To further facilitate quicker dispatch of cargo

into/out of the ship, and to allow it to be handled

mechanically by machines such as forklift trucks,
small packages of cargo (unit
packages) of uniform size are sometimes
consolidated into ‘unit loads’ on ‘pallets’(double-layered
wooden platforms of standard dimensions capable of being lifted
conveniently by fork lift trucks).

Special ‘pallet slings’ make the slinging of pallets, onto

derrick/cranes, faster and easier.

The concept being to assist the process of cargo handling by

reducing the number of occasions when
apiece of cargo has to be manually handled thereby increasing cargo
throughout.
Load/Disch Equipment
Can Hooks

Snotter

Chain Sling
Plate Clamps
Can Hooks
 The hook slips under the lip of the
drum or barrel.
 There are frequently four or five
sets of hooks on a ring, which
enables drums and barrels to be
handled very rapidly.
 They are not to be recommended
for handling heavy barrels as there
is a possibility that the staves will be
pulled out.
Plate clamps
 There are various
type of plate clamps,
but the principle is
that the plate is
gripped when the
weight is taken, so
that there is no
chance of plate
slipping as it could
do if a chain sling
was used.
Snotter
 May be made of either
rope or wire by forming
an eye at each end of a
16mm – 20mm wire (2” - 2.5
“) or 50mm - 60mm rope (6”
- 7”), 4 to 6 metres (2-3
fathoms) in length.

 It is used for slinging

cases, bales, wet hides
and timber
Chain Sling
 Consists of a length of chain
with a large ring at one end and
a hook on smaller ring at the
other end.

 It is used for lifting heavy logs,

bundles of iron and most steel
work.

 Care must always be taken that

no kinks are allowed to form in
the chain when goods are being
lifted.
Rope Sling
 This is formed by joining the
ends of a piece of 25mm - 30mm
rope (3” - 3.5“) about 10 to
12metres (5 to 7 fathoms) in
length with a short splice.

 The sling is in very common

use.

 Bags,baled goods, barrels

and cases may all be along with
this.
Others
Boxes
 Similar to the tray by a wooden side is fixed around it. Used
for handling explosives.
Trays
 May be square, rectangular or round. They are slung by
pieces of rope called legs, attached
to the corners. Used for small cases and drums.
Canvas Sling
 This is formed by sewing a piece of canvas between the
parts of a rope sling. It is used for bagged grain, rice,
coffee and similar cargoes where the contents of the bag are
small. Any spillage is retained in the canvas and is not
wasted. The stress on the outside bags is spread more
evenly and thus the chance of splitting is reduced.
CANVAS SLING FOR CEMENT ETC
DAMAGE DUE TO IMPROPERUSE OF CARGO
HANDLINGEQUIPMENT

 Much cargo damage results from careless

or improper handling during the
loading and discharging processes,
the following being the principal sources of
such damage: -
1. CARELESS WINCH WORK

 Lowering heavy slings or drafts of cargo

too fast on to cargo already in stowage is
responsible for damage which, often goes
undetected until discharge.
Cargo Hooks
 The use of these implements is
indispensable
in the handling of a large variety of
commodities, but with bag cargo,
fine bale goods, hides, fire rolls
of paper and matting, etc.,
light packages,
liquid containers, crates
and like packages whose content
are
exposed or unprotected, the use of
cargo hooks should be strictly
prohibited.
 Crow and Pinch Bars
 These also are indispensabl
e to the sound stowage of
many classes of heavy
packages, but their use
should never be permitted
when stowing barrels, or
other liquid containers,
or with any packages
which are not substantial
enough to withstand
damage from their use.
CRUSHING AGAINST SHIP’S SIDES

 Hatch coamings, beam sockets, etc.,

should be safeguarded against by
the use of over side
skids, the correct plumbing and guy
ing of derricks, and careful winch
driving, especially when swinging
booms are in use.
DRAGGING CARGO
 Dragging Cargo by winches along the
deck to save trucking, from remote
ends and wings of holds and ‘tween
decks instead of making up the “draft” or
“sling” near the hatch, is a prolific source
of damage to, and loss of contents
of the lighter class of packages, as well
as to the cargo in stowage over which
such is dragged.
DROPPING PACKAGES
 Dropping packages from trays, trucks, railway cars,
top tiers of lighters, etc., by which their contents are
broken or exposed, the packages
splintered, deformed or loosened in their fastenings and
rendered unfit for the subsequent handling they are
subjected to.
 To avoid this, suitable skids should be used
for packages, which are too heavy to be handed
down.
 IMPROPER APPLIANCES
 The use of special appliances tends to be
expeditious and economical in handling of cargo, but damage
is frequently caused by the improper use of such
appliances.
 Net slings are most useful with many kinds of small packages,
but if used with bag stuff, light cases, etc., a great deal of
damage results.
 Similarly chain slings are indispensable for certain types of
packages and useful for most classes of iron goods, but the use
of such with light cases, sheet iron, coils of lead or
copper piping, sawn logs of valuable timber and other goods
liable to buckling, fraying or marking by chain is productive of
damage and claims.
 Canvas or web slings should be used for slinging bag flour,
coffee and like cargo, while the use of trays for certain classes of
goods is much to be preferred to slinging by net or rope.
IMPROPER SLINGING
 Too much weight in a draft endangers the
safety of packages situated at the outside edge of bottom
and top tiers into which the sling is liable to be drawn by
weight below and compression above.
 A draft composed of many packages should
taper off on top to prevent springing or crushing the out
side upper packages by compression of the sling.
 Light or fragile
packages should not be slung along with heavy
packages.
LACK OF WALKING BOARDS
Lack of Walking Boards and landing platforms.
 Where these are not provided and used,
damage is caused to packages, in towage, over which
other cargo has to be worked into the position where it
is to be stowed.
 Packages, which are damaged after they are
at “ship’s risk”, should be carefully re-coopered or
repaired before stowing away