASES OF THE PLANT

Vegetative Phase:
- Days of vegetative phase differ with variety

- E.g. MR84 = 50 days, MR128 = 45 days, MR165 = 42 days

- Water is needed for seed germination. If the seed is covered too deeply with water, the
growth of embryo will be slow @ stunted.
- Water level to be maintained at 7 – 10 cm.

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Oryza sativa
 PHASES OF THE PLANT
Good seedling

Poor seedling

Water level

Soil 44
 PHASES OF THE PLANT

Vegetative Phase:
1. Nursery Stage:
- Starts from seed germination to 5th leaf produced. Dapog = 9 to 11 days, Wet bed = 16
to 20
- Seedling grows by using food from the endosperm. This food source is enough for only
14 days
- After seedling produces roots, it sourced food from nutrients in the soil
- Fertilization at this stage is necessary.

WET BED DAPOG 45

Oryza sativa
 PHASES OF THE PLANT

Vegetative Phase:
2. Recovery & Tillering Stage:
- After transplanting, the plant experience planting shock.
- 10 – 20 days after transplanting, active tillering will begin until the maximum number of
tillers are achieved.
- In the direct broadcasting method, active tillering starts at 25 days after seeds are
broadcasted.

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Oryza sativa
 PHASES OF THE PLANT

- The plant goes through the following stages of

development which are germination
emergence, seedling growth, tillering and
inter-node elongation.
- Characterized by the development of tillers
and more leaves and gradual increase in plant
height

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 PHASES OF THE PLANT

Reproductive Phase:
- Begins at the start of panicle formation and ends at flowering.
- This usually takes around 35 days.
- Grain formation happens between 60 – 65 days before maturity for ALL
varieties.
- This phase includes the following stages: panicle initiation, elongation
and heading.
- It is characterized by the emergence of the panicle and by the
development of the spikelets and reproductive organs.

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Oryza sativa
 PHASES OF THE PLANT

Ripening Phase:
- The phase starts from flower bloom to maturity and generally takes about 25 - 35 days
- After pollination & fertilization process, spikelet goes into various stage; milking stage,
freezing stage, maturity & ripening stages
- Rainy days or low temperature may delay the ripening phase
- Sunny and warm days may shorten the phase
- Maturity period for paddy with broadcasting method is 5 – 10 days earlier as compare to
transplanting method.
- Ripening phase starts at flowering and ends when the grain is mature and ready to be
harvested.

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Oryza sativa
 PHASES OF THE PLANT

Flowering - (Ripening
2
Phase – 30 days) – Maturity
Panicle formation - before harvesting
(Reproductive Phase – 35
days) – Flowering
Seed (Vegetative Phase –
55 days) – Panicle 50
formation
STAGES IN RICE DEVELOPMENT

STAGES RICE DEVELOPMENT

1 Germination
2 Seedling
3 Tillering
4 Panicle initiation
5 Panicle development
6 Heading and flowering
7 Milky stage
8 Dough stage
9 Maturity stage
 STAGE 1 (GERMINATION)
• The embryo will germinate as soon as it finds sufficient humidity and favourable
temperature (optimum: 20° to 35°C).

• When the seed germinates in well-drained and well-aerated soil, the coleorhiza, a
covering enclosing the radicle or primary root
 STAGE 2 (SEEDLING)
• This stage is about 14 days.

• The young seedling essentially feeds on the food reserve in the endosperm.

• Leaf production follows a rhythm of one leaf every three to four days.

• The seedling stage covers the period from the emergence of the first leaf to the
emergence of the fifth leaf.

• During this stage the seedling also produces roots.

• This stage is critical and the plant is very fragile.

• The first seedling leaf, or primary leaf, emerges from the growing seed. It is green and
shaped like a cylinder. It has no blade.
 STAGE 3 (TILLERING)
• This is the period during which the seedling produces tillers. The parts of a rice
tiller are the roots, the culm and the leaves.

• This stage starts with the emergence of the fifth leaf.

• The number of tillers increases until maximum tillering.

 STAGE 4 (PANICLE INITIATION)
• This stage is marked by the emergence of the panicle.

• The young panicle that emerges inside the bottom of the last node

• At the first of emergence, a little feathery cone-shaped organ of 1–1.5 mm,

which is only visible if the stem is dissected.

• In fact, the cone becomes visible only about 10 days after it is formed. At this
stage, the number of grains in the panicle is already determined.

• Timing of panicle initiation in rice is influenced by many factors, among which

some constants are inherent to variety and temperature.

• Panicle initiation is the beginning of the reproductive phase.

 STAGE 5 (PANICLE DEVELOPMENT)
• This stage is characterized by the swelling of the bottom of the panicle leaf,
which is due to the panicle growing upwards inside the stem.
• After initiation, the panicle grows towards the top of the stem, causing a
swelling in the stem called elongation.
• The organs of the flower develop and the panicle grows on until it reaches its
final size before appearing from the flag leaf (heading).
 STAGE 6 (HEADING & FLOWERING)
• Heading is characterized by the emergence of the panicle from the bottom of the
panicle/flag leaf.

• The panicle takes two to three weeks to emerge from the stem completely.

• Three days after heading, flowering occurs and the process goes on progressively
until the panicle has completely appeared.

• Flowering means that the flower opens and that pollination takes place. In rice,
this opening usually occurs between 9 and 11 a.m.
 Morphology of paddy
rice flower stamen
stamen

Anther
Filament

palea

stigma
lemma
style

ovary

pedicle
 STAGE 7 (MILKY STAGE)
• After fertilization, the ovary swells and the caryopsis develops until it reaches its
maximum size after seven days.

• The grain (caryopsis) is first aqueous and then reaches a milky consistency, which is
perceptible when the grain is squeezed.

• At this stage, the panicles are still green and erect.

 STAGE 8 (DOUGH STAGE)
• The milky part of the grain becomes soft and then reaches a hard paste
consistency about two weeks after flowering.
• The panicle begins to droop while the colour of the grains formerly green,
progressively changes into the yellow colour.
 STAGE 9 (MATURITY)
• The grain is ripe when it has reached its final size and maximum weight, giving the
panicle its droopy appearance.

• Grains become hard and develop yellow colours.

• This stage is reached when 85 to 90% of the panicle grains are ripe.
THANK YOU

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